George Jackson was a revolutionary Black nationalist imprisoned in San Quentin for over a decade. He became politicized in prison and emerged as a powerful voice and author. His growing influence and the trial of the Soledad Brothers threatened the prison system. On August 21, 1971, authorities at San Quentin assassinated George Jackson, claiming he tried to escape with a gun. However, their story was full of inconsistencies, and the gun was later found to have been planted by the FBI as part of the COINTELPRO program, indicating direct involvement in Jackson's murder. George Jackson's assassination was meant to silence his revolutionary voice and ideas.
The Revision and Origin of Black August, by Kiilu Nyasha (2012)RBG Communiversity
This document discusses the origins and evolution of Black August, which was originally organized to honor Black revolutionaries who died fighting against racism and oppression. It summarizes the socialist and internationalist views of George Jackson and others. It argues some have revised Black August's meaning for self-promotion rather than upholding its revolutionary principles. It traces Black August back to resistance among Black prisoners in the 1960s led by figures like George Jackson.
This document summarizes the deaths of 30 individuals connected to the Watergate scandal between 1972-1976. Mae Brussell, an assassination expert, believes the CIA was responsible for the deaths due to the improbable odds of so many connected individuals dying violently within four years. Some of the deaths described include White House staffers, government officials, lawyers, and Mafia members who likely had information about CIA involvement in Watergate and other political assassinations. Brussell suspects the deaths will continue given how many people were involved in the scandal and related covert operations.
The document lists 47 deaths of individuals connected to Bill Clinton and his administration. Many of these deaths were deemed suicides but others questioned the official rulings. The deaths detailed include former Clinton business partners, associates, and potential witnesses involved in various investigations related to Clinton.
High School PowerPoint with primary sources and important questions for students in the study of the JFK assassination, Lee Harvey Oswald, Lyndon B. Johnson, Single Bullet Theory, Warren Commission
T. T. Michael's novel Fire War imagines a frightening future for the United States where personal liberties have vanished and the president is no longer elected. In this future, Gunnery Sergeant Anthony Jackson is charged with protecting the president of the United Continental States of America. Jackson begins to question aspects of this new society and whether balancing personal freedom and national security is possible. The reviewer finds Michael's depiction of this future world compelling and at times overwhelming in its parallels to current events.
This document summarizes Nicholas Lal's presentation on the melodramatic aspects of media coverage. It provides examples of how media has historically used melodramatic themes to frame political stories, such as WWI recruitment posters depicting Germans as villains. It also discusses Elizabeth Anker's analysis of Fox News coverage of 9/11 and how they presented an emotional narrative of Americans as heroes and victims versus Al-Qaeda as villains. Additional examples analyzed include McCarthyism depictions of communists as threats to America and trials like Rodney King, OJ Simpson, and George Zimmerman that addressed underlying racial tensions. The document concludes by justifying the use of melodramatic media framing for issues like congressional filibusters and protests in
The Revision and Origin of Black August, by Kiilu Nyasha (2012)RBG Communiversity
This document discusses the origins and evolution of Black August, which was originally organized to honor Black revolutionaries who died fighting against racism and oppression. It summarizes the socialist and internationalist views of George Jackson and others. It argues some have revised Black August's meaning for self-promotion rather than upholding its revolutionary principles. It traces Black August back to resistance among Black prisoners in the 1960s led by figures like George Jackson.
This document summarizes the deaths of 30 individuals connected to the Watergate scandal between 1972-1976. Mae Brussell, an assassination expert, believes the CIA was responsible for the deaths due to the improbable odds of so many connected individuals dying violently within four years. Some of the deaths described include White House staffers, government officials, lawyers, and Mafia members who likely had information about CIA involvement in Watergate and other political assassinations. Brussell suspects the deaths will continue given how many people were involved in the scandal and related covert operations.
The document lists 47 deaths of individuals connected to Bill Clinton and his administration. Many of these deaths were deemed suicides but others questioned the official rulings. The deaths detailed include former Clinton business partners, associates, and potential witnesses involved in various investigations related to Clinton.
High School PowerPoint with primary sources and important questions for students in the study of the JFK assassination, Lee Harvey Oswald, Lyndon B. Johnson, Single Bullet Theory, Warren Commission
T. T. Michael's novel Fire War imagines a frightening future for the United States where personal liberties have vanished and the president is no longer elected. In this future, Gunnery Sergeant Anthony Jackson is charged with protecting the president of the United Continental States of America. Jackson begins to question aspects of this new society and whether balancing personal freedom and national security is possible. The reviewer finds Michael's depiction of this future world compelling and at times overwhelming in its parallels to current events.
This document summarizes Nicholas Lal's presentation on the melodramatic aspects of media coverage. It provides examples of how media has historically used melodramatic themes to frame political stories, such as WWI recruitment posters depicting Germans as villains. It also discusses Elizabeth Anker's analysis of Fox News coverage of 9/11 and how they presented an emotional narrative of Americans as heroes and victims versus Al-Qaeda as villains. Additional examples analyzed include McCarthyism depictions of communists as threats to America and trials like Rodney King, OJ Simpson, and George Zimmerman that addressed underlying racial tensions. The document concludes by justifying the use of melodramatic media framing for issues like congressional filibusters and protests in
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his iconic "I Have a Dream" speech in 1963 calling for freedom and equality for all. While progress has been made, racism remains a problem in the US and worldwide in various forms. Racial profiling and hate crimes still occur regularly in America. Fear and ignorance often drive racism by causing people to act in ways outside their character against those they do not understand due to their race or ethnicity. True equality will be achieved not just by equal rights but when race is no longer a factor in how people are judged or treated.
Toward Rethinking Self-Defense in a Racist Culture...by Dhoruba Al Mujahid Bi...RBG Communiversity
This document discusses rethinking the concept of self-defense against racist aggression. It argues that prevailing ideas in US society are based on the notion of white skin privilege and European superiority. This justified the use of violence against people of color throughout history, including the genocide of Native Americans and establishment of slavery. The author asserts that force and violence are deeply ingrained in American culture and institutions. While non-violence is encouraged for oppressed groups, the majority is trained in the use of force. This creates a double standard that imbalance between the beneficiaries of a racist system and its underclass.
Jayson Blair was an African American journalist who worked for the New York Times. He fabricated many of his news stories, often writing them while under the influence of drugs and alcohol. His deception tarnished the reputation of the New York Times. Blair admitted to making up details in his stories, including plagiarizing parts of an article about a missing soldier. His actions had significant consequences and damaged his own credibility.
Digital ghetto cashless society pose threats even beyond orwell jewish journa...CashlessSociety
One of the biggest threats facing the U.S. today is the “algorithm ghetto, the digital ghetto, the electronic ghetto,” Chicago journalist and Jewish historian Edwin Black told a group of Flint residents Friday while on a statewide tour as part of Holocaust Remembrance Day, April 12.
Andrei Chikatilo was a Soviet serial killer known as the "Butcher of Rostov" and the "Red Ripper" who murdered and mutilated at least 56 women and children between 1978 and 1990 in the Russian SFSR. He was a disorganized killer who saw himself as a "cleanser of society" and suffered from impotence, which psychologists believe drove him to kill as an expression of power over his victims. Chikatilo was convicted of 52 murders and executed in 1994.
The document discusses reforms to the role of prosecutors and grand juries in light of controversies surrounding police killings of unarmed African American men Michael Brown and Eric Garner. It proposes three reforms that could address public concerns about prosecutorial bias and ensure grand juries properly execute their duties, while maintaining needed discretion and confidentiality. The document provides context on the killings and grand jury processes, and argues current proposals could be reactionary rather than useful.
Millions of Americans watched President John F. Kennedy's funeral procession on television as the nation mourned. Approximately one million people lined the route as the procession traveled from the Capitol building to the White House and then to St. Matthew's Cathedral and finally to Arlington National Cemetery, where Kennedy was buried. Inspired by an eternal flame at a memorial in Paris, Jacqueline Kennedy requested an eternal flame be placed at her husband's gravesite to honor him.
