The document provides an overview of the development of the concept of information through history. It discusses:
1) Plato's view of forms as existing in an otherworldly realm and Aristotle's view of forms as essential properties of things.
2) How the information concept evolved from antiquity through the Middle Ages with thinkers like Augustine and Aquinas, and into modernity with the development of physics and telecommunication.
3) Key aspects of a general understanding of information, including its semiotic, syntactic, semantic, pragmatic, and timely dimensions.
4) Mathematical information theory as developed by Shannon, focusing on probability and codification for efficient transmission.
5) Different approaches to defining information
Dodig-Crnkovic-Information and ComputationJosé Nafría
This document discusses open system thinking and natural computation from an info-computationalism perspective. It provides background on the author and their research interests in computing paradigms, natural/unconventional computing, information dynamics, and computational aspects of science. Key concepts covered include complexity, emergence, self-organization, generative models, agent-based models, and viewing information and computation as the primary stuff and dynamics of the universe respectively. Examples are given of complexity arising from simplicity and adaptive complex systems.
Seekintoo provides security assessment and incident response services to discover vulnerabilities in clients' online services and networks. They conduct penetration testing and assessments to identify security issues before they are exploited. Seekintoo's team of experts then provides clients with direct communication about existing issues, potential impacts, and a clear remediation strategy. In addition to assessments, Seekintoo can help clients enhance security through other tests of their corporate network, remote access solutions, data access rules, and security monitoring procedures to provide a complete picture of a client's security posture.
Makers and service providers of the modular furniture, loose & fixed furniture, case good etc., for residential, corporate, Hospitality, educational sectors.
At our first public sector breakfast club of the New Year, we covered the following topics:
Collaboration / joint ventures - an overview of some key considerations including:
• formation: contractual or corporate? Choice of vehicle
• management: risk sharing, degree of integration and limitation of liability
• exit.
Overage clauses, including:
• common issues
• protection available.
https://www.brownejacobson.com/sectors-and-services/sectors/public-sector
The document lists several major cities in the United Kingdom including London, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Belfast, Cardiff, and Dublin. London is mentioned separately as the capital city of the UK. The document appears to be providing a brief listing of some of the primary urban areas across Great Britain and Ireland.
El documento habla sobre el comportamiento y desarrollo organizacional. Explica que las organizaciones están compuestas de elementos formales e informales y que factores como la personalidad, cultura y liderazgo influyen en su comportamiento y desarrollo. También menciona algunos componentes clave de las organizaciones formales como la división de trabajo, departamentalización y grado de control.
Dodig-Crnkovic-Information and ComputationJosé Nafría
This document discusses open system thinking and natural computation from an info-computationalism perspective. It provides background on the author and their research interests in computing paradigms, natural/unconventional computing, information dynamics, and computational aspects of science. Key concepts covered include complexity, emergence, self-organization, generative models, agent-based models, and viewing information and computation as the primary stuff and dynamics of the universe respectively. Examples are given of complexity arising from simplicity and adaptive complex systems.
Seekintoo provides security assessment and incident response services to discover vulnerabilities in clients' online services and networks. They conduct penetration testing and assessments to identify security issues before they are exploited. Seekintoo's team of experts then provides clients with direct communication about existing issues, potential impacts, and a clear remediation strategy. In addition to assessments, Seekintoo can help clients enhance security through other tests of their corporate network, remote access solutions, data access rules, and security monitoring procedures to provide a complete picture of a client's security posture.
Makers and service providers of the modular furniture, loose & fixed furniture, case good etc., for residential, corporate, Hospitality, educational sectors.
At our first public sector breakfast club of the New Year, we covered the following topics:
Collaboration / joint ventures - an overview of some key considerations including:
• formation: contractual or corporate? Choice of vehicle
• management: risk sharing, degree of integration and limitation of liability
• exit.
Overage clauses, including:
• common issues
• protection available.
https://www.brownejacobson.com/sectors-and-services/sectors/public-sector
The document lists several major cities in the United Kingdom including London, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Belfast, Cardiff, and Dublin. London is mentioned separately as the capital city of the UK. The document appears to be providing a brief listing of some of the primary urban areas across Great Britain and Ireland.
El documento habla sobre el comportamiento y desarrollo organizacional. Explica que las organizaciones están compuestas de elementos formales e informales y que factores como la personalidad, cultura y liderazgo influyen en su comportamiento y desarrollo. También menciona algunos componentes clave de las organizaciones formales como la división de trabajo, departamentalización y grado de control.
Este documento introduce el concepto de comportamiento organizacional como el campo de estudio que investiga cómo los individuos, grupos y estructuras influyen en el comportamiento dentro de las organizaciones, con el objetivo de aplicar los resultados para mejorar la eficacia organizacional. Estudia tres componentes de las organizaciones: individuos, grupos y estructura. Además, explica que el comportamiento organizacional aplica el estudio de estos componentes para que las organizaciones funcionen mejor mediante el estudio de la conducta de las personas y su impacto en el desempeño organizacional.
Una organización es un sistema diseñado para alcanzar metas y objetivos mediante la interacción de personas, tareas y administración dentro de una estructura. Existen organizaciones formales e informales, centralizadas y descentralizadas, con y sin fines de lucro. Un organigrama representa gráficamente la estructura de una organización mostrando las relaciones jerárquicas entre departamentos y personas.
