Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) includes a spectrum of conditions ranging from benign, premalignant lesions to malignant tumors. The document discusses the classification, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, investigations, management and follow up of GTD. It covers complete and partial hydatidiform moles, invasive moles, gestational choriocarcinoma and placental site trophoblastic tumors. Regular beta-hCG monitoring and treatment with surgery or chemotherapy based on tumor markers and spread can cure GTD in the majority of patients.
This document discusses gestational trophoblastic diseases, specifically hydatidiform moles. It covers the epidemiology, risk factors, types (complete vs. partial mole), clinical features, diagnosis, natural history, persistent gestational trophoblastic tumor, staging, and management of these conditions. The key points are that complete moles are paternal in origin and associated with higher risks, while partial moles are triploid and have lower risks. Diagnosis involves ultrasound and tissue biopsy. Follow up of hCG levels is important after treatment to monitor for persistent tumors. Staging and risk scoring help guide chemotherapy for metastatic or high risk cases.
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a spectrum of conditions arising from abnormal placental trophoblast proliferation. It includes hydatidiform moles (complete and partial), which are benign, and gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN), which includes invasive mole, choriocarcinoma, and other rare types, that are malignant. Complete moles are diploid and result from fertilization of an empty ovum, while partial moles are triploid/tetraploid arising from dispermic fertilization of a normal ovum. Diagnosis is based on clinical exam, serum hCG levels, ultrasound findings, and histology. Treatment of molar pregnancies involves suction dilation
Gestational trophoblastic disease is a spectrum of disorders resulting from abnormal placental growth and invasion. It includes hydatidiform moles (80% of cases), which can be complete or partial, as well as gestational trophoblastic neoplasias like invasive moles (12-15% of cases) and choriocarcinoma (5-8% of cases). Treatment involves surgical evacuation for moles, with chemotherapy if the mole persists or spreads malignantly. Chemotherapy regimens depend on the risk level, with single agent treatment for low risk and multi-agent protocols for high risk metastatic or drug resistant tumors. Prognosis is generally good even for metastatic gestational trophoblastic neoplas
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a group of rare diseases in which abnormal trophoblast cells grow inside the uterus after conception. In gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD), a tumor develops inside the uterus from tissue that forms after conception (the joining of sperm and egg).
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) refers to a spectrum of tumors originating from the placenta due to abnormal growth of trophoblast cells beyond pregnancy. This includes benign conditions like complete and partial hydatidiform moles, as well as malignant conditions like invasive moles, choriocarcinoma, and placental site trophoblastic tumors (PSTT). Risk factors include young or old maternal age and history of prior molar pregnancy. Treatment involves surgical evacuation followed by chemotherapy and long-term monitoring of beta HCG levels to detect malignant transformation. While GTD can be life-threatening, early diagnosis and treatment leads to high cure rates.
This document discusses gestational trophoblastic diseases, specifically hydatidiform moles. It covers the epidemiology, risk factors, types (complete vs. partial mole), clinical features, diagnosis, natural history, persistent gestational trophoblastic tumor, staging, and management of these conditions. The key points are that complete moles are paternal in origin and associated with higher risks, while partial moles are triploid and have lower risks. Diagnosis involves ultrasound and tissue biopsy. Follow up of hCG levels is important after treatment to monitor for persistent tumors. Staging and risk scoring help guide chemotherapy for metastatic or high risk cases.
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a spectrum of conditions arising from abnormal placental trophoblast proliferation. It includes hydatidiform moles (complete and partial), which are benign, and gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN), which includes invasive mole, choriocarcinoma, and other rare types, that are malignant. Complete moles are diploid and result from fertilization of an empty ovum, while partial moles are triploid/tetraploid arising from dispermic fertilization of a normal ovum. Diagnosis is based on clinical exam, serum hCG levels, ultrasound findings, and histology. Treatment of molar pregnancies involves suction dilation
Gestational trophoblastic disease is a spectrum of disorders resulting from abnormal placental growth and invasion. It includes hydatidiform moles (80% of cases), which can be complete or partial, as well as gestational trophoblastic neoplasias like invasive moles (12-15% of cases) and choriocarcinoma (5-8% of cases). Treatment involves surgical evacuation for moles, with chemotherapy if the mole persists or spreads malignantly. Chemotherapy regimens depend on the risk level, with single agent treatment for low risk and multi-agent protocols for high risk metastatic or drug resistant tumors. Prognosis is generally good even for metastatic gestational trophoblastic neoplas
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a group of rare diseases in which abnormal trophoblast cells grow inside the uterus after conception. In gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD), a tumor develops inside the uterus from tissue that forms after conception (the joining of sperm and egg).
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) refers to a spectrum of tumors originating from the placenta due to abnormal growth of trophoblast cells beyond pregnancy. This includes benign conditions like complete and partial hydatidiform moles, as well as malignant conditions like invasive moles, choriocarcinoma, and placental site trophoblastic tumors (PSTT). Risk factors include young or old maternal age and history of prior molar pregnancy. Treatment involves surgical evacuation followed by chemotherapy and long-term monitoring of beta HCG levels to detect malignant transformation. While GTD can be life-threatening, early diagnosis and treatment leads to high cure rates.
This document discusses updates in the classification and management of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD). It summarizes the types of GTD, including complete hydatidiform mole, partial mole, invasive mole, choriocarcinoma, and placental site trophoblastic tumor. Diagnosis involves histological examination and hCG monitoring. Treatment involves surgical evacuation followed by hCG monitoring to detect persistent trophoblastic disease. Strict follow up is important to detect and treat malignant cases.
Gestational trophoblastic disease is a heterogeneous group of lesions arising from abnormal placental trophoblast proliferation. It includes premalignant conditions like complete and partial hydatidiform moles, as well as malignant gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN). GTN has varying potential for local invasion and metastasis. While rare, GTN is highly curable even in widespread disease. Treatment involves chemotherapy, with single or multi-agent regimens depending on risk factors and disease stage according to the FIGO scoring system. Careful monitoring of beta-hCG levels is important for diagnosis and follow-up. Prognosis is generally good but depends on disease characteristics and response to initial treatment.