The document provides an overview of prison systems around the world through descriptions, statistics, and images. It begins with a brief history of the first American prison established in 1790 in Philadelphia and contrasts the inhumane treatment of prisoners at that time with more rehabilitative approaches taken in Scandinavian countries today. Subsequent sections cover specific aspects of prisons in the United States, Mexico, and Nordic countries like Norway. Images and videos illustrate the varying conditions inmates face. The second floor map outlines galleries on topics like the experiences of Mexican women in prisons and the impacts of solitary confinement and lack of mental healthcare.
Mae Brussell was a political researcher and radio commentator who dedicated her life to investigating political assassinations and exposing covert operations she believed were carried out by a "Secret Team" comprising elements of the military and corporations. She began her research after becoming suspicious of the official explanation of JFK's assassination. Over decades, she identified connections between individuals she believed were part of this team and their involvement in events like the overthrow of Allende in Chile. Her work received death threats and her daughter died in a mysterious car accident. Brussell was considered ahead of her time in exposing operations that later received more attention.
Hacktivism 7: Epistemology and irregular warfarePeter Ludlow
The document discusses techniques for unconventional warfare and psychological operations (PSYOP) used to influence populations and undermine adversaries. It describes avoiding direct military confrontation and instead using propaganda, misinformation, sabotage, subversion and working with resistance groups to erode an enemy's power and will. The goal is to gain control of relevant populations through political, economic and psychological means rather than by conquering territory or enemy forces. PSYOP specifically aims to influence emotions, reasoning and ultimately the behavior of foreign groups and governments to support US objectives.
Three reporters who witnessed or investigated the Kennedy assassination died under mysterious circumstances. Bill Hunter was shot and killed by a police officer in Dallas. Tom Howard died of a heart attack shortly after meeting with Jack Ruby. Jim Koethe was killed by a karate chop to the throat in his apartment. The document suggests these and other deaths may have been part of a conspiracy to cover up what really happened in the assassination of President Kennedy.
The document summarizes the 1961 Betty and Barney Hill alien abduction case. Under hypnosis, Betty and Barney separately described being abducted by alien beings while driving home from vacation. Betty was shown an accurate star map of the Zeta Reticuli star system, which was only discovered and confirmed to match her map over a decade later. The case was one of the first documented alien abduction cases and helped establish the use of hypnosis to recover blocked memories of abduction experiences. It remains an important case in the study of alleged alien abductions.
The document summarizes the results of an annual survey of American Jewish opinion conducted by the American Jewish Committee (AJC). Key findings include:
1) American Jews are generally pessimistic about developments in the Middle East like the Arab Spring, Iran's nuclear program, and Arab intentions regarding Israel.
2) Half of American Jews favor establishing a Palestinian state but most believe the long-term Arab goal is the destruction of Israel.
3) The vast majority of American Jews remain very concerned about Iran obtaining nuclear weapons, though support for potential military action has declined.
4) Caring about Israel remains an important part of Jewish identity for most American Jews, though opinions vary by denomination and age.
This document discusses several famous conspiracy theories, including theories about the moon landing, JFK assassination, deaths of Marilyn Monroe and Princess Diana. It defines a conspiracy theory as the idea that important events are secretly plotted by covert groups unknown to the public, rather than occurring by chance. Several theories are mentioned that propose alternative explanations for the causes and circumstances of these famous deaths and events.
Conspiracy theories propose that important events are the result of secret plots by covert groups rather than public explanations. Some famous conspiracy theories include claims that the Apollo moon landings were faked, that the assassinations of JFK and Princess Diana were carried out by covert groups rather than lone individuals, and that Marilyn Monroe's death was actually a murder covered up as a suicide.
This document discusses several famous events that have been the subject of conspiracy theories:
1) The Apollo moon landings, with some claiming they were faked by NASA.
2) The assassination of JFK, which the official investigation concluded was carried out by Lee Harvey Oswald, but others theorize involvement of other groups.
3) The death of Marilyn Monroe, which was ruled a probable suicide but some detectives believe it was a murder covered up.
4) The death of Princess Diana, which some think was arranged to prevent scandal for the British royal family.
. Spear & Shield Publications • 5206 S. Harper • Chicago, IL 60629 • crsn@aol.com 2 Notes From An Afrikan P.O.W. Journal Book One Reflections On The “Prison .
Essay On Scottish Independence. Essay - Scottish independence after Brexit - ...Alexandra Saunders
Scottish Independence-Discursive Essay - A-Level English - Marked by .... Scottish Independence - PHDessay.com. Essay - Scottish independence after Brexit - StuDocu. Introduction to the Scottish Wars of Independence. 05. Scottish independence; Bannockburn 1314 - 05. Scottish independence .... Scottish independence discursive essay planoutline. REVEALED: The Scottish Declaration Of Independence | HuffPost UK. Scottish Independence Sample - Scotland Essay Examples. Scottish Independence Essay Help - Read all of our Scottish .... scottishindependence. Gains of independence. Scotland People, Scottish Referendum, Scotland .... Scottish independence for and against essay marijua. Scottish Independence Essay Example Topics, Sample. Scottish Independence and the United Kingdom. Scotland Independence referendum outcome - ESL worksheet by CoLMC. REVEALED: The Scottish Declaration Of Independence. Scottish Independence Referendum Explained. Scotland makes formal request to UK for independence vote - Digital Journal. Should Scotland become an independent nation? - University Social .... Support for Scottish independence at record high. Scottish Independence, Optimism, About Uk, Scotland, Success, Sayings .... August 15, 2014 | Imagine. Here's How Britain's Newspapers Are Marking The Scottish Independence .... The Green Wave Gazette : Scotland Says “Nay” to Independence. Scottish independence discursive essay plan template. Scottish independence essay winners | Times Higher Education. Scots march for independence from UK in Glasgow. Sight Magazine - ESSAY: MANY SCOTS WANT INDEPENDENCE FROM THE UNITED .... Scottish Independence Holyrood Report: A Tale of Two Realities Essay On Scottish Independence Essay On Scottish Independence. Essay - Scottish independence after Brexit - StuDocu
The document summarizes David Morgan's book "Team Spirit David Morgan and the Two Line Struggle: post-Sixties Maoism in the United States". It discusses a 1969 peace march in San Francisco where Black Panther Party leader David Hilliard criticized protesters for waving American flags, saying the flag represented slavery and imperialism. It also includes notes about Maoist dialectics compared to Hegelian dialectics and the link between Maoist political practice and their theory of contradiction.
The document summarizes the origins and development of Black Power ideology from the 1960s. It discusses the legacies of Malcolm X in fueling Black nationalism and empowerment. It describes the formation of the Lowndes County Freedom Organization and their use of the black panther symbol. Stokely Carmichael popularized the phrase "Black Power" during the 1966 March Against Fear in Mississippi. The Black Panther Party was founded in 1966 in Oakland with a platform advocating for Black self-defense against police violence and community social programs. Their armed protests generated controversy but also drew new members to their cause of Black empowerment and liberation.
The Black Panther Party was founded in 1966 in Oakland, California by Bobby Seale and Huey P. Newton. It aimed to end police brutality and give power to black communities. By 1968, the party had spread across major U.S. cities with over 5,000 members. Leaders like Fred Hampton organized protests and community programs until being targeted by the FBI and police. Though the party declined by the 1970s due to government repression and internal conflict, its goals of racial justice and black empowerment continued to influence later movements.
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his iconic "I Have a Dream" speech in 1963 calling for freedom and equality for all. While progress has been made, racism remains a problem in the US and worldwide in various forms. Racial profiling and hate crimes still occur regularly in America. Fear and ignorance often drive racism by causing people to act in ways outside their character against those they do not understand due to their race or ethnicity. True equality will be achieved not just by equal rights but when race is no longer a factor in how people are judged or treated.