Information among networks and systems of knowledgeJosé Nafría
This document discusses different types of networks and models of information exchange. It begins by defining abstract networks as sets of nodes and links, and discusses how networks can represent both potentialities and actualities. It then covers semantic networks and how they can map both passive concepts and active communicative agents. Models of communication and information exchange are presented, including Shannon's technical model and more inferential semantic models. The role of context and convention in communication is discussed. Finally, the document addresses semantic networks in knowledge representation and the dynamics of scientific knowledge development.
Información: entre redes y sistemas de conocimientoJosé Nafría
Este documento describe varios conceptos relacionados con redes abstractas y sistemas de conocimiento. Primero, define una red abstracta como un conjunto de nodos y enlaces que exhibe una estructura característica de conexiones entre nodos. Luego, discute modelos de interacción y comunicación, incluidas redes semánticas pasivas y activas. Finalmente, analiza proyectos que involucran el análisis y participación en redes semánticas.
Presentación del curso epistemología de las organizacionesJosé Nafría
Presentación del curso de Epistemología de las organizaciones perteneciente a la Maestría de Gestión de PYMES de la Universidad Estatal Península de Santa Elena (Ecuador), celebrado el verano de 2016
Información entre redes y sistemas de conocimientoJosé Nafría
Ponencia impartida en la Universidad Estatal Península de Santa Elena, el 1 de agosto de 2016 dirigida a estudiantes de tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones.
The document discusses warm and cold temperatures and colors. It asks questions about what colors are present in different pictures, what the colors say about the temperature, and whether it is warmer by the fire. Pictures by Van Gogh and Afremov are mentioned as examples that relate colors to warmth.
This poem describes different emotions through short verses giving clues about each emotion. It asks "Who am I?" after each set of clues. The emotions described are fear, anger, sadness, joy, contempt, surprise, and melancholy through clues about how each emotion is experienced and expressed.
The note instructs the reader to read a note and embody their colleague's emotion by adopting their facial expression and body posture, paying special attention to replicating their facial expression but also considering their hands, shoulders, and feet.
This document contains 6 images of basic emotions and asks the reader to match each image with the correct emotion word from a list of fear, disgust, anger, sadness, happiness, and surprise.
This document contains 6 images of basic emotions and asks the reader to match each image with the correct emotion word: fear, disgust, anger, sadness, happiness, or surprise.
This lesson plan is for a 40-minute English lesson for 6-7 year olds about animals. The lesson involves reading the story "Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See?" and reinforcing vocabulary about colors and animals through flashcards, guessing games, songs, and a collage activity. Key objectives are for students to identify, name, and comprehend animals and colors in English.
A general understanding of information ws2012-13José Nafría
Presentation used in the first lectures of the course in English "A General Understanding of Information" at the Hochschule München, Germany (WS 2012-13).
A Journey Through Philosophy - Seminar at the HMJosé Nafría
Presentation of the lectures held within the seminar "A Journey Through Philosophy. What do you really know when you get information?", held at HM, WS2019-20
Can information technologies contribute to building participatory democracy? ...José Nafría
The document discusses the potential for information technologies to contribute to participatory democracy. It covers:
1. A historical perspective on social utopias and how technologies were envisioned to enable direct democracy among large populations as early as 1795 with the telegraph.
2. A brief overview of the history of communication technologies from optical telegraph systems to electrical telegraph to telephone.
3. Examples of modern information society projects, discussing themes of transparency, public opinion, and debates around control and surveillance in the digital age.
4. A case study of the "My University Project" in the European Higher Education Area to promote cooperation between governments, universities, students and other stakeholders using online tools.
This document provides an overview of digital humanities and discusses some key topics in the field. It summarizes that digital humanities explores how new technologies can be used to study the humanities in new ways, bringing both opportunities and challenges. Some areas of debate discussed include whether digital humanities is a tool or transforms humanities work, the role of quantitative analysis, and how critical approaches fit within digital humanities. Examples are given of digital projects exploring manuscripts, text analysis, and maps.
Information science is an interdisciplinary field concerned with analyzing, collecting, classifying, storing, retrieving, and disseminating information. It emerged in the 19th century alongside developments in communication and computation. Early foundations were laid with works like Boolean algebra. The discipline grew with the development of documentation, online databases, and the internet. It examines both technical and social aspects of information access, architecture, retrieval, seeking, and management. While related to library science through a shared social role, information science is considered a distinct field with different theoretical approaches and interdisciplinary relations.
Information science is an interdisciplinary field concerned with analyzing, collecting, classifying, storing, retrieving, and disseminating information. It emerged in the 19th century from disciplines like communication and computation. Early pioneers included George Boole, who laid the foundations for Boolean algebra used in information retrieval. The discipline grew with technological advances enabling automated literature searching and information storage in the 1950s-1980s. Today, information science examines topics like online databases, information access, architecture, retrieval, seeking, and management in various contexts. While related to library science through concerns over utilizing recorded information, they are distinct fields that address problems and develop theories in different ways.