Gestational trophoblastic disease is a heterogeneous group of lesions arising from abnormal placental trophoblast proliferation. It includes premalignant conditions like complete and partial hydatidiform moles, as well as malignant gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN). GTN has varying potential for local invasion and metastasis. While rare, GTN is highly curable even with widespread dissemination. Treatment involves chemotherapy, with single or multi-agent regimens depending on risk factors and disease stage according to the FIGO scoring system. Careful monitoring of beta-hCG levels is important for diagnosis and follow-up.
Gestational tropoblastic disease.prof presentation,Tariq Mohammed
The document discusses gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD), including hydatidiform mole, persistent GTD, choriocarcinoma, and placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT). It provides definitions, risk factors, clinical features, histological findings, imaging studies, management including chemotherapy options, and prognostic scoring systems for GTD. Key points include that molar pregnancies have malignant potential and persistent GTD may require chemotherapy or hysterectomy, while PSTT is resistant to chemotherapy and often requires hysterectomy.
A 40-year-old woman presented with vaginal bleeding for 1 month. On examination, her uterus was enlarged to 16 weeks size with a doughy feel and grape-like structures were seen in the cervical os. Gestational trophoblastic disease was suspected. GTD includes complete and partial hydatidiform moles, invasive moles, choriocarcinoma, and placental site trophoblastic tumors. Diagnosis involves high hCG levels and ultrasound showing a "snowstorm" pattern. Treatment is surgical evacuation followed by hCG monitoring to detect persistent disease requiring chemotherapy.
This document discusses the follow up and management of patients diagnosed with vesicular mole or gestational trophoblastic disease. Key points include monitoring beta human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG) levels weekly until normal for 3 weeks and then monthly until 6 months to check for persistent or recurrent disease. Symptoms or rising beta-hCG would indicate need for further treatment such as chemotherapy. Follow up is important to monitor for potential metastasis and complications in future pregnancies.
gestational trophoblastic disease is discussed in its basic knowledge update to enable undergraduate students help understand the disease, diagnose and treat GTD. also enables to follow and detect complications and malignant transformation of molar pregnancy. single drug and multiple dose chemotherapy depending on staging of the disease and related complications & side effects discussed.
Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia management Amit Sehrawat
This document discusses gestational trophoblastic diseases including hydatidiform moles. It notes that complete moles are entirely paternal in origin and arise from fertilization by a haploid sperm. Risk factors for complete mole include low carotene, vitamin A deficiency, and older maternal age. Complete moles exhibit characteristic swelling and trophoblastic hyperplasia while partial moles contain some fetal tissue. Complications can include vaginal bleeding, preeclampsia, and persistent gestational trophoblastic tumor in some cases. Diagnosis is made by ultrasound and hCG levels with treatment involving suction dilation and curettage followed by careful hCG monitoring to detect persistent disease.
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a heterogeneous group of lesions that arise from abnormal trophoblast proliferation. It includes hydatidiform moles (complete and partial), which are usually benign, as well as gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) like invasive mole, choriocarcinoma, and placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT), which are malignant. GTD is diagnosed by evaluating beta-hCG levels, ultrasound, and histology. While most molar pregnancies are cured by suction dilation and curettage, GTN is treated with chemotherapy, with combination therapies used for high-risk metastatic disease defined by a WHO score of 7 or higher
This document discusses gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD), which includes a spectrum of tumors arising from abnormal trophoblast proliferation. GTD encompasses benign conditions like hydatidiform moles as well as malignant tumors known as gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN). Complete and partial hydatidiform moles are distinguished based on histological features and presence of fetal tissue. Risk factors for molar pregnancies include younger and older maternal age as well as prior molar pregnancies. Molar pregnancies are diagnosed using beta-hCG levels, ultrasound findings, and pathology. Treatment involves surgical evacuation followed by beta-hCG monitoring to detect GTN, which may require chemotherapy. Prognosis
This document summarizes gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD), which includes abnormal placental growth after pregnancy. GTD includes complete and partial molar pregnancies, invasive moles, choriocarcinoma, and other rare types. Risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnostic workup, classification, management of persistent GTD, and chemotherapy protocols are described. Prognostic scoring systems and tumor markers like beta-hCG are also discussed.
The document summarizes information about early pregnancy disorders, with a focus on molar pregnancies. It describes a case of a 24-year-old woman who is 12 weeks pregnant but experiencing vaginal spotting and passage of vesicles. The most likely diagnosis is a molar pregnancy, as indicated by the enlarged yet doughy uterus and absence of fetal parts. Molar pregnancies can be complete or partial, depending on microscopic features and karyotype. Complete moles have no fetal tissue and usually require suction evacuation and curettage for treatment, with beta-HCG monitoring to watch for persistent trophoblastic disease.
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a spectrum of conditions that includes complete and partial hydatidiform moles, invasive mole, choriocarcinoma, and placental site trophoblastic tumor. Complete molar pregnancies are caused by abnormal fertilization and have no fetal development, while partial moles have some fetal development but also abnormal trophoblast proliferation. Persistent GTD is called gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) and can be non-metastatic or metastatic. Treatment involves evacuation of the mole and long-term beta-hCG surveillance to monitor for GTN, which is treated with chemotherapy.
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is abnormal growth of placental trophoblasts beyond pregnancy that includes complete and partial hydatidiform moles, invasive moles, choriocarcinoma, and other rare types. GTD is diagnosed based on symptoms like vaginal bleeding, abdominal pain, and constitutional symptoms as well as lab tests and imaging. Treatment involves evacuation of the uterus followed by chemotherapy or other treatments depending on the type and severity of GTD. Close monitoring of hCG levels is also important for detecting and managing persistent or metastatic GTD.
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is abnormal growth of placental trophoblasts beyond pregnancy that includes complete and partial hydatidiform moles, invasive moles, choriocarcinoma, and other rare types. GTD is diagnosed based on symptoms like vaginal bleeding, abdominal pain, and constitutional symptoms as well as lab tests and imaging. Treatment involves evacuation of the uterus followed by chemotherapy or other treatments depending on the type and severity of GTD. Strict follow up of hCG levels is needed to monitor for persistent or metastatic GTD.
