it has made by me hope u would like it. . . i m the student of 2nd semester department of geology .shaheed benazir bhutto university sheringal dir upper . . .i would get happy on ur suggestions . .
Geological research on Pakistan DIR BALA area with my talented team mates. This research is on meta volcanic sequence rocks along the spot of Eurasian plate and to the end of Indian plate.
Five days field report of Gilgit Baltistan .
Started from Mansehra then Besham then Kohistan then Gilgit and at last stop is in Hunza.
Visited dasu and basha dam.
each and every feature realed to geology is marked in this field report.
Geology is the one of the most interesting subject about mother earth which can be best studied on field. This report of geological field work done at Chobhar area, Kathmandu consists observation with analysis regarding geological features, structures and processes.
Geological research on Pakistan DIR BALA area with my talented team mates. This research is on meta volcanic sequence rocks along the spot of Eurasian plate and to the end of Indian plate.
Five days field report of Gilgit Baltistan .
Started from Mansehra then Besham then Kohistan then Gilgit and at last stop is in Hunza.
Visited dasu and basha dam.
each and every feature realed to geology is marked in this field report.
Geology is the one of the most interesting subject about mother earth which can be best studied on field. This report of geological field work done at Chobhar area, Kathmandu consists observation with analysis regarding geological features, structures and processes.
Geology and Stratigraphy of Hazara,Mansehra and Oghi Khaki Road PakistanHammad Ahmad Sheikh
A detail field report on Stratigraphy of the the Hazara Basin,Mansehra and Oghi Khaki Road.
Beside this there is a detailed description on the Drilling Rig and working and One day visit to Tarbela Dam.
The presentation comprises the Gravity Method, It's anomaly, reduction, and its applications. The Gravity method is commonly used in Geology specifically in Geophysics.
PROSPECTING TECHNIQUES AND EXPLORATION FOR COAL AT GSI CAMP AMARWARA, CHINDWARA Shivam Jain
PROSPECTING TECHNIQUES AND EXPLORATION FOR COAL AT GSI CAMP AMARWARA, CHINDWARA
for download...click on this https://dlsharefile.com/file/NzA2YTI2YTYt
https://khabarbabal.online/file/NzA2YTI2YTYt
Geology and Petrography of Sandstone of Murree formation, Kuldana formation and Abbottabad formation Nakial and Dandli section sub Himalayas district Kotli, Azad Jammu Kashmir, Pakistan.
Geology and Stratigraphy of Hazara,Mansehra and Oghi Khaki Road PakistanHammad Ahmad Sheikh
A detail field report on Stratigraphy of the the Hazara Basin,Mansehra and Oghi Khaki Road.
Beside this there is a detailed description on the Drilling Rig and working and One day visit to Tarbela Dam.
The presentation comprises the Gravity Method, It's anomaly, reduction, and its applications. The Gravity method is commonly used in Geology specifically in Geophysics.
PROSPECTING TECHNIQUES AND EXPLORATION FOR COAL AT GSI CAMP AMARWARA, CHINDWARA Shivam Jain
PROSPECTING TECHNIQUES AND EXPLORATION FOR COAL AT GSI CAMP AMARWARA, CHINDWARA
for download...click on this https://dlsharefile.com/file/NzA2YTI2YTYt
https://khabarbabal.online/file/NzA2YTI2YTYt
Geology and Petrography of Sandstone of Murree formation, Kuldana formation and Abbottabad formation Nakial and Dandli section sub Himalayas district Kotli, Azad Jammu Kashmir, Pakistan.
An outline view of Minor Project Presentation during my Under Graduation on the topic, "Petrographic study of Khajamalai Outcrop" in Tiruchirrapalli District, Tamil Nadu, India.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
The ASGCT Annual Meeting was packed with exciting progress in the field advan...
geological field report of upper dir kpk
1. Page1
ABSTRACT
Our field trip Sheringal-Timergara took place on 8th
of September 2016. It
was one day trip to visit different localities to study geology of these regions.