Utopias and the information society ws2013José Nafría
Presentation used for introducing some of the topics developed in the seminar "Utopias and the information society" held at the Munich University of Applied Sciences.
Winter semester 2013-2014
Data versus Text: 30 years of confrontationLou Burnard
The document discusses the evolution of humanities computing and digital humanities from the 1940s to the present. Key points include:
- Early work in literary and linguistic computing in the 1940s-1980s focused on concordances, statistics, and analyzing texts as data.
- Humanities computing from 1980-1994 saw the rise of encoding standards, digital libraries and resources, and debate around whether it was a discipline.
- Digital humanities from 1995 onwards was driven by the rise of the web and mass digitization, requiring new collaborative and open infrastructures and practices.
- Current work focuses on combining text analysis with other data types, moving beyond documents to networked resources, and producing "uncritical editions
Relationship of information science with library scienceSadaf Batool
Relationship of information science with library science
Presentation by Sadaf Batool
MPhil 1st semester
Table of contents
1. Definition of information science
2. Definition of library science
3. Primary history of library
4. Primary history of information
5. Progress of library science as (Library and information science)
6. IS &LS concerned task
7. Relationship of Information science with library science
8. According to S.R Nathan’s five laws
9. Difference of Information science &Library science
10. Conclusion
11. References
Definition of information science
Information science is that discipline that investigates the properties and behavior of information, the forces governing the flow of information, and the means of processing information for optimum accessibility and usability.
It primarily concerned with the analysis, collection, classification, manipulation, storage, retrieval, movement, dissemination, and protection of information.
This includes the investigation of information representations in both natural and artificial systems, the use of codes for efficient message transmission, and the study of information processing devices and techniques such as computers and their programming systems.
It is an interdisciplinary science derived from and related to such fields as mathematics, logic, linguistics, psychology, computer technology, operations research, the graphic arts, communications, library science, management, and other similar fields. It has both a pure science component, which inquiries into the subject without regard to its application, and an applied science component, which develops services and products." (Borko, 1968, p.3The study of – the use of information, – its sources and development; – usually taken to refer to the role of scientific, industrial and specialized libraries and information units – in the handling and – dissemination of information. (Prytherch, 2005)
The systematic study and analysis of the – sources, – development, – collection, – organization, – dissemination, – evaluation, – use, and – management of information in all its forms, including the channels (formal and informal) and technology used in its communication. – –(Reitz, 2004) Definition of library science
The study of principles and practices of library care, and organization and administration of a library, and of its technical, informational, and reference services.
Library science as “a generic term for the study of libraries and information units, the role they play in society, their various component routines and processes, and their history and future development. (Harrods ‘Librarian’s Glossary)
Collection of reading material, its processing, organization and dissemination started with the advent of library. The knowledge and its implementation in respect of library may therefore be called library science.
The professional kn
Este documento introduce el concepto de comportamiento organizacional como el campo de estudio que investiga cómo los individuos, grupos y estructuras influyen en el comportamiento dentro de las organizaciones, con el objetivo de aplicar los resultados para mejorar la eficacia organizacional. Estudia tres componentes de las organizaciones: individuos, grupos y estructura. Además, explica que el comportamiento organizacional aplica el estudio de estos componentes para que las organizaciones funcionen mejor mediante el estudio de la conducta de las personas y su impacto en el desempeño organizacional.
Una organización es un sistema diseñado para alcanzar metas y objetivos mediante la interacción de personas, tareas y administración dentro de una estructura. Existen organizaciones formales e informales, centralizadas y descentralizadas, con y sin fines de lucro. Un organigrama representa gráficamente la estructura de una organización mostrando las relaciones jerárquicas entre departamentos y personas.
Information among networks and systems of knowledgeJosé Nafría
This document discusses different types of networks and models of information exchange. It begins by defining abstract networks as sets of nodes and links, and discusses how networks can represent both potentialities and actualities. It then covers semantic networks and how they can map both passive concepts and active communicative agents. Models of communication and information exchange are presented, including Shannon's technical model and more inferential semantic models. The role of context and convention in communication is discussed. Finally, the document addresses semantic networks in knowledge representation and the dynamics of scientific knowledge development.
Información: entre redes y sistemas de conocimientoJosé Nafría
Este documento describe varios conceptos relacionados con redes abstractas y sistemas de conocimiento. Primero, define una red abstracta como un conjunto de nodos y enlaces que exhibe una estructura característica de conexiones entre nodos. Luego, discute modelos de interacción y comunicación, incluidas redes semánticas pasivas y activas. Finalmente, analiza proyectos que involucran el análisis y participación en redes semánticas.
Presentación del curso epistemología de las organizacionesJosé Nafría
Presentación del curso de Epistemología de las organizaciones perteneciente a la Maestría de Gestión de PYMES de la Universidad Estatal Península de Santa Elena (Ecuador), celebrado el verano de 2016
Información entre redes y sistemas de conocimientoJosé Nafría
Ponencia impartida en la Universidad Estatal Península de Santa Elena, el 1 de agosto de 2016 dirigida a estudiantes de tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones.
The document discusses warm and cold temperatures and colors. It asks questions about what colors are present in different pictures, what the colors say about the temperature, and whether it is warmer by the fire. Pictures by Van Gogh and Afremov are mentioned as examples that relate colors to warmth.