This document discusses nursing care for patients with molar pregnancies. It begins by defining molar pregnancy and discussing the types and risk factors. It then covers the clinical features, diagnostic evaluation including ultrasound and hCG levels, and treatment which typically involves surgical removal via suction curettage or hysterectomy. Postoperative monitoring is also discussed, including serial hCG measurements to monitor for gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN). The document concludes by outlining nursing management and interventions such as pain control, nausea management, health education, and contraceptive counseling.
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) includes hydatidiform moles, benign lesions, and gestational trophoblastic neoplasms. Complete and partial hydatidiform moles are abnormal pregnancies characterized by placental abnormalities. Diagnosis involves clinical assessment, histopathology, and tumor marker testing. Treatment ranges from surgical evacuation to multi-agent chemotherapy depending on disease extent and prognosis. Long-term follow up is important due to risk of persistent or recurrent GTD. Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia can develop after molar or non-molar pregnancies and may metastasize, requiring more intensive treatment. Precise classification, staging, and risk stratification guide personalized management of GTD
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a spectrum of tumors caused by abnormal proliferation of placental tissue. It includes hydatidiform moles (complete and partial), which are usually benign, as well as gestational trophoblastic neoplasms like invasive moles, choriocarcinoma, and placental site trophoblastic tumors, which are malignant. GTD is diagnosed using clinical features, ultrasound findings, and elevated human chorionic gonadotropin levels. Treatment may involve D&C for molar pregnancies as well as chemotherapy for malignant or persistent cases. Long term follow up is important to monitor for recurrence or progression to gestational trophoblastic neoplasia due to the
Gestational trophoblastic disease and AnesthesiaAbraham Tarekegn
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) refers to a spectrum of tumors originating from the placenta that are characterized by elevated human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) levels. GTD includes complete and partial hydatidiform moles, invasive moles, choriocarcinoma, placental site trophoblastic tumors, and epithelioid trophoblastic tumors. Diagnosis involves measuring HCG levels and confirmation through imaging and biopsy. Treatment consists of surgical removal through suction curettage or hysterectomy, with chemotherapy used if disease persists after removal.
Ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside of the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tubes. It accounts for 1-2% of pregnancies and risk factors include previous pelvic inflammatory disease, IUD use, infertility, and smoking. Clinical features range from asymptomatic to acute abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding. Transvaginal ultrasound and quantitative beta-hCG levels are used to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment options include surgical removal by laparoscopy or laparotomy, or medical management with methotrexate depending on the stability of the patient. Expectant management may be considered for some stable cases. Ruptured ectopic pregnancies require emergency surgery and blood transfusions to stabilize the patient.
This document discusses updates in the classification and management of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD). It summarizes the types of GTD, including complete hydatidiform mole, partial mole, invasive mole, choriocarcinoma, and placental site trophoblastic tumor. Diagnosis involves histological examination and hCG monitoring. Treatment involves surgical evacuation followed by hCG monitoring to detect persistent trophoblastic disease. Strict follow up is important to detect and treat malignant cases.
Gestational trophoblastic disease is a heterogeneous group of lesions arising from abnormal placental trophoblast proliferation. It includes premalignant conditions like complete and partial hydatidiform moles, as well as malignant gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN). GTN has varying potential for local invasion and metastasis. While rare, GTN is highly curable even in widespread disease. Treatment involves chemotherapy, with single or multi-agent regimens depending on risk factors and disease stage according to the FIGO scoring system. Careful monitoring of beta-hCG levels is important for diagnosis and follow-up. Prognosis is generally good but depends on disease characteristics and response to initial treatment.
Gestational trophoblastic disease is a heterogeneous group of lesions arising from abnormal placental trophoblast proliferation. It includes premalignant conditions like complete and partial hydatidiform moles, as well as malignant gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN). GTN has varying potential for local invasion and metastasis. While rare, GTN is highly curable even with widespread dissemination. Treatment involves chemotherapy, with single or multi-agent regimens depending on risk factors and disease stage according to the FIGO scoring system. Careful monitoring of beta-hCG levels is important for diagnosis and follow-up.
Gestational tropoblastic disease.prof presentation,Tariq Mohammed
The document discusses gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD), including hydatidiform mole, persistent GTD, choriocarcinoma, and placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT). It provides definitions, risk factors, clinical features, histological findings, imaging studies, management including chemotherapy options, and prognostic scoring systems for GTD. Key points include that molar pregnancies have malignant potential and persistent GTD may require chemotherapy or hysterectomy, while PSTT is resistant to chemotherapy and often requires hysterectomy.
A 40-year-old woman presented with vaginal bleeding for 1 month. On examination, her uterus was enlarged to 16 weeks size with a doughy feel and grape-like structures were seen in the cervical os. Gestational trophoblastic disease was suspected. GTD includes complete and partial hydatidiform moles, invasive moles, choriocarcinoma, and placental site trophoblastic tumors. Diagnosis involves high hCG levels and ultrasound showing a "snowstorm" pattern. Treatment is surgical evacuation followed by hCG monitoring to detect persistent disease requiring chemotherapy.
This document discusses the follow up and management of patients diagnosed with vesicular mole or gestational trophoblastic disease. Key points include monitoring beta human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG) levels weekly until normal for 3 weeks and then monthly until 6 months to check for persistent or recurrent disease. Symptoms or rising beta-hCG would indicate need for further treatment such as chemotherapy. Follow up is important to monitor for potential metastasis and complications in future pregnancies.
gestational trophoblastic disease is discussed in its basic knowledge update to enable undergraduate students help understand the disease, diagnose and treat GTD. also enables to follow and detect complications and malignant transformation of molar pregnancy. single drug and multiple dose chemotherapy depending on staging of the disease and related complications & side effects discussed.
Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia management Amit Sehrawat
This document discusses gestational trophoblastic diseases including hydatidiform moles. It notes that complete moles are entirely paternal in origin and arise from fertilization by a haploid sperm. Risk factors for complete mole include low carotene, vitamin A deficiency, and older maternal age. Complete moles exhibit characteristic swelling and trophoblastic hyperplasia while partial moles contain some fetal tissue. Complications can include vaginal bleeding, preeclampsia, and persistent gestational trophoblastic tumor in some cases. Diagnosis is made by ultrasound and hCG levels with treatment involving suction dilation and curettage followed by careful hCG monitoring to detect persistent disease.
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a heterogeneous group of lesions that arise from abnormal trophoblast proliferation. It includes hydatidiform moles (complete and partial), which are usually benign, as well as gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) like invasive mole, choriocarcinoma, and placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT), which are malignant. GTD is diagnosed by evaluating beta-hCG levels, ultrasound, and histology. While most molar pregnancies are cured by suction dilation and curettage, GTN is treated with chemotherapy, with combination therapies used for high-risk metastatic disease defined by a WHO score of 7 or higher
This document discusses gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD), which includes a spectrum of tumors arising from abnormal trophoblast proliferation. GTD encompasses benign conditions like hydatidiform moles as well as malignant tumors known as gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN). Complete and partial hydatidiform moles are distinguished based on histological features and presence of fetal tissue. Risk factors for molar pregnancies include younger and older maternal age as well as prior molar pregnancies. Molar pregnancies are diagnosed using beta-hCG levels, ultrasound findings, and pathology. Treatment involves surgical evacuation followed by beta-hCG monitoring to detect GTN, which may require chemotherapy. Prognosis
This document summarizes gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD), which includes abnormal placental growth after pregnancy. GTD includes complete and partial molar pregnancies, invasive moles, choriocarcinoma, and other rare types. Risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnostic workup, classification, management of persistent GTD, and chemotherapy protocols are described. Prognostic scoring systems and tumor markers like beta-hCG are also discussed.
The document summarizes information about early pregnancy disorders, with a focus on molar pregnancies. It describes a case of a 24-year-old woman who is 12 weeks pregnant but experiencing vaginal spotting and passage of vesicles. The most likely diagnosis is a molar pregnancy, as indicated by the enlarged yet doughy uterus and absence of fetal parts. Molar pregnancies can be complete or partial, depending on microscopic features and karyotype. Complete moles have no fetal tissue and usually require suction evacuation and curettage for treatment, with beta-HCG monitoring to watch for persistent trophoblastic disease.
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a spectrum of conditions that includes complete and partial hydatidiform moles, invasive mole, choriocarcinoma, and placental site trophoblastic tumor. Complete molar pregnancies are caused by abnormal fertilization and have no fetal development, while partial moles have some fetal development but also abnormal trophoblast proliferation. Persistent GTD is called gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) and can be non-metastatic or metastatic. Treatment involves evacuation of the mole and long-term beta-hCG surveillance to monitor for GTN, which is treated with chemotherapy.
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is abnormal growth of placental trophoblasts beyond pregnancy that includes complete and partial hydatidiform moles, invasive moles, choriocarcinoma, and other rare types. GTD is diagnosed based on symptoms like vaginal bleeding, abdominal pain, and constitutional symptoms as well as lab tests and imaging. Treatment involves evacuation of the uterus followed by chemotherapy or other treatments depending on the type and severity of GTD. Close monitoring of hCG levels is also important for detecting and managing persistent or metastatic GTD.
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is abnormal growth of placental trophoblasts beyond pregnancy that includes complete and partial hydatidiform moles, invasive moles, choriocarcinoma, and other rare types. GTD is diagnosed based on symptoms like vaginal bleeding, abdominal pain, and constitutional symptoms as well as lab tests and imaging. Treatment involves evacuation of the uterus followed by chemotherapy or other treatments depending on the type and severity of GTD. Strict follow up of hCG levels is needed to monitor for persistent or metastatic GTD.
This document discusses nursing care for patients with molar pregnancies. It begins by defining molar pregnancy and discussing the types and risk factors. It then covers the clinical features, diagnostic evaluation including ultrasound and hCG levels, and treatment which typically involves surgical removal via suction curettage or hysterectomy. Postoperative monitoring is also discussed, including serial hCG measurements to monitor for gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN). The document concludes by outlining nursing management and interventions such as pain control, nausea management, health education, and contraceptive counseling.
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) includes hydatidiform moles, benign lesions, and gestational trophoblastic neoplasms. Complete and partial hydatidiform moles are abnormal pregnancies characterized by placental abnormalities. Diagnosis involves clinical assessment, histopathology, and tumor marker testing. Treatment ranges from surgical evacuation to multi-agent chemotherapy depending on disease extent and prognosis. Long-term follow up is important due to risk of persistent or recurrent GTD. Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia can develop after molar or non-molar pregnancies and may metastasize, requiring more intensive treatment. Precise classification, staging, and risk stratification guide personalized management of GTD
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a spectrum of tumors caused by abnormal proliferation of placental tissue. It includes hydatidiform moles (complete and partial), which are usually benign, as well as gestational trophoblastic neoplasms like invasive moles, choriocarcinoma, and placental site trophoblastic tumors, which are malignant. GTD is diagnosed using clinical features, ultrasound findings, and elevated human chorionic gonadotropin levels. Treatment may involve D&C for molar pregnancies as well as chemotherapy for malignant or persistent cases. Long term follow up is important to monitor for recurrence or progression to gestational trophoblastic neoplasia due to the
Gestational trophoblastic disease and AnesthesiaAbraham Tarekegn
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) refers to a spectrum of tumors originating from the placenta that are characterized by elevated human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) levels. GTD includes complete and partial hydatidiform moles, invasive moles, choriocarcinoma, placental site trophoblastic tumors, and epithelioid trophoblastic tumors. Diagnosis involves measuring HCG levels and confirmation through imaging and biopsy. Treatment consists of surgical removal through suction curettage or hysterectomy, with chemotherapy used if disease persists after removal.
Ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside of the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tubes. It accounts for 1-2% of pregnancies and risk factors include previous pelvic inflammatory disease, IUD use, infertility, and smoking. Clinical features range from asymptomatic to acute abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding. Transvaginal ultrasound and quantitative beta-hCG levels are used to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment options include surgical removal by laparoscopy or laparotomy, or medical management with methotrexate depending on the stability of the patient. Expectant management may be considered for some stable cases. Ruptured ectopic pregnancies require emergency surgery and blood transfusions to stabilize the patient.
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2. • Classification of GTT
• GTD Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Aetiology, β hCG,
• Clinical Features of Premalignant(GTD) Complete Mole(CM);
Partial Mole
• Management of Complete Mole, or Partial Mole
• Post evacuation Follow up , Chemotherapy
• Contraception
• Clinical Features of Malignant (GTN) Invasive Mole, Placental
site tropho blastic tumor( PSTT) Chorio CA
• Investigations
• GTN ChorioCA Diagnosis, Investigation, Management
• Chemotherapy
• Follow up
3. Introduction
• Gestational Trophoblastic disease is a term
used to describe the heterogeneous group of
interrelated lesions that arise from abnormal
proliferation of placental trophoblast. GTD
Lesions are histologically different and can be
Benign and malignant.
4. WHO Classification
GTD
Premalignant Diseases
• Complete Hydatidiform Mole ( C M )
• Partial Hyadatidiform Mole ( P M )
Malignant Diseases (Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia)
Nonmetastatic
• Invasive Mole
• Placental site trophoblastic tumor ( PSTT )
• Epitheloid tumour
• Metastatic
• Gestational Choriocarcinoma
5. Epidemiology
• It is common in oriental countries- Philippines, China, Indonesia, Japan,
India, Central and Latin America and Africa.
• Highest incidence- Philippines- 1 in 80 pregnancies
• Lowest incidence- Europe- 1 in 752 pregnancies
• India- 1 in 400 pregnancies
• Calculated Incidence of complete mole- 1 in 1945 pregnancies
partial mole- 1 in 695 pregnancies
• Age C Ms most common at the extremes of reproductive age
• The incidence of CM rises fm I:1000 to 1:76; 1:6.5 in subsequent
pregnancies
• CM is the most common antecedent to Chorio CA. But it can occur after
any type of pregnancy 3% after invasive mole; 16% after CM
9. Genetic & Pathology
• C M Always contains Paternal DNA alone so androgenic Macroscopically
like bunch of grapes
• P M are Triploidy two paternal & one maternal sets of chromosomes
hyperplasia of chorionic villi with embryo usually dies 8-9 weeks of
gestation
• P57 cycline dependent kinase inhibitor paternally imprinted gene which
is maternally expressed
• P57 kip2 immunostaining is negative in CM in contrast to PMs Hydropic
abortions & normal placenta
• Invasive mole can be diagnosed by USG & rising titers of hCG
• Presence of chorionic villi distinguish Invasive mole from Choriocarcinoma
• Chorio CA. Grossly abnormal karyotypes with diverse ploidies
• PSTT are rare slow growing malignant tumor; intermediate trophoblast
from cytotrophoblast produce little hCG
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease
10. Aetiological factors
• Genetic factor: Autosomal recessive Genomic Imprinting;
Abnormal Methylation
• In cases of Familial recurrent molar pregnancy; Defective
locus at 19q 13.4 at single gene NALP7 , it is member of
CATERPILLAR family involved in inflammation & Apoptosis in
genetic CM
• Three other genes H19, P57, IGF-2
• Chorio CA. heterozygosity at specific genes deletion 7p12-
q11.2; Amplification of 7q21-q31 region ; loss of 8p12-p21
• Breast & ovarian cancer also show the abnormalities in
heterozygosity in amplification at 7q21-q31 , & loss of 8p12-
p21
11. Human chorionic gonadotrophin
• Beta hCG is pituitary/ placental glycoprotein
• Commercially available Beta hCG test based on sandwich
assay principle & rely on two antibodies
• Rare chance of false negative or false positive results with
Rabit polyclonal antibodies RIA used in both serially diluted
urine & blood samples .
• Sensitivity of this test in serum is 1 IU/L, in urine 20 IU/L
• Beta h CG is tumor marker
• New Assay are in research Hyperglycosylated hCG (hCG-H )
specific for cases subsequently require chemotherapy (Clinical
GTDs ) Cole etal 2006a
12. Beta h CG as Tumor marker
• Half life is 24-36 hrs
• Marker for pregnancy ,GTD, Germ cell tumors & 15% of
epithelial ovarian malignancies
• H CG levels are also associated with tumor volume 5 IU/l
corresponds to 104-105 viable tumor size
• Beta hCG used as prognostic marker & progression of disease
or response to therapy, drug resistance at earlier stage.
• hCG is best tumor marker known
13. Clinical features
Complete Mole
• Most common in first trimester or early Second trimester
• Vaginal bleeding is the most common symptom (84-97%)
• Uterus is larger than POG (28%)
• Presents with the features of threatened abortion; Amenorrhea, pain &
bleeding P/V
• Associated features of Hyperemesis Gravidarum Requires Antiemetic , IV
fluids etc
• Toxaemia or PET 10-15%
• hyperthyroidism 7%
14. Clinical features
• Theca leutin cysts
• Beta h CG levels > 100.000
• O/E
• Passage of grapes like vesicle or spontaneous expulsion of entire mole
• Pulmonary , cervical, Vaginal metastasis may occur disappears after
evacuation of mole
• The presence of metastasis does not necessarily imply invasive mole or
chorio CA
• Macroscopic features: Bunch of grapes due to villous swelling
• Branching contain hyperplastic cyto & syncytio trophoblast with many
vessels
16. High Risk For Developing Post molar tumor
• Patients presenting with any of the following signs of
marked trophoblastic proliferations
• hCG Levels > 100,000 mIU/L
• Excessive Uterine Enlargement
• Theca leutin cyst 6cm or larger
17. Clinical features
PARTIALMOLE
• Findings not as characteristic as in CM
• Most commonly presents in late Ist or second trimester
• Uterus is often not enlarged more than POA
• More often presents as Missed or incomplete abortion
• Pre evacuation h CG levels are not more than 100,000IU/ L
• Macoscopic : villous swelling is less intense
• Embryo is present
• Microscopic: Trophoblastic hyperplasia, indented outlines & round
inclusions
• Presence of nucleated RBS of embryo in villous structure
• Due to Early demise of embryo less documentation of PM
18. Management Of Molar Pregnancy
There are 2 important basic lines:
1. Evacuation of the mole
2. Regular follow up to detect persistent Trophoblastic
disease
If both basic lines are done appropriately, mortality
rates can be reduced to zero.