Toward Rethinking Self-Defense in a Racist Culture...by Dhoruba Al Mujahid Bi...RBG Communiversity
This document discusses rethinking the concept of self-defense against racist aggression. It argues that prevailing ideas in US society are based on the notion of white skin privilege and European superiority. This justified the use of violence against people of color throughout history, including the genocide of Native Americans and establishment of slavery. The author asserts that force and violence are deeply ingrained in American culture and institutions. While non-violence is encouraged for oppressed groups, the majority is trained in the use of force. This creates a double standard that imbalance between the beneficiaries of a racist system and its underclass.
Jayson Blair was an African American journalist who worked for the New York Times. He fabricated many of his news stories, often writing them while under the influence of drugs and alcohol. His deception tarnished the reputation of the New York Times. Blair admitted to making up details in his stories, including plagiarizing parts of an article about a missing soldier. His actions had significant consequences and damaged his own credibility.
Digital ghetto cashless society pose threats even beyond orwell jewish journa...CashlessSociety
One of the biggest threats facing the U.S. today is the “algorithm ghetto, the digital ghetto, the electronic ghetto,” Chicago journalist and Jewish historian Edwin Black told a group of Flint residents Friday while on a statewide tour as part of Holocaust Remembrance Day, April 12.
Andrei Chikatilo was a Soviet serial killer known as the "Butcher of Rostov" and the "Red Ripper" who murdered and mutilated at least 56 women and children between 1978 and 1990 in the Russian SFSR. He was a disorganized killer who saw himself as a "cleanser of society" and suffered from impotence, which psychologists believe drove him to kill as an expression of power over his victims. Chikatilo was convicted of 52 murders and executed in 1994.
The document discusses reforms to the role of prosecutors and grand juries in light of controversies surrounding police killings of unarmed African American men Michael Brown and Eric Garner. It proposes three reforms that could address public concerns about prosecutorial bias and ensure grand juries properly execute their duties, while maintaining needed discretion and confidentiality. The document provides context on the killings and grand jury processes, and argues current proposals could be reactionary rather than useful.
Millions of Americans watched President John F. Kennedy's funeral procession on television as the nation mourned. Approximately one million people lined the route as the procession traveled from the Capitol building to the White House and then to St. Matthew's Cathedral and finally to Arlington National Cemetery, where Kennedy was buried. Inspired by an eternal flame at a memorial in Paris, Jacqueline Kennedy requested an eternal flame be placed at her husband's gravesite to honor him.
The document provides an overview of prison systems around the world through descriptions, statistics, and images. It begins with a brief history of the first American prison established in 1790 in Philadelphia and contrasts the inhumane treatment of prisoners at that time with more rehabilitative approaches taken in Scandinavian countries today. Subsequent sections cover specific aspects of prisons in the United States, Mexico, and Nordic countries like Norway. Images and videos illustrate the varying conditions inmates face. The second floor map outlines galleries on topics like the experiences of Mexican women in prisons and the impacts of solitary confinement and lack of mental healthcare.
Mae Brussell was a political researcher and radio commentator who dedicated her life to investigating political assassinations and exposing covert operations she believed were carried out by a "Secret Team" comprising elements of the military and corporations. She began her research after becoming suspicious of the official explanation of JFK's assassination. Over decades, she identified connections between individuals she believed were part of this team and their involvement in events like the overthrow of Allende in Chile. Her work received death threats and her daughter died in a mysterious car accident. Brussell was considered ahead of her time in exposing operations that later received more attention.
Hacktivism 7: Epistemology and irregular warfarePeter Ludlow
The document discusses techniques for unconventional warfare and psychological operations (PSYOP) used to influence populations and undermine adversaries. It describes avoiding direct military confrontation and instead using propaganda, misinformation, sabotage, subversion and working with resistance groups to erode an enemy's power and will. The goal is to gain control of relevant populations through political, economic and psychological means rather than by conquering territory or enemy forces. PSYOP specifically aims to influence emotions, reasoning and ultimately the behavior of foreign groups and governments to support US objectives.
Three reporters who witnessed or investigated the Kennedy assassination died under mysterious circumstances. Bill Hunter was shot and killed by a police officer in Dallas. Tom Howard died of a heart attack shortly after meeting with Jack Ruby. Jim Koethe was killed by a karate chop to the throat in his apartment. The document suggests these and other deaths may have been part of a conspiracy to cover up what really happened in the assassination of President Kennedy.
The document summarizes the 1961 Betty and Barney Hill alien abduction case. Under hypnosis, Betty and Barney separately described being abducted by alien beings while driving home from vacation. Betty was shown an accurate star map of the Zeta Reticuli star system, which was only discovered and confirmed to match her map over a decade later. The case was one of the first documented alien abduction cases and helped establish the use of hypnosis to recover blocked memories of abduction experiences. It remains an important case in the study of alleged alien abductions.
The document summarizes the results of an annual survey of American Jewish opinion conducted by the American Jewish Committee (AJC). Key findings include:
1) American Jews are generally pessimistic about developments in the Middle East like the Arab Spring, Iran's nuclear program, and Arab intentions regarding Israel.
2) Half of American Jews favor establishing a Palestinian state but most believe the long-term Arab goal is the destruction of Israel.
3) The vast majority of American Jews remain very concerned about Iran obtaining nuclear weapons, though support for potential military action has declined.
4) Caring about Israel remains an important part of Jewish identity for most American Jews, though opinions vary by denomination and age.
This document discusses several famous conspiracy theories, including theories about the moon landing, JFK assassination, deaths of Marilyn Monroe and Princess Diana. It defines a conspiracy theory as the idea that important events are secretly plotted by covert groups unknown to the public, rather than occurring by chance. Several theories are mentioned that propose alternative explanations for the causes and circumstances of these famous deaths and events.
Conspiracy theories propose that important events are the result of secret plots by covert groups rather than public explanations. Some famous conspiracy theories include claims that the Apollo moon landings were faked, that the assassinations of JFK and Princess Diana were carried out by covert groups rather than lone individuals, and that Marilyn Monroe's death was actually a murder covered up as a suicide.
This document discusses several famous events that have been the subject of conspiracy theories:
1) The Apollo moon landings, with some claiming they were faked by NASA.
2) The assassination of JFK, which the official investigation concluded was carried out by Lee Harvey Oswald, but others theorize involvement of other groups.
3) The death of Marilyn Monroe, which was ruled a probable suicide but some detectives believe it was a murder covered up.
4) The death of Princess Diana, which some think was arranged to prevent scandal for the British royal family.
. Spear & Shield Publications • 5206 S. Harper • Chicago, IL 60629 • crsn@aol.com 2 Notes From An Afrikan P.O.W. Journal Book One Reflections On The “Prison .
Essay On Scottish Independence. Essay - Scottish independence after Brexit - ...Alexandra Saunders
Scottish Independence-Discursive Essay - A-Level English - Marked by .... Scottish Independence - PHDessay.com. Essay - Scottish independence after Brexit - StuDocu. Introduction to the Scottish Wars of Independence. 05. Scottish independence; Bannockburn 1314 - 05. Scottish independence .... Scottish independence discursive essay planoutline. REVEALED: The Scottish Declaration Of Independence | HuffPost UK. Scottish Independence Sample - Scotland Essay Examples. Scottish Independence Essay Help - Read all of our Scottish .... scottishindependence. Gains of independence. Scotland People, Scottish Referendum, Scotland .... Scottish independence for and against essay marijua. Scottish Independence Essay Example Topics, Sample. Scottish Independence and the United Kingdom. Scotland Independence referendum outcome - ESL worksheet by CoLMC. REVEALED: The Scottish Declaration Of Independence. Scottish Independence Referendum Explained. Scotland makes formal request to UK for independence vote - Digital Journal. Should Scotland become an independent nation? - University Social .... Support for Scottish independence at record high. Scottish Independence, Optimism, About Uk, Scotland, Success, Sayings .... August 15, 2014 | Imagine. Here's How Britain's Newspapers Are Marking The Scottish Independence .... The Green Wave Gazette : Scotland Says “Nay” to Independence. Scottish independence discursive essay plan template. Scottish independence essay winners | Times Higher Education. Scots march for independence from UK in Glasgow. Sight Magazine - ESSAY: MANY SCOTS WANT INDEPENDENCE FROM THE UNITED .... Scottish Independence Holyrood Report: A Tale of Two Realities Essay On Scottish Independence Essay On Scottish Independence. Essay - Scottish independence after Brexit - StuDocu
The document summarizes David Morgan's book "Team Spirit David Morgan and the Two Line Struggle: post-Sixties Maoism in the United States". It discusses a 1969 peace march in San Francisco where Black Panther Party leader David Hilliard criticized protesters for waving American flags, saying the flag represented slavery and imperialism. It also includes notes about Maoist dialectics compared to Hegelian dialectics and the link between Maoist political practice and their theory of contradiction.