This poem describes different emotions through short verses giving clues about each emotion. It asks "Who am I?" after each set of clues. The emotions described are fear, anger, sadness, joy, contempt, surprise, and melancholy through clues about how each emotion is experienced and expressed.
The note instructs the reader to read a note and embody their colleague's emotion by adopting their facial expression and body posture, paying special attention to replicating their facial expression but also considering their hands, shoulders, and feet.
This document contains 6 images of basic emotions and asks the reader to match each image with the correct emotion word from a list of fear, disgust, anger, sadness, happiness, and surprise.
This document contains 6 images of basic emotions and asks the reader to match each image with the correct emotion word: fear, disgust, anger, sadness, happiness, or surprise.
This lesson plan is for a 40-minute English lesson for 6-7 year olds about animals. The lesson involves reading the story "Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See?" and reinforcing vocabulary about colors and animals through flashcards, guessing games, songs, and a collage activity. Key objectives are for students to identify, name, and comprehend animals and colors in English.
A general understanding of information ws2012-13José Nafría
Presentation used in the first lectures of the course in English "A General Understanding of Information" at the Hochschule München, Germany (WS 2012-13).
A Journey Through Philosophy - Seminar at the HMJosé Nafría
Presentation of the lectures held within the seminar "A Journey Through Philosophy. What do you really know when you get information?", held at HM, WS2019-20
Can information technologies contribute to building participatory democracy? ...José Nafría
The document discusses the potential for information technologies to contribute to participatory democracy. It covers:
1. A historical perspective on social utopias and how technologies were envisioned to enable direct democracy among large populations as early as 1795 with the telegraph.
2. A brief overview of the history of communication technologies from optical telegraph systems to electrical telegraph to telephone.
3. Examples of modern information society projects, discussing themes of transparency, public opinion, and debates around control and surveillance in the digital age.
4. A case study of the "My University Project" in the European Higher Education Area to promote cooperation between governments, universities, students and other stakeholders using online tools.
This document provides an overview of digital humanities and discusses some key topics in the field. It summarizes that digital humanities explores how new technologies can be used to study the humanities in new ways, bringing both opportunities and challenges. Some areas of debate discussed include whether digital humanities is a tool or transforms humanities work, the role of quantitative analysis, and how critical approaches fit within digital humanities. Examples are given of digital projects exploring manuscripts, text analysis, and maps.
Information science is an interdisciplinary field concerned with analyzing, collecting, classifying, storing, retrieving, and disseminating information. It emerged in the 19th century alongside developments in communication and computation. Early foundations were laid with works like Boolean algebra. The discipline grew with the development of documentation, online databases, and the internet. It examines both technical and social aspects of information access, architecture, retrieval, seeking, and management. While related to library science through a shared social role, information science is considered a distinct field with different theoretical approaches and interdisciplinary relations.
Information science is an interdisciplinary field concerned with analyzing, collecting, classifying, storing, retrieving, and disseminating information. It emerged in the 19th century from disciplines like communication and computation. Early pioneers included George Boole, who laid the foundations for Boolean algebra used in information retrieval. The discipline grew with technological advances enabling automated literature searching and information storage in the 1950s-1980s. Today, information science examines topics like online databases, information access, architecture, retrieval, seeking, and management in various contexts. While related to library science through concerns over utilizing recorded information, they are distinct fields that address problems and develop theories in different ways.
Utopias and the information society ws2013José Nafría
Presentation used for introducing some of the topics developed in the seminar "Utopias and the information society" held at the Munich University of Applied Sciences.
Winter semester 2013-2014
Data versus Text: 30 years of confrontationLou Burnard
The document discusses the evolution of humanities computing and digital humanities from the 1940s to the present. Key points include:
- Early work in literary and linguistic computing in the 1940s-1980s focused on concordances, statistics, and analyzing texts as data.
- Humanities computing from 1980-1994 saw the rise of encoding standards, digital libraries and resources, and debate around whether it was a discipline.
- Digital humanities from 1995 onwards was driven by the rise of the web and mass digitization, requiring new collaborative and open infrastructures and practices.
- Current work focuses on combining text analysis with other data types, moving beyond documents to networked resources, and producing "uncritical editions
Relationship of information science with library scienceSadaf Batool
Relationship of information science with library science
Presentation by Sadaf Batool
MPhil 1st semester
Table of contents
1. Definition of information science
2. Definition of library science
3. Primary history of library
4. Primary history of information
5. Progress of library science as (Library and information science)
6. IS &LS concerned task
7. Relationship of Information science with library science
8. According to S.R Nathan’s five laws
9. Difference of Information science &Library science
10. Conclusion
11. References
Definition of information science
Information science is that discipline that investigates the properties and behavior of information, the forces governing the flow of information, and the means of processing information for optimum accessibility and usability.
It primarily concerned with the analysis, collection, classification, manipulation, storage, retrieval, movement, dissemination, and protection of information.
This includes the investigation of information representations in both natural and artificial systems, the use of codes for efficient message transmission, and the study of information processing devices and techniques such as computers and their programming systems.