19. Management of Molar Pregnancy
For complete mole:
Suction Curettage
Procedure:
1. Emergency tray should be ready and blood
should be handy.
2. Oxytocin infusion: begun before induction of
anaesthesia.
3.Cervical dilation
20. Management
4. Suction curettage: Suction canula up to a maximum of 12
mm is usually sufficient to evacuate all complete molar
pregnancies.
If the uterine size is larger than 14 weeks of gestation, one
hand should be placed on top of fundus and uterus should
be massaged to stimulate uterine contraction and reduce
the risk of perforation.
5. Sharp curettage: gentle sharp curettage is done to remove
any residual molar tissue.
Cervical preparation with prostaglandins or misoprostol
should be avoided to reduce the risk of embolisation.
21. Should products of conception be
examined histologically?
Histological examination is indicated in:
• Failed pregnancies (missed or molar): all medically or
surgically managed cases
• Products of conception obtained after all repeat
evacuations (post abortive or post partum).
There is no need after therapeutic termination:
provided that foetal parts are identified on USG
A urine pregnancy test should be performed 3 weeks
after medical management of failed pregnancy if
products of conception are not sent for histological
examination.
22. Anti-D Prophylaxis (RCOG)
NOT required in Complete Mole: because of
poor vascularisation of the chorionic villi and
absence of the D-antigen.
Required in:
-partial mole: due to presence of RBCs
-complete mole: if diagnosis is not confirmed
histopathologically.
23. Second uterine evacuation
• There is NO clinical indication for the routine use of
second uterine evacuation.
• It may be useful for symptom control in selected
patients with heavy bleeding or curative if the
recurrent molar tissue is confined to the uterine
cavity, particularly in those with hCG levels <1500
IU/L.(Recent Advances)
24. Post Evacuation Surveillance
• Done to detect persistent trophoblastic disease (GTN)
• A baseline serum βhCG is obtained within 48 hours after
evacuation
• Levels are monitored every 2 weeks until normalisation
and urine βhCG levels analysed monthly after this.
• These levels should progressively fall to an undetectable
level (<5 mu/ml).
• The average time to achieve the first normal β-hCG level
after evacuation is about 9 weeks.
• If symptoms are persistent, more frequent βhCG estimation
and USG examination ± second evacuation is advised.
25. Optimum follow up period following
normalization of β hCG
If βhCG has reverted to normal in
• ≤56 days (8 weeks) of the pregnancy event: follow up
is for 6 months from the date of uterine evacuation.
• >56 days of the pregnancy event: follow up is for 6
months from normalisation of hCG level.
All women should notify at the end of any future
pregnancy, whatever the outcome of the pregnancy.
β hCG levels are measured 6-8 weeks after the end of
pregnancy to exclude disease occurrence.
26. Contraception
• Should NOT conceive until follow up is complete.
• Use Barrier method until hCG revert to normal
(?OCPs may act as growth factor for trophoblastic
tissue).
• Once hCG has normalised, the combined oral
contraceptive pill may be used.
• IUCD should not be used until hCG levels are normal
to reduce the risk of uterine perforation.
27. Role of hysterectomy
• If the patient desires surgical sterilization, a
hysterectomy may be performed with the mole in
situ.
• Hysterectomy does not prevent metastasis;
therefore, patients will require follow up with
assessment of hCG levels.
• The ovaries may be preserved at the time of surgery,
even in the presence of prominent theca luiten cysts.
28. Role of prophylactic chemotherapy
• The long term prognosis for women with a H. Mole is
not improved with prophylactic chemotherapy.
Because toxicity- including death- may be significant, it
is not recommended routinely (ACOG 2004).
• It may be useful in the high-risk cases when follow up
are unavailable or unreliable.
HIGH RISK FACTORS:
hCG level >100,000 mIU/ml
Excessive uterine enlargement
Theca lutien cysts 6 cm in diameter
30. Gestational trophoplastic Neoplasia
Nonmetastatic
Invasive Mole:
Clinical features
• Clinical diagnosis by persistence or rising titers of Beta h CG in the weeks
after molar evacuation & USG
• Persistent bleeding p/v
• Lower abdominal pain due to invasion in myometrium, vulva, vagina or
intra abdominal metastasis
• It may spread to adjacent pervic structures bladder , rectum; hematuria,
bleeding P/ R
• Pulmonary metastasis
• Mostly due to initial diagnosis of CM is missed & not on Beta h CG follow
up
31. Clinical features
Placental Site Trophoblastic Tumor (PSTT):
• it is rare slow growing tumor
• Women mainly presents with menstrual irregularities & lower abdominal
pain, galactorrhea due to hyperprolactinemia increased h PL
• Little or no h CG is produced ( Free B hCG fragment )
• Rarely presents as nephrotic syndrome, hematuria or DIC
• Spread is late local Infiltration & metastasis is through lymphatic
• Microscopically: In the normal placenta it is distinct from villous
trophoblast & infiltrates the decidua, myometrium, & spiral arteries.
• Mainly from intermediate trophoblast derived fm cytotrophoblast
32. Metastatic Gestational Trophoblastic
Neoplasia
Second most common GTN
1 in 30,000 pregnancies
Early haematogenous spread is characterstic of
choriocarcinoma
40% after molar pregnancy: Easily Diagnosed
60% non-molar pregnancy: Difficult to Diagnose
33. GTN arises when the normal regulatory mechanisms controlling
the proliferation and invasiveness of trophoblastic tissue are
lost.