The document summarizes the origins and development of Black Power ideology from the 1960s. It discusses the legacies of Malcolm X in fueling Black nationalism and empowerment. It describes the formation of the Lowndes County Freedom Organization and their use of the black panther symbol. Stokely Carmichael popularized the phrase "Black Power" during the 1966 March Against Fear in Mississippi. The Black Panther Party was founded in 1966 in Oakland with a platform advocating for Black self-defense against police violence and community social programs. Their armed protests generated controversy but also drew new members to their cause of Black empowerment and liberation.
The Black Panther Party was founded in 1966 in Oakland, California by Bobby Seale and Huey P. Newton. It aimed to end police brutality and give power to black communities. By 1968, the party had spread across major U.S. cities with over 5,000 members. Leaders like Fred Hampton organized protests and community programs until being targeted by the FBI and police. Though the party declined by the 1970s due to government repression and internal conflict, its goals of racial justice and black empowerment continued to influence later movements.
The Black Panther Party was founded in 1966 in Oakland, California by Bobby Seale and Huey P. Newton. It aimed to end police brutality and give power to black communities. By 1968, the party had spread across major U.S. cities with over 5,000 members. Leaders like Fred Hampton organized protests and community programs until being targeted by the FBI and police. Though the party declined by the 1970s due to government repression and internal conflict, its goals of racial justice and black empowerment continued to influence later movements.
AssignmentsNeed a paper using combination from all these vo.docxrock73
Assignments:
Need a paper using combination from all these vocabularies (see listed):
Can be a story or poem, and doesn’t have to be in order. One page for each paper.
Paper 1:
Egoist, introvert, extrovert, misanthrope, misogamist, ego, to alternate, sinister, dexterous, gauche, anthropology, philanthropist, gynecology, monogamy, polyandrist, ambidextrous, polygamy, bigamy, ambidexterity, asceticism, skillful, gynecologist, adroit, philanthropy, polyandry.
Paper 2:
Internist, pediatrician, neurologist, dermatologist, optics, inoculate, pedagogy, demagogy, demagoguery, epidermis, optometrist, optician, neurosis, cardiograph, geriatric, cardiogram, psychotic, neuritis, psychiatric, orthopedics, orthodontia, binoculars, monocle, pedagogue, gynecological.
Paper 3:
Anthropologist, astronomer, botanist, zoologist, entomologist, semanticist, sociologist, autonomy, biopsy, astronaut, astrology, disaster, geography, geometry, biology, biography, autopsy, tome, epitome, dichotomy, sociological, aphrodisiac, asocial, semantic, eccentricity.
Paper 4:
Notorious, consummate, inveterate, pathological, egregious, chronic, veteran, genetics, hereditary, gene, chronological, synchronize, anachronistic, sympathy, pathetic, apathy, sympathetic, telepathy, chronometer, anachronism, incongruous, glibness, nescient, segregate, omniscient.
Paper 5:
Convivial, magnanimous, versatile, stoical, witty, oval, revival, vital, revitalize, incredible, ingenious, gullible, skeptical, acupuncture, retrospect, circumspect, specious, acumen, exurbia, rustic, suburbia, perspicuity, indefatigable, gourmet.
The new Jim Crow(Alexander pp 95-120)
The thought of mass incarceration and crime has been directly associated with being black.
Being black was somehow linked to being a criminal, a potential criminal or a drug dealer
educated, or not all black people were covered with this blanket of judgment. White ex-convicts
had a better chance at rebuilding their lives when out of prison than the blacks since no matter
what they did or how they changed they were still viewed as a criminal and faced all sorts of
challenges one being stigmatization. It seemed to be that whiteness mitigates crime and
blackness define crime. Black youth faced a myriad of challenges because of their skin color;
they were considered suspects, detained, exclusion from employment and housing, denial of
educational opportunity, and some were pushed out of schools through racial bias school
policies. For the black youth, their first arrest or interrogation was like a rite of passage since it
was considered as being ‘made black.' Mass incarceration, however, shouldn’t be considered as
the new Jim Crow since the two are said to have a number of differences to them. Mass
incarceration like Jim Crow was both as a result of racial opportunism, individuals and
institutions such as the legal system took advantage of the racism factor and, as a result bent over
sideways and turning a ...
This document summarizes the evolution of scholarship on the Black Power movement. It notes that early narratives portrayed Black Power negatively and dismissed its impact. However, over the past 15 years, new scholarship has provided nuanced analyses that demystify the movement and document its profound implications. The essay examines how the study of Black Power has grown from being part of civil rights historiography to becoming its own distinct field. It traces the roots of the Black Power movement in earlier 20th century radicalism and outlines some of the movement's key activities and impacts during the late 1960s and early 1970s.
The Black Power Movement, A State of the Field. Joseph PE, 2009.RBG Communiversity
This document summarizes the evolution of scholarship on the black power movement. It discusses how early narratives portrayed black power negatively, undermining civil rights struggles. Recent studies have provided more nuanced perspectives, establishing black power studies as a field. The black power movement fundamentally transformed racial justice struggles through uncompromising pursuit of social, political, cultural, and economic change across various areas like education, politics, and women's issues. The meaning and impact of black power remains complex with both positive and negative dimensions.
4.18.24 Movement Legacies, Reflection, and Review.pptxmary850239
The document discusses the evolution of intersectional activism and social justice movements from the 1960s to the present. It notes that in the early 1990s, Kimberlé Crenshaw introduced the concept of intersectionality to address how social injustices like racism and sexism often overlap and affect different social groups in multiple ways. In the 1960s, the civil rights movement began emphasizing the interlocking nature of systems of oppression. The Stonewall uprising in 1969 launched the gay liberation movement. Over time, activists and theorists like Angela Davis, Audre Lorde, and the Combahee River Collective emphasized the importance of understanding how race, class, gender, and other identity factors intersect. The document argues that fully understanding and addressing
Eldridge Cleaver was interviewed at his Berkeley apartment about his views on the 1960s and his time with the Black Panthers. Some key points:
- Cleaver sees both positives and negatives from the 1960s movements. Positives include ending segregation and withdrawing from Vietnam, but negatives include the left becoming too ideological in their anti-American views.
- Looking back on his Black Panther days, Cleaver is amazed at how little blood was spilled during such a large transformation in America. However, he acknowledges the Panthers did try to provoke violence as part of their revolutionary strategy.
- Cleaver became disillusioned with communism after experiencing life under totalitarian regimes in Cuba, Algeria, and other
Dr. Clarke In His Own Words_ African Education At the Crossroads. RBG Communiversity
This document provides an autobiographical account from Dr. John Henrik Clarke reflecting on his life and work as an historian, author, and activist. Some key points:
- Clarke was born in 1915 in Alabama and grew up in a sharecropping family, working various jobs from a young age to support himself and his education.
- He had a passion for history from a young age and left the South to pursue further education and a career focused on researching and teaching African history.
- Throughout his life, Clarke authored hundreds of works on African history and the African diaspora. He also founded or helped establish numerous organizations focused on African and African American studies.
- Clarke dedicated his career to
Political Report to the 7th Congress of the African People's Socialist Party USARBG Communiversity
The document is the political report from the chairman of the African People's Socialist Party to the party's Seventh Congress. It discusses the party's role as the vanguard and advanced detachment of the African revolution. It provides the party's history and achievements over its 45+ year existence. It emphasizes the party's goal of seizing state power in Africa to liberate the continent from imperialism and establish socialism under the leadership of the African working class.