It is an interdisciplinary science derived from and related to such fields as mathematics, logic, linguistics, psychology, computer technology, operations research, the graphic arts, communications, library science, management, and other similar fields. It has both a pure science component, which inquiries into the subject without regard to its application, and an applied science component, which develops services and products." (Borko, 1968, p.3The study of – the use of information, – its sources and development; – usually taken to refer to the role of scientific, industrial and specialized libraries and information units – in the handling and – dissemination of information. (Prytherch, 2005)
The systematic study and analysis of the – sources, – development, – collection, – organization, – dissemination, – evaluation, – use, and – management of information in all its forms, including the channels (formal and informal) and technology used in its communication. – –(Reitz, 2004) Definition of library science
The study of principles and practices of library care, and organization and administration of a library, and of its technical, informational, and reference services.
Library science as “a generic term for the study of libraries and information units, the role they play in society, their various component routines and processes, and their history and future development. (Harrods ‘Librarian’s Glossary)
Collection of reading material, its processing, organization and dissemination started with the advent of library. The knowledge and its implementation in respect of library may therefore be called library science.
The professional kn
Keynote: Conflicting Cultures of Knowledge - D. Oldman - ESWC SS 2014 eswcsummerschool
This document discusses the relationship between the humanities and sciences. It begins by reviewing the historical distinction between the two fields, referencing C.P. Snow's 1959 lecture on "The Two Cultures." The document then discusses efforts through digital humanities to bridge the two cultures by encouraging cross-disciplinary collaboration and training. It provides examples of challenges to linking data across fields and ensuring knowledge is conveyed with proper context and provenance. Throughout, it emphasizes the need for open communication and understanding between disciplines to realize the benefits of linking cultural heritage data.
Lev Manovich.
How and why study big cultural data.
Presentation at Data Mining and Visualization for the Humanities symposium, NYU, March 19, 2012.
softwarestudies.com
Estado arte de las Humanidades Digitales. Algunos proyectos de investigaciónGimena Del Rio Riande
Digital humanities projects and research from around the world are summarized. Key points:
- The document discusses the state of digital humanities, including conferences, participants, topics of interest.
- A history of digital humanities and related fields like humanist computing is provided, tracing work from the 1940s through present day.
- Examples of digital humanities centers, projects, resources and debates are outlined to illustrate the breadth and interdisciplinary nature of the field.
Information science is a multi disciplinary science with applications in a wide range of aspects. In this presentation there is a brief introduction to what is information science, how it orginated and characteristics of information science. It also covers the various definitions of information science.
This document provides an overview of technological utopianism in Silicon Valley. It begins with definitions of utopianism and a brief history of utopias. Technological utopianism is defined as having a strong belief that technology will lead to a perfect, harmonious society by ending scarcity. The document then discusses the history of Silicon Valley, tracing it back to the early 20th century radio and electronics industry. It grew due to funding and entrepreneurs from Stanford University. Three technological utopian ideologies that emerged from Silicon Valley are then examined: the Californian Ideology, Cyber-Libertarianism, and Singularitarianism.
Information Physics: Towards A New Conception of ‘Musical Realitypaperpublications3
Abstract: For modern science information is not simply considered as just what we do not know. From entanglement and quantum mechanics to black holes it plays a fundamental role. It is a physical quantity which uses matter for its embodiment and energy for its communication. The concept of information can be used to ‘decode the reality’, to explain the formation and action of entities, from molecules to galaxies. Entities exist as long as they have boundaries. Which are the informational, energetic and material boundaries of music entities? How modern science can describe the unfolding of musical events? Is it valid to talk about fields in music and which are the attractive and repulsive forces? Is the distinction of musical past, present and future a convincing ‘illusion’, as it is for physicists? And mainly, which is the role of information while creating music structures?
Keywords: Entropy, Information, Music Analysis, Music Entity, Music Structure.
Title: Information Physics: Towards A New Conception of ‘Musical Reality
Author: Bakogiannis Konstantinos, Cambourakis George
ISSN 2350-1049
International Journal of Recent Research in Interdisciplinary Sciences (IJRRIS)
Paper Publications
Information Physics: Towards A New Conception of ‘Musical Realitypaperpublications3
Abstract: For modern science information is not simply considered as just what we do not know. From entanglement and quantum mechanics to black holes it plays a fundamental role. It is a physical quantity which uses matter for its embodiment and energy for its communication. The concept of information can be used to ‘decode the reality’, to explain the formation and action of entities, from molecules to galaxies. Entities exist as long as they have boundaries. Which are the informational, energetic and material boundaries of music entities? How modern science can describe the unfolding of musical events? Is it valid to talk about fields in music and which are the attractive and repulsive forces? Is the distinction of musical past, present and future a convincing ‘illusion’, as it is for physicists? And mainly, which is the role of information while creating music structures?
Keywords: Entropy, Information, Music Analysis, Music Entity, Music Structure.
Title: Information Physics: Towards A New Conception of ‘Musical Reality
Author: Bakogiannis Konstantinos, Cambourakis George
ISSN 2350-1049
International Journal of Recent Research in Interdisciplinary Sciences (IJRRIS)
Paper Publications
This document summarizes and analyzes an article about conceptualizations of the whole person and artifacts related to well-being. It discusses three topics:
1) Early 20th century London - focusing on Margaret McMillan's nursery school in Deptford which aimed to improve children's health, education, and development through organized daily routines, fresh air, nutrition, and nurturing teachers.
