There are three main types of business organizations: sole proprietorships, partnerships, and joint stock companies. Joint stock companies require large amounts of capital from public investors. Companies divide their total share capital among individual shares. Shareholders who invest in a company by purchasing its shares. A company's share capital structure includes its authorized, issued, subscribed, called up, and paid up capital amounts. There are two main types of shares: equity shares, which do not guarantee dividends or repayment priority, and preference shares, which have preferential rights to dividends and repayment over equity shares. Preference shares can be further classified as cumulative vs. non-cumulative, participating vs. non-participating, and redeemable vs. irrede
MEANING OF COMPANY
Company is a voluntary association of persons formed for the purpose of doing business having a distinct name and limited liability. It is a juristic person having a separate legal entity distinct from the members who constitute it, capable of rights and duties of its own and endowed with the potential of perpetual succession. The Companies Act, 1956, states that 'company' includes company formed and registered under the Act or an existing company i.e. a company formed or registered under any of the previous company laws.
MEANING OF COMPANY
Company is a voluntary association of persons formed for the purpose of doing business having a distinct name and limited liability. It is a juristic person having a separate legal entity distinct from the members who constitute it, capable of rights and duties of its own and endowed with the potential of perpetual succession. The Companies Act, 1956, states that 'company' includes company formed and registered under the Act or an existing company i.e. a company formed or registered under any of the previous company laws.
We provide all content for class 12 cbse affiliated. It include all syllabus related to syllabus. Students esily download it form www.smarteteach.com website. They can buy educational DVD for Class 12. Go to the link http://www.smarteteach.com/cbse-class-12
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International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
We provide all content for class 12 cbse affiliated. It include all syllabus related to syllabus. Students esily download it form www.smarteteach.com website. They can buy educational DVD for Class 12. Go to the link http://www.smarteteach.com/cbse-class-12
--Smart eTeach
Visit : www.smarteteach.com
Contact:0172-4677222, 0172-4678005
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
SHARE,DEBENTURE,COMPANY,TYPES OF COMPANY,COMPANY LAW,
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE COMPANY,SHARE,SHARE HOLDER,SHARE CERTIFICATE,KINDS OF SHARE,EQUITY SHARES,PREFERENCE SHARE,FORFEITURE OF SHARE,EQUITY VS PREFERENCE SHARES,DEBENTURE,TYPES OF DEBENTURE,SHARE VS DEBENTURE,MEETINGS,
KINDS OF MEETINGS,ESSENTIAL OF VALID MEETING,CONDITION OF VALID MEETING
Capital Market: Components & Functions of Capital Markets, Primary & Secondary Market Operations, Capital
Market Instruments - Preference Shares, Equity Shares, Non-voting Shares, Convertible Cumulative Debentures (CCD),
Fixed Deposits, Debentures and Bonds, Global Depository receipts, American Depository receipts, Global Debt
Instruments, Role of SEBI in Capital Market.
These lecture notes clearly explain the concept of shares in regards to Company Law. Excellent for revision and study for CPAs, Bcom or any students taking business related courses where business law is a course unit.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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2. TOPIC ISSUE OF SHARES AND
ALLOTMENT OF SHARES
Presented by : prof. Santosh Byadagi
Dept of commerce
3. There are three main types of business organisations :
1) sole proprietorship, 2) Partnership firm, 3)Joint stock
companies. Each form of business organisation is
required capital to carry on its business smoothly. In
case of sole proprietorship capital contributed by sole
proprietor , in case of partnership firm capital
contributed by partners and in case of company capital
is invested by the public. Two main limitation of sole
proprietorship and partnership are: 1) inadequacy of
funds, 2) unlimited liability . In order to avoid these
limitations one of the most convenient form of
organisation that grew with expansion of business
requiring huge funds is the joint stock company form
of organisation. In India, joint stock companies are
governed by provision of the companies Act 1956
4. The amount collected by the company from the
public towards it’s capital, collectively is
known as share capital
A share is one unit into which the total share
capital is divided.
In other word, A share is an unit of the share
capital with definite value.
The persons who hold these shares are known as
the share holders of the company .
5. The share capital of the company is divided
into five divisions as shown below:
Authorised capital : This is the maximum
capital which the company can raise in its life
time. This is mentioned in the memorandum of
the association of the company. It is also called
as registered capital or Nominal Capital.
Issued Capital: The part of the authorised
capital which is issued to the public for
subscription is called as issued capital.
6. Subscribed capital: The part of the issued capital for
which application are received from the public is called
as subscribed capital.
Called up Capital : The part of subscribed capital which
the company has actually called upon the shareholders to
pay cash is called as called up capital.
It includes the amount paid by the shareholders from
time to time on application, allotment and various calls
etc. The remaining part of subscribed capital not yet
called up is known as Uncalled capital.
Paid up Capital: The part of called up capital which is
actually paid by the shareholders is known as paid up
capital. The remaining part indicates the default in
payment of calls by some shareholders is known as calls-
in- arrears.
7. According to section 2(46)of the companies Act 1956
share is defined as “A share is the share in the
capital of the company”
Types of Shares:
According to section 85 of the companies Act 1956,
the share capital of a company consists of two
types of shares, namely
1) Equity shares 2)preference shares.
I. Equity shares:
According to section 85 (2) of the companies Act
1956, Equity shares can be defined as the shares
which is not preference shares.
8. In other words Equity shares are those shares,
which do not have the the following preference rights:
a) preference dividend over others,
b) preference for repayment of capital over others at
the time of winding up of the company.
Equity shares are also called as ordinary shares which
are the most common type of shares and the full name
is fully paid ordinary shares or fixed price offer (FPO)
Types of Equity Shares :
1. Equity shares with voting rights: The shares which are
issued by the company without specifying the rate of
dividend are called as equity shares with voting rights .
2. Equity shares with differential rights : The holders of
these shares have differential rights as to dividend,
voting or other wise in accordance with such rules and
subject to conditions as may be prescribed.
9. II. Preference shares :
According to Section 85(1) of the companies Act 1996,
A preference share is one, which carries the following two
preferential rights;
i. The payment of dividend at fixed rate before paying dividend to
equity shareholders.
ii. The return of capital at the time of winding up of the company,
before the payment to the equity shareholders.
Preference shareholders do not have any voting rights in the
general meeting of the company.
Types of Preference Shares :
1) Cumulative and Non- cumulative preference shares :
cumulative preference share are those shares on which the
amount of dividend if not paid in any year, due to loss or
inadequate profits, then such unpaid dividend will accumulated
and will be paid in the subsequent years before any dividend is
paid to the equity shareholders. On the other hand if unpaid
dividend is not accumulate and paid in the subsequent years such
share are known as “Non-cumulative preference shares”
10. 2)Participating and Non-participating preference shares:
participating preference share are those shares, which
in addition to the basic preferential rights , also carry a
rights to receive additional dividend over and above the
fixed rate, out of the surplus left, after making payment of
dividend on the equity shares at certain rate. Besides these
shares are also have a rights to receive surplus assets , which
remains after the entire capital has been paid on winding up
of the company. Such rights are given only when there is a
provision in the articles of association to that effect. On the
other hand, if there is no such rights to participation, they
are known as “Non- participating preference shares”
3) Redeemable and Irredeemable preference shares:
redeemable preference shares are those shares which are
to be redeemed (repaid) after specified period if desired by
the holders of such shares. On the other hand, the
preference shares which cannot be redeemed (repaid)
during the life time of the company are known as
“Irredeemable preference shares”