2. Digital Preservation
“…the world has in some ways a better
record of the beginning of the 20th
century than of the beginning of the
21st.”
-- Adam Farquhar, British Library
3. “Born Digital” Documents
Software produces digital documents.
(Photos, infographics, maps)
The data often exists in databases on the
computer, on the internet or otherwise
“behind the screen.”
The software output exists on screen and
is very easy to share electronically.
The knowledge output – the Information -
is preserved in the saved file, or can be
printed or saved to a PDF or image file.
4. Cataloging and Preserving GIS Data
Catalog record
Citation
Storage/format issues
Ownership
Privacy
Security
Historic significance
5. Cataloging a Map
Traditionally:
Paper Maps
Bound in Atlases
Catalog Record
Full Title: Map of the States Of Ohio Indiana & Illinois And Part Of Michigan
Territory Compiled from the Latest Authorities. D.H. Vance Del. J.H. Young Sc.
Philada. Published by A. Finley 1825.
Author: Finley, Anthony
Date: 1826
Source: David Rumsey Map Collection
http://www.davidrumsey.com/maps2325.html
6. Map Catalog Record
Author: Finley, Anthony
Date: 1826
Short Title: Map of the States Of Ohio Indiana & Illinois And Part Of Michigan Territory.
Publisher: Phila: Anthony Finley
Type: Atlas Map
Object Height cm: 45
Object Width cm: 56
Scale 1: 2,000,000
Note: In full color by county or region of the state. Statistical information includes mileage, population broken down by White Males,
White Females, Free People of Colour, Slaves and Militia.
Reference: P1378-11.
State / Province: Ohio ; Indiana ; Illinois ; Michigan
Full Title: Map of the States Of Ohio Indiana & Illinois And Part Of Michigan Territory Compiled from the Latest Authorities. D.H. Vance
Del. J.H. Young Sc. Philada. Published by A. Finley 1825.
List No: 0278.011
Page No: 11
Series No: 14
Engraver or Printer: Vance, D.H. ; Young, J.H.
Published In: A New American Atlas, Designed Principally To Illustrate The Geography Of The United States Of North America; In Which
Every Country In Each State And Territory Of The Union Is Accurately Delineated, As Far As At Present Known: The Whole Compiled
From The Latest And Most Authentic Information. Philadelphia: Published By Anthony Finley, At The North-East Corner Of Chestnut
And Fourth Streets. 1826.
Publication Author: Finley, Anthony
Publication Date: 1826
Publication Reference: P1378; Howes F140; NMM 485.
Publication Note: This atlas was Finley's attempt to compete with Henry Tanner's American Atlas - the maps are grouped in much the
same arrangement as Tanner used and the cartography and engraving are equal to Tanner, although the scale and map size are
smaller. There are only two issues that we have seen, both dated 1826 on the title page, but with different dates on the maps. In
the first issue, the maps are dated 1824-26; in the second issue (this copy) the maps are dated 1826-27. Finley continued to publish
the maps as pocket maps until 1831 when he sold his map and atlas copyrights to Mitchell, who reissued this American Atlas only
once, in 1831 (see our #3884) but continued to issue the pocket maps, with updates, until about 1850. Bound in half leather
marbled paper covered boards with red leather label stamped with "Finley's American Atlas" in gilt. Full color.
Publication List No: 0278.000
Publication Type: National Atlas
Publication Maps: 15
Publication Height cm: 49
Publication Width cm: 35
Image No: 0278011
7. Cataloging Digital Maps
Born Digital Maps:
Database input
Software output
Electronic format
Dynamic
Interactive
3-5 meter sea level rise; Population: 1,537,195
Data Source: USGS 10M NED
Maps are based on LIDAR data, USGS 10m NED.
Maps are illustrative; areas in blue depict various potential
inundation scenarios.
Map accuracy is dependent on the accuracy of the geospatial
data.
"Coastal Impact Study: Nation Under Siege.“ (2007),
2030, Inc. / Architecture 2030. Retrieved on November 8,
2012 from
http://architecture2030.org/files/nation_under_siege.pdf
8. APA Citation - Website
Nonperiodical Web Document, Web Page, or Report
List as much of the following information as possible (you
sometimes have to hunt around to find the information;
don't be lazy. If there is a page like
http://www.somesite.com/somepage.htm, and
somepage.htm doesn't have the information you're looking
for, move up the URL to http://www.somesite.com/):
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of
publication). Title of document. Retrieved from
http://Web address
Angeli, E., Wagner, J., Lawrick, E., Moore, K.,
Anderson, M., Soderland, L., & Brizee, A. (2010,
May 5). General format. Retrieved from
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/
9. APA Citation - Graphic Data
Graphic Data (e.g. Interactive Maps and Other
Graphic Representations of Data)
Givethe name of the researching organization followed by
the date. In brackets, provide a brief explanation of what
type of data is there and in what form it appears. Finally,
provide the project name and retrieval information.
Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment. (2007).
[Graph illustration the SORCE Spectral Plot May 8,
2008]. Solar Spectral Data Access from the SIM,
SOLSTICE, and XPS Instruments. Retrieved from
http://lasp.colorado.edu/cgi-bin/ion-p?
page=input_data_for_ spectra.ion
10. APA Citation – Data Sets
Data Sets
Pointreaders to raw data by providing a Web address (use
"Retrieved from") or a general place that houses data sets
on the site (use "Available from").
United States Department of Housing and Urban
Development. (2008).Indiana income limits [Data
file]. Retrieved from
http://www.huduser.org/Datasets/IL/IL08/in_fy2008.p
df
14. The Domesday Book
1086 William the Conquerer 1986 Laserdisc format
1869 Modern Binding Commissioned for
1986 Divided/Rebound 900th anniversary
15. Who Uses Geographic Data?
Historians use GIS data for research and teaching
processes in complex, dynamic, nonlinear
systems.