Diagnosis of the GTN is made on
Clinical presentation
Elevated b-HCG
Evidence of metastasis
Imaging
Tissue for Histology- Seldom obtained
(Definitive Histological Diagnosis of type of GTN is not made in
most cases).
Metastatic Gestational Trophoblastic
Neoplasia
34. Metastatic Gestational Trophoblastic
Neoplasia
CHORIOCARCINOMA:
Clinical features
• Occurs mainly following any form of pregnancy, mainly after
CM
• Difficult to differentiate from Invasive mole as H/P is not
possible
• Clinical features of bleeding p/v , lower abdominal pain, or
in 1/3 of cases no pelvic symptoms but symptoms of distant
metastasis lungs , brain ,liver, skin, cauda equina & the heart
may present
• Highly malignant , appears as soft purple largely hemorrhagic
mass
35. Clinical features of chorio CA
• Microscopic: implanting blastocyst with central cores of
mononuclear cytotropho surrounded by rim of
multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast & distinct absence of
chorionic villi extensive areas of necrosis & haemorrage
&frequent evidence of tumor in the sinuses
• The hypervascularity & absence of connective tissue support
are the reason for its highly malignant behaviour
• DIAGNOSIS IS ALWAYS BY BETA h CG
36. investigations
• Quantitative beta hCG
• X Ray Chest
• Pelvic Doppler USG
• Abdominal doppler USG to rule out liver & renal metastasis
• CT chest , abdomen
• MRI brain
• Beta h CG in cerebrospinal fluid
• PET
• FD PET
• Genetic studies
37. Which women should be investigated for
Persistent GTD after a non molar pregnancy?
(RCOG Guideline)
• Any women who develops persistent vaginal bleeding after a
pregnancy event.
• A urine pregnancy test should be performed in all cases of
persistent or irregular vaginal bleeding after a pregnancy
event.
• Symptoms from metastatic disease, such as dyspnoea or
abnormal neurology, can occur very rarely.
38. FIGO REQUIREMENT FOR MAKING DIAGNOSIS
OF GTN
1. Four values or more of plateaue hCG over at
least 3 weeks: days 1, 7, 14 and 21.
2. A rise of hCG of 10% or greater for 3 values or
more over at least 2 weeks: days 1, 7, and 14.
3. Histologic diagnosis of choriocarcinoma.
4. Persistence of hCG beyond 6 months after
mole evacuation.
39. Invasive H. Mole
Myometrial invasion
Sometimes involving the peritoneum, parametrium, or
vaginal vault. Originate almost always from H. mole
Vesicles
40. Metastatic disease
Sites: Symptoms:
a. Pulmonary- 80% Chest pain, dyspnoea
b. Vagina- 30% Vagina bleeding , purulent
discharge and nodule.
c. Liver- 10% Epigastric pain, jaundice, hepatic
rupture leading to intraperitoneal
haemorrhage.
d. Brain- 10% Focal neurological deficit.
41. If the pelvic examination & chest X-ray are negative,
it is very uncommon to have metastatic involvement
of other sites.
Metastatic Disease
46. Prognostic score is central to the
management of GTN.
A single universally accepted, anatomical
staging and prognostic scoring system for
GTN was developed by FIGO in 2000.
Management of GTN
47. ANATOMIC FIGO STAGING SYSTEM FOR GTN (2000)
Stage Criteria
I. Disease confined to the uterus
II. Disease outside of uterus but is limited to the
genital structures
III. Disease extends to the lungs with or without
known genital tract involvement
IV. All other metastatic sites
48. FIGO prognostic score (2000)
O 1 2 4
Age (years) <39 >39
Antecedent pregnancy Hydatidi form
mole
Abortion Term
pregnancy
Interval from index
pregnancy, months
< 4 4-6 7-12 > 12
Pretreatment hCG
(mlU/ml)
< 103 103-104 > 104-105 > 105
Largest tumour size,
including uterus
3-4 cm 5 cm
Site of metastases Spleen,
kidney
GI tract Brain, liver
Previous failed
chemotherapy
Single Two or more
drugs
Low risk (Score 0-6) and high risk (score> 7)
49. WORK UP OF GTN
History & physical examination
Serial weekly hCG measurement in serum.
Hemogram, LFT, KFT
Chest X-ray
USG whole abdomen pelvis to rule out hepatic and
renal metastasis
CT or MRI brain
CSF analysis – in metastatic disease.
PET
FDG PET
Curette to be done if there is uterine bleeding.
There is grave dangerous of hemorrhage at the
biopsy site.
51. Low Risk GTN
FIGO score 6 or less.
FIGO stage I, II & III.
Drugs schedules: single agent chemotherapy
Most commonly used regimen.
Methotrexate: 1 mg/kg 1M on days 1, 3, 5, 7
Folinic acid 0.1 mg/kg 1M on days, 2, 4, 6 and 8.
Side Effects: Stomatitis, conjunctivitis, abdominal and
chest pain.
Actinomycin- D: (primary therapy in case of abnormal
liver function)
52. Role of hysterectomy in non metastatic
disease i.e. Stage-I
If patient does not wish to preserve fertility
hysterectomy with adjuvant single agent
chemotherapy given.
In case of stage-I PSTT.
Role of adjuvant chemotherapy.
1. Decrease dissemination of viable tumor cells at surgery.
2. Maintain cytotoxic level of chem.
3. To treat any occult metastasis.
53. Follow up in Low risk GTN
Weekly bhCG titre until normal for 3 consecutive
weeks.
Monthly b HCG level until normal for 12 consecutive
months.
Effective contraception during the follow up (OCP)
FIGO recommends additional 2 courses of
chemotherapy after initial negative b hCG.
54. High Risk GTN
Stage I, II, III With FIGO score 7 or greater or Stage IV
.
Primary intensive combination chemotherapy and
selective use of radiation and surgery.
Regimes given :
MAC.