2) Mid-20th century Papua - examining body modification practices as a technology of communication.
3) Turn-of-the-century biomedicine - addressing ethical issues around communicating genetic information.
Similar to General Understanding of Information (20)
The crisis of political participation in the digital age. Study case: SpainJosé Nafría
Presentation held by José María Díaz Nafría in the Workshop "Rationale und irrationale Diskurse im Zeitalter der Digitalisierung", organised by the Instituts für Design Science, Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft Berlin, Leibniz-Sozietät Berlin, 21 Sep 2017.
El nuevo horizonte de las telecomunicaciones ecuatorianas en el contexto geo-...José Nafría
Este documento discute el contexto geopolítico de las telecomunicaciones en Ecuador. Examina la historia de la liberalización de las telecomunicaciones y la sociedad de la información desde una perspectiva global e histórica. También analiza los desafíos sociales, ambientales y de gobernanza planteados por la sociedad de la información a nivel local, regional y global. Finalmente, propone un modelo de "e-subsidiariedad" para lograr una sociedad de la información más inclusiva e intercultural.
Marcelo J - Presentación - Un tejido productivo para todosJosé Nafría
Presentación en el curso internacional de verano: "Redes sociales: globalización y desigualdad (un enfoque interdisciplinar)", León, 19-21 de septiembre 2014
E Díez y B Mallo - artículo - Decrecimiento del imperativo del decrecimiento ...José Nafría
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León, M - Presentación - Desigualdad territorial en la construcción de una al...José Nafría
El documento discute la desigualdad territorial en la construcción de una alternativa solidaria. Explica que la desigualdad ha sido una consecuencia del sistema capitalista basado en la escisión de los derechos de apropiación y recursos. También analiza la polarización del comercio donde unos pocos países se benefician a costa de otros. Finalmente, propone una economía solidaria basada en principios como el bien común, trabajo digno, y distribución equitativa.
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This document discusses the transition from the industrial era to the information age. It notes that the information age relies more on information to drive changes rather than energy, and systems have become more flexible. It also discusses the increased complexity in globalized systems and the challenges this poses for democratic participation and addressing inequality. Finally, it proposes that the principle of subsidiarity could help seize complexity democratically by governing issues at the appropriate level of scale, from local to global.
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http://primer.unileon.es/eventos/RS2013
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
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In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
The chapter Lifelines of National Economy in Class 10 Geography focuses on the various modes of transportation and communication that play a vital role in the economic development of a country. These lifelines are crucial for the movement of goods, services, and people, thereby connecting different regions and promoting economic activities.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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SWOT analysis in the project Keeping the Memory @live.pptx
General Understanding of Information
1. 4. März 2011 Informationsphilosophie. Information und urbanes Systeme 1
Information:
Brücke
zwischen
Philosophy: Philosophy of Information
Fakultät 13, Hochschule München, Winter Semester 2016-2017
José María Díaz Nafría (Universidad de León, Spain)
2. A General Understanding of Information
1. Groundings
a) The information age and the language of
information (historical perspective)
b) The Frame of the Mathematical Theory of
Communication (film: Communication Primmer)
c) Semantic information and Algorithmic Theory
of Information
d) Information in the sciences
2. Information throughout the ladder of
complexity
a) The progressive perspective
b) Regressive perspective
3. Presentations
2A General Understanding of Information
3. The origins of the information concept
Latin and Greek roots
• Material information case (Hefestos)
• Observation case (Subject)
• Speaking or Instructional case (communication)
Plato’s Forms
• Otherworldliness
• Digital communication model
Aristotle’s Matter and Form
• Form (actuality) and Matter (potentiality)
• The individuality of real things. Particular
form: essences
• General essences: being of species that can be
inductively grasped
3A General Understanding of Information
4. Bibliographic tips
4
• FLORIDI, L. (2010). Information. A very short introduction. Oxford:
Oxford University Press.
• DÍAZ NAFRÍA, J.M. (2011). Messages in an open universe. in Capurro, R.
and Holgate (eds.). Messages and messangers. Angeletics as an approach
to the phenomenology of of communication. Munich: W.Fink, 195-229.
• DIAZ NAFRIA (2011): Information, a multidimensional reality, in Curras and
Lloret. Nuria LLORET(2011). Systems Science and Collaborative
Information Systems. Hershey PA, USA: IGI Global
• DÍAZ NAFRÍA, J.M. (2010). Information: a multidimensional concern.
TripleC, 8(1), 77-108 [online http://triple-
c.at/index.php/tripleC/article/view/76/168].
• HOFKIRCHNER, W. (2010). Twenty Questions About a Unified Theory of
Information. Arizona: Emergent publications.
• BURGIN, M. (2010). Theory of Information. Fundamentality, Diversity and
Unification. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing.
A General Understanding of Information
5. 5
• LYRE, Holger (2002). Informationstheorie. Eine philosophisch-
naturwissenschftliche Einführung. Munich: W.Fink Verlag.