Economists also like the ability of GIS to present
clear visualizations in a familiar way.
Information architect, Richard Saul Wurman, and
information visualizer, Edward Tufte, are both
great proponent of maps for presenting
information in a way that Wurman has said helps
to “make the complex clear.”
16. Who Archives Geographic Data?
Library of Congress Geography and Map Division
holds the world’s largest cartographic collection:
5.5 million maps
80,000 atlases
500 globes and globe gores
3,000 raised relief images
20,000 digital files
“Traditionally, the Geography and Map Division
has acquired the completed map. Today, the
need to acquire the layers of data from which a
map can be made takes increasing priority.”
--Hebert, John, Geography and Maps Division, Library of
Congress.
17. Data Preservation Models
NYS GIS Clearinghouse
Share creation, use and maintenance of GIS data
GISMO Data Advocacy Policy (1999)
Standards, efficiency, accessibility, sharing
LOC’s National Digital Information Infrastructure
& Preservation Program (2000)
Preservation architecture standards
North Carolina Geospatial Data Archiving
Project (2000)
Collaboration between university library and state
municipalities, demonstration for other regions
18. Data Preservation Models
The objectives of the the North Carolina
Geospatial Data Archiving Project are:
Identification of resources
Acquisition of at-risk geospatial data
Development of a digital repository architecture for
geospatial data, using open source software tools
Enhancement of existing geospatial metadata with
additional preservation metadata, using Metadata
Encoding and Transmission Standard (METS) records as
wrappers
Investigation of automated identification and capture of
data resources using emerging OGC specifications for
client interaction with data on remote servers
Development of a model for data archiving and time
series development.
19. Broader Access to GIS Data
New York City Open Data Mandate, March 2012
1. The Department of Information Technology &
Telecommunications must post on its website a technical
standards manual, which will help agencies make their public
data available to the greatest number of users and for the
greatest number of applications.
2. Within a year, each agency must convert all of its public data
sets that are currently online in “locked” formats into formats
that enable computer programmers to use the data to build
applications.
3. Within 18 months, the Department of Information Technology
and Telecommunications will work with each agency to post a
compliance plan, describing all of the public data sets in each
agency’s possession. The plan will be then be updated each
year, and will serve as a roadmap for agencies to post these
datasets to a single Web portal by 2018.
21. Bibliography
“Born digital.” (Oct 21, 2010), The Economist. Retrieved on November 6, 2012 from
http://www.economist.com/node/17306104.
Boxall, J. (2003), “Geolibraries: geographers, librarians and spatial collaboration.” The Canadian
Geographer / Le Géographe canadien, 47: 18–27.
ESRI. (2010), “Ensuring Future Access to Digital Geospatial Data Library of Congress Takes
Leadership,” ArcNews Online. Retrieved on November 6, 2012 from
http://www.esri.com/news/arcnews/summer10articles/library-of-congress.html
Galloway, P. (2004), “Preservation of digital objects.” Ann. Rev. Info. Sci. Tech., 38: 549–590.
Goodchild, Michael F , Pinde Fu and Paul Rich. (2007), “Sharing Geographic Information: An
Assessment of the Geospatial One-Stop,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol.
97, No. 2 (Jun., 2007), pp. 250-266
Hanson, Wayne. (February 27, 2012) “At issue: open data is cool, but is it sustainable?” Digital
Communities. Retrieved on from http://www.digitalcommunities.com/articles/At-Issue-Open-Data-
Is-Cool-but-Is-it-Sustainable.html
International Internet Preservation Consortium (IIPC). Retrieved on November 6, 2012 from
http://www.netpreserve.org.
Internet Archive Wayback Machine. Retrieved on November 6, 2012 from
http://www.archive.org/wayback/.
Kuny, T. (1998). “The Digital Dark Ages? Challenges in the preservation of electronic
information.” International Preservation News, No. 17.
Laura Lang. (1992), “Mapping the Future of Map Librarianship,” American Libraries, Vol. 23, No. 10
(Nov., 1992), pp. 880-883.
22. Bibliography
LeFurgy, W. (2005, Summer). “Building preservation partnerships: The Library of Congress
National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program,” Library Trends 54 (1),
163-72.
Library of Congress. (2009), Geosummit 2009: Framing a National Preservation and Access
Strategy for Geospatial Data. Retrieved on November 6, 2012 from
http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/meetings/geosummit09.html
Herbert, John. (2009), “Geospatial Data: models for shared responsibility in collecting, serving and
archiving.” (PDF, 760KB) Geography and Maps Division, Library of Congress. Retrieved November
6,2012 from
http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/meetings/documents/othermeetings/lc_hebert111309.pdf
North Carolina Geospatial Data Archiving Project. (2000), North Carolina State University. Retrieved
on November 8, 2012 from http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/ncgdap/
Library of Congress. (2008), Geospatial Information. Retrieved on November 8, 2012 from
http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/series/challenge/GISworkshop.html
Owens, Jack. (2007), “What Historians Want from GIS,” ARC News Online, Summer 2007.
Retrieved on November 6, 2012 from http://www.esri.com/news/arcnews/summer07articles/what-
historians-want.html
Warren Mills, J., Curtis, A., Pine, J. C., Kennedy, B., Jones, F., Ramani, R. and Bausch, D. (2008),
“The clearinghouse concept: a model for geospatial data centralization and dissemination in a
disaster.” Disasters, 32: 467–479.
Weimer, Katherine H. and Pete Reehling. (2006), “A New Model of Geographic Information
Librarianship: Description, Curriculum and Program Proposal,” Journal of Education for Library and
Information Science, Vol. 47, No. 4 (Fall, 2006), pp. 291-302.