Modified Bagshawe (CHAMOCA)
EMA-CO
EMA-EP.
.
55. MAC-III Regime
Mtx 1 mg/kg IM/1V Days 1, 3, 5, 7
Folinic acid 0.1 mg/kg IM Days 2, 4, 6, 8
Actinomycin-D 12 g/kg IV Days 1-5
Cyclophosphamide 3 mg/kg IV Days 1-5
To be repeated every 15 days if toxicity permits.
56. EMA-CO Regime
Etoposide, methotrexate, actinomycin D, alternating weekly with
cyclophosphamide and oncovin.
Day 1 Actinomycin D 500 micrograms IV push
new IV. Etoposide 100 mg/m2 over 30-50 min.
Methotrexate 100 mg/m2 IV infusion over 1
hr and then
Methotrexate 200 mg/m2 IV infusion over 12 hrs
Day 2 Actinomycin D 500 micrograms IV push new IV
Etoposide 100 mg/m2 over 30-50 min.
Folinic acid 15 mg IV push Q 6 hrs for 8 doses
beginning 24 hrs after methotrexate bolus.
Day 8 Vincristine (Oncovin) 1 mg/m2 IV
Cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m2 IV
SIDE EFFECT:- Myelosuppresion ,Mucositis , Neuropathy ,Reversible
alopecia
57. EMA-EP
In patient resistant to EMA-CO
On day 8
Etoposide- 10 mg/m2 iv.
Cisplatin- 80 mg/m2 iv
treatment – until 3 consecutive weekly titres
normal.
2-4 cycles given further after initial normal b
H.C.G.
.
58. Chemotherapy Should Not Be Repeated
Unless
WBC > 3000/cu mm
Polymorph > 1500/ cu mm
Platelets > 100,000/ cu mm
BUN, SGOT, SGPT are normal
No febrile course
No oral or GIT ulceration
59. Follow up OF High risk GTN
Weekly bHCG until normal for 3
consecutive weeks.
Monthly bHCG for 24 consecutive
months.
Contraception in follow up period.
60. Management of sites of metastasis
VAGINAL &PELVIS -30%
Single agent chemotherapy –Low risk
Combination chemotherapy –High risk
If bleeding occurs-
Vaginal packing
Wide local excision
Arteriographic embolisation of hypogastric
arteries
62. HEPATIC-10%
Worse prognosis.
Usually associated with widespread metastasis Intraperitoneal
bleeding may occur.
Rx
Chemo & concurrent radiation (2000-3000 cGy).
Hepatic resection to excise resistant foci.
Cerebral-10%
Acute focal neurological deficits.
Combination chemo + WBRT (2000-3000).
Patients with metastasis on initial evaluation respond better
than who develop Lesion during therapy.
During period of WBRT- Mtx in EMA-CO be increased to 1 g/m2
with Folinic.Acid rescue.
.
63. SURVEILLANCE DURING AND AFTER THERAPY OF GTN
Monitor serum quantitative hCG levels every week during chemotherapy:
1. Response: >10% decline in hCG during one cycle
2. Plateau: ±10% change in hCG during one cycle
3. Resistance: >10% rise in hCG during one cycle or plateau for two cycles of
chemotheraphy
- evaluate for new metastasis
- consider alternative chemotherapy
- consider extirpation of drug-resistant sites of disease
.
(DISAIA Gynaecolog oncology 2007)
64. REMISSION: 3 consecutive normal weekly hCG values
1. Maintenance chemotherapy
Surveillance of remission:
1. hCG values every 2 weeks x 3 months
2. hCG values every months to complete one year of follow-up
3. hCG values every 6-12 months indefinitely; at least 3-5 years
65. Schedule for hCG surveillance after chemotherapy
Urine Serum
Year 1 Weeks 1-6 after
chemotherapy
Weekly Weekly
Months 2-6 2- weekly 2-weekly
Months 7-12 2-weekly -
Year 2 4-weekly -
Year 3 8-weekly -
Year 4 3-
monthly
-
Year 5 4-
monthly
_
Year 6 and
above
Life-long
monitoring
6-
monthly
-
66. CONTRACEPTION
During follow up period
I. OCP’s
Safe
Started soon after evacuation of H. mole.
Given during the entire period of follow up.
No increased risk of postmolar GTN or rate of decline
of hCG titre with OCPs use.
II. Barrier methods
Safe alternative to OCP’s in patients whom OCP are
contraindicated.
III. IUCD
Contraindicated due to an increased risk of uterine
perforation .
.
DISAIA Gynaecology oncology 2007
67. Future Child Bearing
Pregnancy outcomes in patient with history of molar
gestation are similar to patient with no such history with
respect to live birth 1st and 2nd trimester abortion, anomalies,
Stillbirth, pre-maturity and Caesarean rate.
Pregnancy outcome is similar irrespective of complete or
partial mole.
For subsequent pregnancy.
Ist trimester TVS to confirm normal pregnancy.
bHCG 6 wks after termination of pregnancy .
After effective treatment for non-malignant GTN molar
pregnancy occur in 1-2% subsequent pregnancies.
.DISAIA Gynaecology oncology 2007
68. Treatment of malignant GTN with Chemotherapy is
compatible with preservation of fertility and not
assess with increased risk of congenital
malformations.
Women undergoing I.U.I. after previous molar
gestations, occasionally develops repeated moles.
This is due to an oocyte defect predisposing to
abnormal fertilization.
Therapeutic alterations are:
o ICSI with pre-implementation genetic diagnosis
o Donor oocyte IVF
69. Co-Existence of normal pregnancy and GTN
Described in both spontaneous & IVF gestations.
Estimated incidence of twin pregnancy with 1 mole
and 1 fetus 1 per 221,000-1,00,000 or > 125 cases
reported.
Diagnosis difficult based on imaging alone.
In many cases diagnosis made only after
termination of pregnancy.
Increased risk for haemorrhage persistent GTN and
medical complications.
Pregnancy coexistent with H. mole need be
termination.
Usually preterm delivery is often required because
of complications like bleeding or preeclampsia.