Dr. Amos N. Wilson_The Battle Must Be Joined | A Revolutionary PoemRBG Communiversity
This document calls for joining the battle against racism through direct action and confrontation. It states that true change requires risking defeat, fighting "hand to hand" through institutions and traditions, and creating a new world order through rebuilding and restoring what has been destroyed. The battle must be fought through the mind, spirit, will, money, technology, and physical confrontation if needed. Ultimately, change depends on ordinary people taking up the challenge and making this new world their own.
The Revolutionary Psychology of Dr. Amos N. Wilson_text only versionRBG Communiversity
1) The passage discusses the revolutionary psychology of Dr. Amos N. Wilson and emphasizes the need to join the battle for liberation through concrete action and building new institutions.
2) It criticizes assimilationist leadership that seeks integration into white systems of power and calls for a true nationalist movement that works to replace oppressive systems with Afrocentric alternatives through entrepreneurship and future-oriented work.
3) A true nationalist educates both children and adults, builds international networks, and delegates power rather than being obsessed with the past or destroyed civilizations. Nationalism requires concrete progress.
Imperialism 101_ Chapter 1 of Against Empire by Michael ParentiRBG Communiversity
This document provides an overview and analysis of imperialism. It discusses how imperialism has shaped world history over the past few centuries through the colonization and oppression of indigenous peoples. While imperialism has had massive impacts, it is often ignored or sanitized in mainstream discourse. The document examines the economic drivers of capitalist imperialism, how it has exploited the land, labor and resources of the global south for profit. It also debunks common myths used to justify imperialism, such as the notion that colonized regions were inherently poor or culturally backward.
This document outlines standards and guidelines for members of the African People's Socialist Party. It discusses that Party members must be committed to serving the people and struggling for African liberation, unity, and socialism. The Party aims to educate the masses and lead them in struggles to solve their problems and undermine the imperialist system. The document explains the Party's revolutionary strategy and role in developing the political consciousness of the people through organizing struggles. It emphasizes the importance of discipline and subordinating individual interests to serve the Party and liberation movement.
This document contains multiple quotes from Malcolm X on a variety of topics:
1) Malcolm X criticizes those in the black community who are too comfortable with their current situation and unwilling to push for further progress and change.
2) He expresses that while he is against racism and discrimination, he does not view himself as an American due to the oppression black people face in the U.S.
3) Malcolm X emphasizes the importance of black unity before trying to unite with other groups, and calls for greater understanding between black people to overcome divisions.
This document summarizes key points from Dr. Amos Wilson's book "Blueprint for Black Power" regarding economics and Afrikan nationalism. It discusses Wilson's argument that an African American/Caribbean/Pan-African bloc could generate significant black power to counter white and Asian power networks. It also analyzes potentially powerful black institutions and advocates for greater use of financial tools and institutions to promote economic empowerment. Wilson asserts that true black power requires ownership and control over critical resources like property, wealth, and organization, rather than just political offices. The responsibility of the African American community is to ensure Africa's economic development and invest in rebuilding Africa.
The 14-Point Platform of the African People's Socialist Party outlines their core beliefs and goals. The key points are:
1) They believe African people in the US experience colonial domination and oppression, and seek peace, dignity, and self-determination.
2) They believe the capitalist system exploits African labor and want rights to economic development and jobs that benefit their people.
3) They do not believe African people have meaningful political representation, so do not want to pay taxes to the US government.
4) They want freedom of speech and association to organize for liberation without fear of imprisonment or harm.
5) They view all African people as part of a single entity, and want the
From: Chairman Omali Yeshitela , Ch. 3. The Theory of African Internationalism. In: An Uneasy Equilibrium - Commemorative Edition: The African Revolution Versus Parasitic Capitalism, Burning Spear Uhuru Publications, 2014.
Chinweizu_ Marcus Garvey and Black Power (Parts 1 through 6)RBG Communiversity
Garvey argued that the Black race will be exterminated if it does not build a Black superpower in Africa by the end of the century. He summarizes Marcus Garvey's legacy, including his institution building, profound ideas, and projects for successors. Key aspects of Garvey's legacy were his establishment of political, business, social, and paramilitary institutions through the UNIA; ideas like race first, racial autonomy, self-reliance, nation building, and industrialization; and his dramatization of Black power that inspired future leaders despite attempts to discredit him.
Decolonizing the African Mind: Further Analysis and Strategy_Dr. Uhuru HotepRBG Communiversity
This document provides an overview and framework for discussing the psychology of African liberation. It discusses how Europeans perfected methods of psychological manipulation and control over Africans through processes of colonization, deculturalization, and mis-education. These processes aim to strip Africans of their culture and replace it with European culture in order to manipulate and control them. The document outlines the history of European colonialism in Africa and how it led to the colonization of African lands, knowledge, and minds. It discusses how deculturalization and mis-education have affected African Americans and aims to brainwash them. The document concludes by discussing the need to decolonize the African mind through reversing these processes and embracing African concepts and orientations.
2017 African People's Socialist Party Plenary Putting Revolution Back On the ...RBG Communiversity
The document discusses an African People's Socialist Party plenary meeting to assess progress on implementing the goals established at the party's sixth congress five years prior. It describes the imperialist crisis exacerbating political instability in the US and challenges facing the African liberation movement. The party sees itself as providing revolutionary leadership for the African working class to achieve socialist liberation and unification against neocolonial forces promoting dependency.
African People’s Socialist Party 14-Point Platform Study-GuideRBG Communiversity
The document provides an overview of the 14-Point Platform of the African People's Socialist Party, which was adopted in 1981. It states that studying the 14 points equips members to understand the Party's theory of African Internationalism and take action to liberate Africa and African people everywhere. The 14 points are considered the basic political education course for understanding the Party's ideology and practice. The document urges members to memorize and internalize the 14 points and use them daily in organizing Africans to liberate Africa and their people.
This document contains Malcolm X's speech given at the London School of Economics in 1965. In it, he makes 3 key points:
1) American society is racist and uses the media to portray Black communities as criminal to justify police brutality and oppression.
2) Western powers manipulate the media to control the narrative around conflicts in Africa, portraying violence against Black communities as justified while ignoring mass murder.
3) Centuries of colonial rule created a negative image of Africa that caused Black people in the West to internalize racism and hate their African identity and features.
ATTICA PRISON UPRISING 101-A SHORT PRIMER By Mariame Kaba, Project NIARBG Communiversity
This document provides background information on the 1971 Attica Prison uprising in three pages. It summarizes that tensions were rising at Attica due to overcrowding, poor conditions, and racial segregation. On September 8th, 1971, two prisoners were sent to solitary confinement ("the box") after an altercation, sparking outrage among the inmate population. The next day, prisoners took control of the facility, taking guards as hostages. After four days of negotiations, state police stormed the prison, killing 39 people in the process and ending the uprising. The document aims to provide context on the conditions and circumstances that led up to the rebellion.
The Political Report to the Sixth Congress of the African People’s Socialist ...RBG Communiversity
The document provides an overview of the African People's Socialist Party and the political context surrounding its Sixth Congress. It notes that the Party was founded in 1972 in the aftermath of the defeat of the Black Revolution of the 1960s. It argues that the Party's leadership is now needed more than ever as imperialism enters a crisis period. The Party recognizes the defeat of previous revolutionary struggles and aims to complete what was started rather than accept limitations. It asserts that the Party's role is to continue providing revolutionary leadership to the African masses and lead the Final Offensive Against Imperialism.
National Humanities Center Resource Toolbox
The Making of African American Identity: Vol. III, 1917-1968
Stokely Carmichael.Toward Black Liberation The Massachusetts Review Autumn 1966 Excerpt*
Aluta Continua From Jim Crow to Civil Rights to Black LiberationRBG Communiversity
This document summarizes the progression of the Black liberation movement in America from the 1950s through the 1970s. It discusses the civil rights movement's focus on desegregation and democratic rights, as well as the rise of more radical groups advocating for Black nationalism and power, such as the Nation of Islam, SNCC, the Black Panthers, and the Revolutionary Action Movement. These groups aimed for social and economic equality as well as community control over institutions. The document outlines the activities and repression of these revolutionary organizations and argues that the struggle for Black liberation continues today against systemic racism.