• DÍAZ NAFRIA, J.M., et al. (Koord.) (2010). Glossarium BITri: glossary of
Concepts, metaphors, theories and problems concerning information.
León: Universidad de León [online
http://glossarium.bitrum.unileon.es/glossary, http://wp.me/pzKNC-66]
• DÍAZ NAFRÍA and SALTO (2009). What is information? An interdisciplinary
approach. Special issue TripleC, 7(2) [online http://wp.me/pzKNC-2G].
Bibliographic tips
A General Understanding of Information
6. 6
1 5 10 50 100 500 1000
0500100015002000250030003500
TF
Frequency
glossariumBITri (Interdisciplinary Glossary)
A General Understanding of Information
9. Invitation to Complementary Activity
Social Networks (2012): from indignation to change
Social Networks (2013): from communication to solidarity
Social Networks (2014): globalization and inequality
glossariumBITri (2015): How to write interdisciplinary papers?
1st - 3rd ed. Sept.2012-2014;
4th ed. Sept.2015, Santa Elena, Ecuador
Cooperation: HM - ULE – UNED – TUW – UPSE…
With: Prof. R.E. Zimmermann (HM)
Prof. J.M. Díaz Nafría (ULE)
Prof. P. Hofkirchner (TUW), et al.
Credits: 2 ECTS
9A General Understanding of Information
10. PRIMER
E&R Programme
10A General Understanding of Information
Education & Research programme
International Summer Academies
Support: EU (under request)
Period: 2017-2020
Venues: Spain, Austria, Greece, Germany
11. I. Groundings (the development of
the information understanding)
0. Towards a general understanding of
information
1. Development of the information concept:
Plato, Aristotle, Middle Ages, Modernity,
(technique and physics)
2. General understanding of Information
3. Mathematical Theory of Communication
4. Algorithmic Theory of Information
5. Information in the sciences
11A General Understanding of Information
12. I.0 Towards a General
Understanding of Information
• In the Information Era we should be able to
understand what information really means
(comparison to the Iron Era: iron vs cupper)
• The Nature of information is not solved
• Information can be considered as something
mediating between Objects and Subjects
• To this end, a general understanding of Objects
and Subjects is also needed.
12A General Understanding of Information
14. (0) Information concept
(tangible)
14
Time
t1 t2 t3
Information
Subject of the change
Object:
In opposition to
the Subject
of the change
(model + hammer)
A General Understanding of Information
15. (0) Clarifying
• Form: a particular configuration/Gestalt produced in
the subject.
• Subject: System which can adopt potential changes
• Object: what remains stable (in front of the subject)
causing the changes in the subject ~ Model
• Time: Running of the procedure (i.e. change of the
subject). Past: actual; Future: potential
• O. vs S.: In strict sense, both sides change during the
process (O. & S. are only relative regarding the
corresponding change)
15A General Understanding of Information
16. I.1 Evolution of the information concept
(a) Plato vs. Aristotle
Plato (idealistic tradition)
• Form is what exists in the first place and it is out of the
world, otherworldliness (a-spatial, a-temporal).
• Forms are participated by appearances (phenomena) and
souls. By these means the observer can really recognize
the forms.
• The innate ideas must be awaken (the observer
recognizes what already was in his soul).
• The observer returns to the truths, slept within himself.
16A General Understanding of Information
17. Plato: World of forms
17
Ideas
Form Appearance
I
Decontextualizing:
Die existing Forms belong
to the otherworldliness (a-
spatial, a-temporal)
A General Understanding of Information
Observer
18. Plato and Signal Theory
• From the viewpoint of the modern signal
theory (Digital Transmission): Ideal of
transparence
18
Si
{S1, S2,… SN}
Noise
Si’ Compared with
{S1, S2,… SN}
Si
A General Understanding of Information
19. (b) Aristotle
• Form: embrace the essential properties of a
thing
• Matter: embrace the potential changes
• Every thing has its own form, its own essence,
which correspond to its being.
• The reality of a thing relates to its details, its
differences (dish in Plato and Aristotle)
• There is a general being, which corresponds to
the being of the species. One can inductively
recognize them by observation.
19A General Understanding of Information
20. (c) Information concept (Middle ages)
20
Augustine of Hippo (IV c.): „Credo ut intellego“
Anselm (XIc.): „Fidens quarens intellectum“
endeavor towards understanding
Aquinas (XIIIc.): Reality is understandable
Hermeneutic: Interpretation Activity, Imagination Ability
God Belief
RevelationTruth
Requirement:
Noiseless
channels
A General Understanding of Information
21. (d) Information concept
(Modernity)
• Reformation and Enlightenment (XV-XVIII c.) received
the clarity and transparence of Augustine (transparency
≈ unmediated, no distance)
• Physics (XVII c.-) of that time (until 19.Century) had
control over space, but not over time:
“Absolute, true, and mathematical time, of itself, and from its own
nature, flows equably without relation to anything external.”
(Newton, Scholia to the definitions in PN-Principia Mathematica, Bk. 1, 1689)
• Time was left free to philosophy, where it was not
considered as an independent concept, but as something
inherent to processes (Leibniz, Kant, Heidegger,
Bergson).