Mostly areas are covered with pure vegetation. The main theme of this field was
to study THREE BASIC ROCK TYPES. We made different stops to study
different rocks, fold & faults of different localities.
We studied Warri granite & China Clay, This is known for its commercial
importance.
2. Page2
Table of Contents
ABSTRACT ..............................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................3
DIR GROUP.........................................................................................3
PHYLLITE................................................................................................4
BARAWAL BANDA SLATES .....................................................................5
LIMESTONE CARBONATED ....................................................................6
CONJUGATE JOINT ................................................................................7
RIPPLE MARKS ON ROCK ......................................................................8
CONGLOMERATES ..................................................................................9
ANTICLINE FOLD:............................................................................... 10
VOLCANICS ......................................................................................... 11
CARBONATES ...................................................................................... 12
NORMAL FAULT .................................................................................. 13
AMPHIBOLITE..................................................................................... 14
GRANITE ............................................................................................. 15
CHINA CLAY ........................................................................................ 16
REFERENCES:....................................................................................... 17
3. Page3
INTRODUCTION
Sheringal are has mainly metamorphic rocks specially slates, phyllite and
schist. Onward from Sheringal to chukyathan sedimentary conglomerate and
some fold can be seen.
After that some igneous rocks, faults, dike and sill may also be found.
DIR GROUP
There are main two formations.
Dir Uthrorr volcano
Barawal banda slates
Barawal banda slates formation:
Its lower contact is in Chukyathan Bridge and upper contact is in Sheringal.
LATHOLOGY:
Shale, waxes, interbed carbonates, some lava flow, slates & phyllite.
4. Page4
STOP NO 01:
UNIVERSITY MAIN GATE SHERINGAL TIME: 7:58 AM
PHYLLITE
A fine-grained metamorphic rock with a well-developed laminar structure,
intermediate between slate and schist.
It is a type of foliated metamorphic rock created from slate that is further
metamorphosed so that very fine grained white mica achieves a preferred
orientation. It is primarily composed of quartz & mica.
Sheringal is at upper contact of Barawal banda.
POI: 202
Location:
North 35º 21՜ Min 42.՜՜5 sec
East 72º 09՜, 28.7՜՜
5. Page5
STOP NO 02:
Jetkot belawo: Time: 8:40 am
BARAWAL BANDA SLATES
Barawal banda slates break along curved cleavage having slaty cleavage.
Vertical line represent bed, joint is also present.
We also take Dip & Strike data.
Color: grey
Grain size: fine grain (foliated)
Rock type: metamorphic
DIP-DTRIKE DATA:
Strike: N20ºW
Dip: 80º
Direction: South-west
6. Page6
STOP NO 02B:
Jetkot belawo: Time: 9:00 am
LIMESTONE CARBONATED
Color: grey to greenish
It shows the advancement of breakage or shows breaking.
7. Page7
STOP NO 03
Lower Chinaran Time: 9:20am
CONJUGATE JOINT
Based upon the angle at which joint sets of systematic joints intersect to
form a joint system, systematic joints can be subdivided into conjugate and
orthogonal joint sets. The angles at which joint sets within a joint system
commonly intersect is called by structural geologists as the dihedral angles.
8. Page8
STOP NO 03 B:
Lower Chinaran Time: 9:35am
RIPPLE MARKS ON ROCK
On the surface of the bed there were wave like features called ripple
marks. In geology, ripple marks are sedimentary structures (i.e. bed forms of the
lower flow regime) and indicate agitation by water (current or waves) or wind.
Symmetrically ripple marks
Feature: sedimentary
9. Page9
STOP NO 04:
Location: Lower Sawnai Time: 9:45am
CONGLOMERATES
Conglomerate is a coarse-grained clastic sedimentary rock that is
composed of a substantial fraction of rounded to sub angular gravel-size clasts,
e.g., granules, pebbles, cobbles, and boulders, larger than 2 mm in diameter.
Sedimentary conglomerates are mostly composed of
Pebbles
Cobbles
Boulders
Gravel size particles are present which are cemented together.