Believing that white domination is too powerful to defeat has led to living in fear, frustration, bitterness and disappointment, which are covered up with self-destructive behaviors like alcohol, drugs and sexual perversions. Overcoming this belief that we cannot liberate ourselves and make the world better is needed to avoid these negative thoughts and behaviors.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
George Jackson Revisited
1. George Jackson Re-visited
“A Critical Thinking, Critical Analysis Tutorial”
“The tool of analysis is for us a further development of the Historical Materialist method, the dialectical method.
We will not even waste our time debating the values of Marxism with those who are emotionally hung up on white
people hung up to the point of ideological blindness. We understand the process of revolution, and fundamental to
this understanding is this fact: Marxism is developed to a higher level when it is scientifically adapted to a peoples'
unique national condition, becoming a new ideology altogether. Thus was the case in China, Guinea Bissau,
Vietnam, North Korea, the Peoples Republic of the Congo and many other socialist nations. For Black people here
in North America our struggle is not only unique, but it is the most sophisticated and advanced oppression of a
racial national minority in the whole world. We are the true 20th century slaves, and the use of the dialectical
method, class struggle and national liberation, will find its highest development as a result of us. This dialectic
holds true not only for Marxism, but for revolutionary nationalism as well it holds true for concepts of revolutionary
Pan-Africanism it is true of the theoretical basis in developing revolutionary Black culture. All of these ideological
trends will find their highest expression as a result of our advanced oppression. Yet, we must be ever mindful that
the same objective process is true for reactionary refinement as a result of our struggle. This is the unity of
opposites in struggle with each other. To defeat our enemy and render his reactionary allies impotent, we must have
a truly revolutionary perspective informed by concepts of revolutionary class struggle, a movement without such a
perspective will fail to defeat our common oppressor. We are not afraid of white people controlling our movement,
for our formations, guns, and ideas are built with our own hands, efforts, and blood. With this in mind, we address
ourselves to the Black Liberation struggle, its activist elements and organizations.”
Our call is for UNITY, FOR A NATIONAL BLACK LIBERATION FRONT. We must build to win! Nyurba
Source: Black Liberation Army Political Statement
N.B. - In order to further facilitate your interpretation of these essays within a “Black Nationalist
PanAfrikanist” context please refer to RBG Tools for Analysis
2. Icebreaker Video
An establishment documentary (FORD Foundation perspective) that
details of the murder of George Jackson at San Quentin Prison in 1971
"To the slave, revolution is an imperative, a love-
inspired, conscious act of desperation. It's aggressive. It
isn't `cool' or cautious. It's bold, audacious, violent, an
expression of icy, disdainful hatred! It can hardly be
any other way without raising a fundamental
contradiction. If revolution, and especially revolution
in Amerika, is anything less than an effective
defense/attack weapon and a charger for the people to
mount now, it is meaningless to the great majority of
the slaves. If revolution is tied to dependence on the
inscrutabilities of `long-range politics,' it cannot be
made relevant to the person who expects to die
tomorrow." (Blood in My Eye pp. 9-10)
3. A RW analysis of the quote above for your consideration
August 1971: The Day the Pigs Offed Brother George
Jackson
Source: Revolutionary Worker#1230, February 22, 2004, posted at rwor.org
This article originally appeared in the Revolutionary Worker (issue #618) in August 1991—20
years after George Jackson was murdered by cold blood at San Quentin Prison. For more on
George Jackson and his writings, see RBG Black August Studies Collection
George Jackson was eighteen in 1961 when he was sentenced to prison for stealing $70 from a
gas station. In the California prison system racist attacks on Black prisoners by white-Nazi gangs
and guards were intense. Jackson led others to fight back--in the beginning by organizing a Black
countergang. George Jackson spent the remaining ten years of his life in prison, nearly eight of
them in the solitary punishment cells. The special punishments were usually for defending or
avenging others.
Heavy political winds blew into prison from ghetto streets. George Jackson became a
revolutionary. He studied Marx, Lenin and Mao Tsetung and wrote, "I don't want to die and
leave a few sad songs and a hump in the ground as my only monument. I want to leave a world
that is liberated from trash, pollution, racism, nation states, nation state wars and armies, from
pomp, bigotry, parochialism, a thousand brands of untruth, and licentious, usurious economics.''
George Jackson wrote, "We attempted to transform the black criminal mentality into a black
revolutionary mentality.'' He described struggling with brothers who "think they don't need
ideology, strategy or tactics. They think being a warrior is quite enough. And yet, without
discipline or direction, they'll end up washing cars, or unclaimed bodies in the city-state's
morgue.'' He urged unity among prisoners of different nationalities: "I'm always telling the
brothers that some of those whites are willing to work with us against the pigs. All they got to do
is stop talking honky. When the races start fighting, all you have is one maniac group against
another. That's just what the pigs want."
The Black Panther Party made George Jackson a Field Marshal. His articles appeared in the
party press, the Black Panther newspaper.
In January 1970 a guard at Soledad State Prison shot three Black prisoners dead in an exercise
yard. Three days later a grand jury ruled the killings were justifiable homicide. Half an hour
later, a white guard was found beaten to death. George Jackson and two other prisoners were
charged with killing the second guard.
4. The growing radical movement outside prison walls took up the defense of these three "Soledad
Brothers." And Jackson's first book, Soledad Brother, found an eager audience.
Revolutionary Threats to the System
The San Francisco Chronicle later wrote (Aug. 24, 1971): "There was something new. Inmates
were showing signs of organized radical groups, not just within single prisons, but reaching from
prison to prison around the nation's scattered system of penal institutions."
Such developments threatened the system. The normal brutal operations of the prison system
were exposed and denounced broadly in society. Even more, the prisoners themselves were
emerging as an important revolutionary force, allied with other sections of the people.
On August 7, 1971 Jonathan Jackson (George's 17-year-old brother) walked armed into the
Marin County Courthouse. He liberated three men who were there on trial. Together they took
hostages and demanded freedom for the Soledad Brothers. A major shootout ended in four dead,
among them Jonathan Jackson and Judge Haley.
The Assassination of George Jackson
George Jackson was a powerful voice in revolutionary times. The trial of the Soledad Brothers
was coming up at the end of the summer of 1971, and the powers expected that George Jackson
would put them on trial for their tremendous crimes. And they wanted him dead.
On August 21, 1971 the authorities killed George Jackson. The full details of that day may never
be known. But this much is known: they murdered this revolutionary brother in cold blood to
silence him.
The Official Version of Events: The authorities claimed that Panthers outside had put an
automatic pistol, ammunition and an Afro wig into a small tape recorder. George Jackson's
lawyer was supposed to have smuggled the tape recorder to Jackson in prison. George, they
claimed, hid the gun under the Afro wig, planning to stash it in his cell for a later escape. He then
supposedly walked, wearing this gun and wig, 50 yards to the triple maximum security of San
Quentin's special "Adjustment Center." There they claimed that an alert guard saw something
shiny in his hair. Jackson supposedly made a break for it, sparking an uprising. The authorities
said Jackson finally ran out into the prison yard, gun in hand, heading for a 20-foot wall, and was
mowed down by gunfire. The officials claimed they found a 9mm automatic. Police records
traced the weapon to BPP Field Marshal Landon Williams.
This story had been set up so that the authorities could arrest George's contacts and comrades.
His lawyer feared assassination and went underground for fourteen years. Landon Williams was
arrested.
Prison authorities were so arrogant that they didn't even bother to construct a careful lie. They
assumed they would be automatically believed, as they had so many times in the past.
5. But Jackson's lawyer had gone through a battery of metal detectors and searches and could
hardly have brought in a gun and ammo without police approval.
