paramedic

2. Maintains blood volume
Balance of water, electrolytes
pH balance
Retains key substances (glucose)
Removes wastes
Produces 90% of erythropoietin

3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l128tW
1H5a8

4. Cellular metabolism produces ammonia.
Ammonia is converted to urea (in liver).
Urea is filtered by kidneys and turned into
urine.

5. 1 million nephrons
10 % per decade lost after age 40
Consists of cortex and medulla

6. Forms urine
Functional unit of kidney
Surrounded by complex net of capillaries

7. Glomerulus (surrounded by Bowman’s
Capsule)
Proximal tubule
Descending loop of Henle
Ascending loop of Henle
Distal tubule
Collecting duct

9. Glomular filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion

12. Glucose normally reabsorbed via active
transport before filtrate enters proximal
tubule
BgL > 180 mg/dL results in spilling of
glucose

14. Molecule is very small
Is passively reabsorbed
Only about ½ remains in urine
BUN – Blood Urea Nitrogen test measures
amount in blood
Creatinine- another waste is too large to
be reabsorbed

15. Urine output 0.5-1 mL/kg/hr
Urine ph 5 – 9 (higher = UTI)
Creatinine level 0.6 – 1.4 mg/dL
BUN 8-25 mg/dL

16. Enzyme produced by kidney cells
Produces Angiotensin I
Angiotensin I is converted to II by
Angiotensin Concerting Enzyme (ACE)
Angiotensin II is vasoconstrictor

18. Ureters
Bladder
Urethra
Testes
Prostate Gland (surrounds bladder neck)
• Makes the fluid that sperm combines with

19. Visceral- arises from hollow organs…
achy, crampy… Poorly localized
Somatic pain- localized
Referred pain-felt in location other than
site of origin

23. Antibiotics
• Cipro
• Keflex
• Bactrim
• Levaquin
Pain medication
• Pyridium
Over the counter1

29. Also called Acute Renal Injury
Sudden drop in urine output < 500 mL per
day (Oliguria)
Anuria – no urine output

30. Dysfunction before level of kidney
Insufficient blood supply
Most common cause of ARF
Often reversible
Hemorrhage, heart failure, sepsis, shock

31. Injury to small blood vessels or glomerular
capillaries
Injury to tubular cells
Inflammation or infection
Type I diabetes

32. Distal to kidney
Urine backs up and shuts down kidneys

33. All forms of acute renal injury
(acute renal failure) can lead to
hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis,
and uremia.

37. Permanent loss of nephrons
70% lost before problems develop
End-stage renal failure needs transplant or
dialysis
Hypertension and Diabetes

40. Shunt (fistula)- Combined vein and artery
Blood is filtered 300- 400 mL/min
Fistula should have a vibration or thrill

42. Hypotension
Chest pain
Dysrythmias
Hyperkalemia
Hemorrhage
Sepsis
Seizures
Air embolism
Pericarditis

43. http://www.esrdnet5.org/Files/Education/M
eetings---
Presentations/Complications_Dialysis-12-
09-(1).aspx

44. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=toFiGSfe
sZk

45. Bleeding
Infection
Narrowing fistula- may lead to thrombosis

46. Chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
Risk of fluid shifts
Infection
Peritonitis

51. (Pictures too gross)

56. Hydoxyzine
Calcium Channel blockers
Anticoagulants
Cocaine
Marijuana
MDMA

57. Phimosis- inability to retract foreskin
Paraphimosis- foreskin retracted and glans
penis becomes entrapped
Benign Prostate Hypertrophy-
noncancerous enlargement
Testicular masses