Feature: Sedimentary.
10. Page10
STOP NO 05:
Lower Sawnai Time: 10:00am
ANTICLINE FOLD
In structural geology, an anticline is a type of fold that is an arch-like
shape and has its oldest beds at its core. A typical anticline is convex up in which
the hinge or crest is the location where the curvature is greatest, and the limbs are
the sides of the fold that dip away from the hinge.
DIP-STRIKE DATA for LIMB 1st
:
Strike: S40ºW (away), N40ºE (near)
Dip: 60º
Direction: North-west
DIP-STRIKE DATA for LIMB 2nd
:
Strike: S30ºW (away), N30ºE (near)
Dip: 85º
Direction: South-east
11. Page11
STOP NO 06:
Lower Sawnai Time: 10:11am
VOLCANICS
Volcanic in the Barawal banda slate may be andesite to basalt.
Grain size: fine
Color: Greenish
Volcanic rock (often shortened to Volcanics in scientific contexts) is a
rock formed from magma erupted from a volcano. In other words, it differs from
other igneous rock by being of volcanic origin.
12. Page12
STOP NO 07:
Sweet Water Time: 11:14am
CARBONATES
Dolomite (mineral) type of limestone, the carbonate fraction of which is
dominated by the mineral dolomite, calcium magnesium carbonate [CA Mg (CO
3)2]. Limestone. Sedimentary rock composed mainly of
calcium carbonate (CaCO 3), usually in the form of calcite or aragonite.
Calcium Carbonate Sample
Grain size: very fine
Color: dark
13. Page13
STOP NO 08:
Unkar Chawak Time: 11:46am
NORMAL FAULT
Discontinuity
Normal fault. A geologic fault in which the hanging wall has moved
downward relative to the footwall. Normal faults occur where two blocks of rock
are pulled apart, as by tension. Compare reverse fault. See Note and illustration
at fault.
Amphibolite:
Kamila amphibolite.
Strike: S85E
Dip: 70
Direction: North-east
From chukyathan to osakai has some lathology,kamila amphibolite.
Kamila is one of the major magmatic island arc.
It has a basic rock having minerology
Plagioclase & hornblend.
Gabbronorite is an igneous rock which does not have quartz.
They have intense quartz. Feldspathic quartzo amphibolite.
Amphibolite present in kamila between dir and kamila amphibolite.
14. Page14
STOP NO 09:
Sahib abad Time: 12:36am
AMPHIBOLITE
These amphibolite are kamila banded, having light and dark bands, while
Light bands are composed of plagioclase and
Dark bands composed of hornblend
This location is famous for pillow lava /pillow basaltic lava.
Grain size: fine grain
Color: dark
Gabbro or basalt is metamorphosed into amphibolite.
These amphibolite forms a pillow like structure because of these were
igneous rocks before exposed in the form of pillow lava and the metamorphosed
into amphibolite. Parent rock is basalt or gabbro.
15. Page15
STOP NO 10
Wari Time: 1:30pm
GRANITE
Granite is a light-colored igneous rock with grains large enough to be
visible with the unaided eye. It forms from the slow crystallization of magma
below Earth's surface. Granite is composed mainly of quartz and feldspar with
minor amounts of mica, amphiboles, and other minerals
Grain size: Coarse
Color: Light
Granite consist of quartz, biotite & feldspar etc.
It is intrusive igneous rock.
Somewhere it looks like rusted because water enters into it and get rusted
and also loos the color and looks like rusted iron.
16. Page16
STOP NO 11
Timergara Time: 3:25pm
CHINA CLAY
It is a layered silicate mineral, with one tetrahedral sheet of silica (SiO4)
linked through oxygen atoms to one octahedral sheet of alumina (AlO6)
octahedral. Rocks that are rich in kaolinite are known as kaolin or china clay.
It has sugar like small grains.
It has been kaolinitized.
Its grains has been altered into clay minerals.
And quartz is still stable because of resistance.