The San Francisco Chronicle hired a model to reproduce the police story of the "gun under the
wig": "The model's attempt to hide the gun by lifting the front of the wig and sliding the weapon
onto the top of his head failed. He eventually removed the wig, placed the gun inside and forced
the hairpiece back on his head with some struggle. The wig was obviously askew, and with every
step he took, the gun wobbled dangerously, bringing his hands instinctively to his head." The
automatic stuck three inches out from under the model's wig.
The police produced a gun that had once belonged to Panther leader Williams. But it had been
confiscated by the FBI after an arrest in 1969. It was planted in the San Quentin prison yard--and
is evidence of direct involvement by the FBI's COINTELPRO program in this assassination.
Louise Tackwood, one of COINTELPRO's own agents, later said the murder plot involved
California authorities and the prison guards.
The most likely events: As Jackson was led out of the meeting with his lawyer, guards tried to
spring some kind of a trap. But it appears that instead Jackson succeeded in overpowering his
executioners temporarily. There was a brief rebellion in that wing of the prison in which three
guards and two prisoners were killed.
Inmates of the Adjustment Center later said that George Jackson did not run out into the prison
yard in a futile attempt to escape. Instead, they said, he sacrified himself. Knowing he was the
target, he separated himself from the other inmates and saved them from being massacred with
him.
His autopsy showed that a bullet had shattered his shin, bringing him to the ground. Then a
second bullet was pumped into his back at close range, killing George Jackson as he knelt on all
fours. It was a summary execution.
The Memory of George Jackson
George Jackson burned with impatience for revolution--he hated to live even one more day under
their rule. He was fearless.
From the oppressors' own dungeon, he called for revolutionary violence and blasted preachers of
slow reform. His words moved people, and his example inspired them. George Jackson stepped
into the political spotlight for only twenty short months. Though he did not develop a correct
revolutionary strategy for seizing power, he was proud to call himself a communist. He used his
time to speak for the revolutionary aspirations of those the system throws away without a
thought:
"As a slave, the social phenomenon that engages my whole consciousness is, of course, the
revolution. The slave--and the revolution. Born to a premature death, a menial, subsistence-wage
worker, odd-job man, the cleaner, the caught, the man under hatches, without bail--that's me, the
colonial victim. Anyone who can pass the civil service examination today can kill me
6. tomorrow.with complete immunity. I've lived with repression every moment of my life, a
repression so formidable that any movement on my part can only bring relief, the respite of a
small victory or the release of death. In every sense of the term, in every sense that's real, I'm a
slave to, and of, property."
"We've been made the floor mat of the world, but the world has yet to see what can be done by
men of our nature. There will be a special page in the book of life for the men who have crawled
back from the grave. This page will tell of utter defeat, ruin, passivity, and subjection in one
breath, and in the next of overwhelming victory and fulfillment."
Recently, I went back and re-read the writings of George Jackson, especially Blood in My Eye,
which I found very interesting and full of a lot of insights on the question of how to make
revolution in a country like the U.S.--even though, ultimately, I found I had to reject George
Jackson's basic approach as a strategy for revolution. But I didn't start re-reading his writings
with the orientation that I disagreed with them. Based on a previous reading of his work (as well
as my general understanding of the theory and practice of revolution), I thought that his basic
strategic orientation had to be rejected, but I consciously approached the re-reading of his
writings by "suspending" my previously-held conclusions on this. I said to myself, "I am going
to read this as if I've never seen his writings--I am going to look at his line and see, in light of my
basic understanding of Marxism-Leninism-Maoism (MLM), does his line make sense after all." I
had to end up concluding, once again, that we should reject his line, as a strategic approach. But
along the way there are a lot of real things--very important contradictions--that he is grappling
with, and there are some real insights in the way he is grappling with them, even though
ultimately I think the line has to be rejected as a strategic orientation.
Now, it is important to note that by the time George Jackson wrote the letters and other writings
that went into Blood in My Eye, he considered himself a communist and insisted on being
considered a communist. He specifically said I am a communist--I am not a "communalist," I am
a communist.
It is very interesting--he did have elements of the view that African society sort of naturally lends
itself to communism, to collectivism and cooperation, but he didn't want to be considered a
"communalist." He wanted to be considered a scientific communist. That is very interesting and
very positive: he openly promoted communism and was not the least bit apologetic or defensive
about it. That is very striking in re-reading these writings.
At the same time, his view of communism was somewhat of an eclectic mix of genuine
communism--as represented by his continual references to Mao Tsetung and his attempts to
apply important aspects of (what we then called) Mao Tsetung Thought. But it was an eclectic
mix of genuine communism on the one hand with aspects of revolutionary nationalism and in
fact revisionist influences (via people like Angela Davis, who had a significant influence on
George Jackson, among others). But, despite that, there is still much that we can learn from his
writings--through applying a consistently communist, that is an MLM, method and approach.
7. To the Slave Revolution Is an Imperative
The following from Blood in My Eye goes very much to the heart of the contradictions involved
in building the revolutionary movement among those whose conditions most cry out for
revolution, and among the basic youth in particular:
"To the slave, revolution is an imperative, a love-inspired, conscious act of desperation. It's
aggressive. It isn't `cool' or cautious. It's bold, audacious, violent, an expression of icy, disdainful
hatred! It can hardly be any other way without raising a fundamental contradiction. If revolution,
and especially revolution in Amerika, is anything less than an effective defense/attack weapon
and a charger for the people to mount now, it is meaningless to the great majority of the slaves. If
revolution is tied to dependence on the inscrutabilities of `long-range politics,' it cannot be made
relevant to the person who expects to die tomorrow." (pp. 9-10)
I think that in this statement George Jackson manages to capture and concentrate a lot of the
intense contradictions of our road--our path to revolution--and of everything we are trying to do.
Let's talk about what there is to agree with in the basic orientation expressed in this statement,
what do we have to disagree with, and what synthesis can we come up with in relation to what it
raises. It is important to note here that, to a large degree, what George Jackson is polemicizing
against, in this passage and repeatedly throughout Blood in My Eye, is the "gradualist" line of the
revisionists. Even though, ironically, he was significantly influenced by the revisionists, the fact
that he was polemicizing against the revisionist line and outlook is a reflection of the fact that the
only two real alternatives he saw were the line he put forward (as reflected in the statement cited
above) and the revisionist line of slow gradual evolutionism.
The fact that he saw these as the only two alternatives is a reflection of, on the one hand, the
eclecticism in his own thinking and, on the other hand, some real lacunae, some real gaps in his
own thinking. Even though he read Mao Tsetung--in terms of actually finding a way through the
difficult contradictions of making revolution in a country like the U.S. and not getting drawn into
either "left adventurism" or openly rightist, revisionist lines (the opposite dangers of Charybdis
and Scylla* as they pose themselves in the revolutionary process in a country like the U.S.)
George Jackson didn't find the right synthesis. He didn't find the right synthesis that would reject
the revisionist line, but reject it on a correct basis, and avoid falling into a line--which ultimately
couldn't be maintained--that would lead to getting onto a war footing with the imperialists, under
conditions where that could only lead to the revolutionary forces being smashed and defeated
politically as well as militarily.
He was grappling with the contradictions in some very important ways--and, again, I am not
saying this mainly to negate what he did or to cast him mainly in a negative light. I think that,
particularly for the time (almost 30 years ago now), his was very advanced thinking and in
particular very advanced grappling with the contradictions that continually re-assert themselves
in terms of making revolution in a country like the U.S.
We have to persevere and make breakthroughs in coming up with the necessary synthesis, in line
and in practice, particularly in terms of what revolution is, what it aims for, what kind of
8. revolution is needed, how such a revolution can actually be made, and what is the relation
between how the revolution is fought and what it is fighting for. (This is once again the question
of "winning...and winning"--winning in the more immediate sense of overthrowing the system
and how this relates to winning the prize in the fullest sense--moving to seize power and doing
that, carrying forward the revolutionary process as a whole, in a way that is consistent with and
advances things toward the final aim of communism, worldwide).
In this regard we can agree and also have to disagree with certain aspects of the first part of what
George Jackson says in the statement cited above here. He says, "To the slave, revolution is an
imperative, a love-inspired, conscious act." Overwhelmingly, we agree with that.
It is an act "of desperation." Well, yes, there is definitely an element of desperation, it is true, but
it cannot be essentially that. Revolution should not be principally an act of desperation, even
though if it doesn't contain an element of desperation, it won't be revolution. There is not going
to be any revolution or revolutionary sentiments that don't contain an element of desperation. If
there is no desperation there is no revolution, to put it simply. But here we have another unity of
opposites: Revolution inevitably will have and must have an element of desperation, but on the
other hand it cannot be essentially defined as an act of desperation.
Revolution "is aggressive." Yes. "It isn't cool or cautious." Yes, and no. Essentially, in the
principal aspect, that is correct. Revolution isn't cool or cautious, though there does have to be an
element of what he means by "cool and cautious," in the sense that it has to be scientific. But
essentially he is correct here, it isn't cool or cautious.
"It's bold, audacious, violent..." Yes. That goes along with Mao Tsetung's point, which I am sure
George Jackson was very conscious of, that revolution is not a dinner party, or writing an essay,
or doing embroidery, and so on and so forth. It can't be so courteous, refined etc. It is an act of
violence by which one class overthrows another. So, yes, it is bold and audacious and it is
violent.
What about the next part?--it is "an expression of icy, disdainful hatred!" Again--yes, and no. It
definitely must have--any real revolution will have--an element of icy disdainful hatred, but it
cannot be principally that. It also has to be more than that--and he says this himself, in speaking
of how it is "love inspired." But beyond that, it has to be guided by and essentially infused with
higher objectives than simply revenge. Revolution can't be, in its essential ideological content,
"icy disdainful hatred," even though it cannot do without icy disdainful hatred. So that's another
unity of opposites.
Again, I think the correct synthesis on these ideological points does contain elements of what he
says, but is more fully represented by what I wrote toward the end of For a Harvest of
Dragons.** There it speaks of meeting and defeating the enemy on the battlefield amidst terrible
destruction, but in the process not annihilating the fundamental and essential difference between
us and the enemy. And then the end of that passage speaks to what are after all the loftier aims,
objectives and character of what this is all about, when it points to the need to "maintain our
firmness of principle and our flexibility; our materialism and our dialectics; our realism and our
romanticism; our solemn sense of purpose and our sense of humor."
9. And, again, what's posed in all of this is how to correctly deal with the contradiction between the
present situation and the strategic objective of revolution, the seizure of power as the first great
leap in revolution,--the contradiction we sometimes formulate as between today and tomorrow.
In essential terms, the problem is: how to build a revolutionary movement among crucial
sections of the basic masses, and among broader sections of people, in the overall conditions of
U.S. society, and do this in accordance with the strategy, along the strategic road, that can lead to
actually waging, and winning, the revolutionary war to overthrow this system and establish
socialism as part of the worldwide advance toward communism.
Getting Over the Two Great Humps:
Further Thoughts on Conquering the World
Rereading George Jackson
By Bob Avakian, Chairman of the RCP, USA
Source: Revolutionary Worker #968, August 9, 1998
10. The Road to Revolution
Let's go back to George Jackson's basic approach to these contradictions. To put it simply, what
was his basic strategy?
In a certain sense, given the emphasis that he placed on the importance of the
military element (which is sort of encapsulated in that passage from Blood in My
Eye cited above), it was surprising--and it struck me as surprising at the time--
that, when there was a split in the Black Panther Party, George Jackson ended up
going with the Huey side and not the Eldridge side. I always wondered why that
was, and in re-reading Blood in My Eye different elements of the answer come
through. It is answered very directly where he recalls how he wrote Eldridge a
letter telling Eldridge why he rejected his line (at the time Eldridge Cleaver's line
was for urban guerrilla warfare) and why what Eldridge was attempting to do
would lead to being smashed. And what George Jackson says is that to simply
engage in military activity without a political component to it would lead to
being isolated and smashed.
So what he came up with instead was what I would characterize as trying to give the best
interpretation to Huey's line--the line of "serving the needs of the people," which was
characterized at one point by Huey as "survival pending revolution." And the way that George
Jackson gave this a more revolutionary interpretation was by coming up with a line of trying to
combine the military and the political, or using the military aspect in conjunction with serving
the needs of the people. Increasingly and essentially, under the leadership of Huey P. Newton,
"serving the needs of the people" became sort of a "social service" approach. But George
Jackson tried to give this a different interpretation, make it part of a different approach.
Basically, his approach was one of establishing, as he saw it, a sort of "model" in the inner cities-
-what he referred to sometimes as a "Black commune" in the inner cities. He envisioned that the
needs of the people would be met in things like the "breakfast for children" program and other
ways; and these programs would inevitably come under attack by the authorities the more that
they were actually meeting the needs of the people; and then various forms of military activity
would be used both to defend these programs and to strike blows at the other side to get them to
back off from attacking these programs and to back off from attacking the vanguard forces that
were leading these programs.
So it was sort of a combination of political work and a military element that was objectively
largely defensive but, as he saw it, would have tactically offensive military actions within it. And
this would become an increasing pole of attraction for broader sections of basic masses and even
more broadly in the society, and through this somehow at some point it would be possible to
move from the overall defensive to an overall offensive position.
I'm trying to boil this down to its essence. If you read through Blood in My Eye, this is more or
less the essence of what he is coming up with. It is his attempt to find a way to deal with this
contradiction that is very sharply expressed in Blood in my Eye: how to find a way to involve
NOW, a lot of the youth who do not expect to live very long (and this, of course, has become
11. much more acute since the time George Jackson wrote this). He is searching for a way to involve
these youth now in various forms of activity while also being able to involve broader masses of
people and be able to set up a model, an attractive force, to win over broader layers of society
and eventually be able to go over to the offensive, to overthrow the system. It isn't at all clear in
his strategy how you were going to be able to go over to the offensive, and that's largely because
this isn't a strategy that would enable you to do that, but he was trying to think through these
contradictions.
Now this model, this road he was putting forward, is not one which can in fact lead to revolution,
to overthrowing the capitalist system. But, again, there is much to learn from the way he poses
the contradictions--and in particular the very acute point that if revolution is some sort of off in
the distant future type of thing it can have no meaning to someone who expects to die tomorrow.
While ultimately George Jackson's attempt to resolve this acute and profound contradiction is
wrong and has to be rejected, the fact that he is grappling with this and even the ways he
grapples with it contain important things that we can and must learn from. Another way of
saying this is that if this line should ultimately be rejected, because it is not a line and road that
can lead to victory, it should not be one-sidedly rejected or negated.
George Jackson was grappling with some decisive contradictions. And although his "resolution"
does not represent the correct synthesis--and although, in addition, there have been, over the last
25 or so years, some significant changes in the conditions and mode of life of many of the
masses that he seeks to rely on and mobilize--there are important things that can be learned and
must be learned from George Jackson's writings on these questions. Overall, there is much to be
done--in the realm of theory and of practice, and in the dialectical back-and-forth between the
two--proceeding on the basis of the line our Party has forged so far and continually enriching it
through this dialectical back-and-forth. And this overall process should include critically
assimilating important aspects of the contributions of George Jackson and his thinking on these
decisive questions.
NOTES:
* In "Getting Over the Two Great Humps" Bob Avakian discusses the challenge for
revolutionaries of avoiding two dangers in the revolutionary process--"settling in" during periods
of revolutionary preparations or getting prematurely drawn onto a war footing. In talking about
these dangers he uses the metaphor of "Charybdis and Scylla." "Charybdis and Scylla" were a
pair of monsters in Greek and Roman mythology. In ancient myths they were two perilous
hazards in a strait off the coast of Sicily: Scylla was a dangerous rock and Charybdis a dangerous
whirlpool--which threatened to sink ships navigating their way through the strait. So we have
"Charybdis and Scylla" along our road--and we have to steer our revolutionary course between
these two hazards (avoiding both "settling in" and getting prematurely drawn onto a war
footing).