21A General Understanding of Information
22. Ancient Telecommunication
22
Polybios (2nd Century BC)
Hellenic optical telegraphy
(Tower system)
Sextus Julius Africanus (3rd C. AD)
Roman optical telegraphy
(Tower system)
23. (e) Modern Telecommunication
• The most important difference between early
and modern telecommunication (since XIX c.)
concerns transmission speed.
• Until end of the XIXth c. Information-
Transmission was understood as an immediate
event:
– The time of the transmission process disappears.
– The mediating space correspondingly disappears,
– One can only speak of the process of the E. and R.,
which must be synchronized.
23A General Understanding of Information
24. (f) XIX C. Physics
• Late 19th Century Physics (e.g. Maxwell)
understood the being of time as attached
to processes:
– Entropy represents the irreversibility of
processes (Time: inevitable and
unidirectional run of the processes)
– Physics of fields understood Processes in
Space & Time > Change in the understanding
of EM transmission
24A General Understanding of Information
25. (g) Mathematical Theory of
Communication (Shannon)
25
Emitter Coder ReceptorDecoder
Original
message Codified
Message
Decoded
message
Noise
Channel
Noiseless Channels
(magische Kanale)
This viewpoint (and alongside the oblivion of space) have many consequences in
the actual game of the globalization:
1. It technically enables the run of the economical processes at the international
level.
2. It technically enables the hiding of power relations.
3. Instead of facilitating social achievements, the power constellation (economical
domination) can easily reconfigure the network of economic agency.
A General Understanding of Information
26. (h) Computer technique and
Cybernetics, 20th C.
26
1940s Pioneering work of Alan TURING, J. VON NEUMANN
1950s Machine-model of neuronal systems (McCULLOCH et al.):
Connectionism
40s-60s First Cybernetics (N. WIENER, R. ASHBY) and System Theory
(L. von BERTALANFFY, CHURCHMANN…)
60s-70s Artificial intelligence (NEWELL, SIMON, MINSKY): Symbol
Processing (e.g. LISP) > MACKAY
60s-80s Codification and Pattern recognition (KOLMOGOROV,
SOLOMONOFF, CHAITIN): Theory of complexity and
Algorithmic Information Theory
1970s- Second Cybernetics (MATURANA, VARELA, van FOSTER)
and complexity theory (PRIAGOGINE, MORIN, ZIMMERMANN)
A General Understanding of Information
27. I.2 Aspects of a general
understanding of information
• Semiotic: Theory of signs and symbols (Morris, 1938)
– The Syntax concerns the occurrence of individual information
units and their mutual relations.
– The Semantic concerns the meaning of information units and
their mutual relations.
– The Pragmatic concerns the effect of information units and
their mutual relations.
A complete understanding of information unfolds in the
dimensions: Syntax, Semantic and Pragmatic
27A General Understanding of Information
28. I.2 Aspects of a general
understanding of information
• Timely aspects of information (Weizsäcker):
– Actual: already present and effected information
– Potential: the possibility to obtain actual information.
Namely, the difference between past and future is grasped by
the information concept.
Actual information exists factually, whereas potential
information exists only in relation to possibilities.
Therefore Actual Information can be regarded ontologically,
whereas Potential Information is intrinsically relational.
28A General Understanding of Information
29. (I.2.a) Example: information measurement
through unveiling a card
29
32 Cards: 8 cards / type (clubs, spades, hearts and diamonds)
1-8 Clubs 1-8 Spades 1-8 Hearts 1-8 Diamonds
Mínimal # of questions –in average- for yes/no answers
Q1: Black?
A1: No
Q2: Heart ?
A2: No
Q3: > 4?
A3: No
Q4: > 2?
A4: Yes
Q5: 4?
A5: Yes
A General Understanding of Information
30. I.2(a) Syntax and Probability
I = ld (N=No. choices) = - ld (1/N) = - ld p = - log2 p
Extensive measure:
I-Content of a dual system: I(cont) = I(1) + I(2)
• Probability & potential syntactic information
are equivalent concepts for the quantification
of possibilities.
• The concept of probability can be regarded as
a sub-concept of a general information
concept.
30A General Understanding of Information
31. I.2(b) Semantic and Pragmatic
• The necessary entanglement of semantic and pragmatic
aspects of information within semantic-pragmatics
offers the possibility to an objectification of semantics.
• Context always presuppose context, Inf. always
presuppose Inf.
• Information exists only relative with respect to a
difference between 2 semantic levels.
• The philosophical key issues in the research of the I-
concept concern the epistemological and ontological
aspects. Both questions are actually interdependent.
31A General Understanding of Information
32. I.3 Telecommunication
Information theory
• Shannon’s Information-Entropy
Ii = - log2(pi)
P={1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/8 }; Dice
p1=p; p2=(1-p)
• Codification theory
In order to transmit the maximal amount of
information content in the minimal time:
Redundancy-free Source (Morse, 4 symbols ex.)
Huffman method: Lk~Ik
32A General Understanding of Information
33. I.3. Telecommunication
Information theory
• Firstness (Erstmäligkeit) and Confirmation
“The word information, in this theory, is used in a special sense
that must not be confused with its ordinary usage. In particular,
information must not be confused with meaning… In fact, two
messages, one of which is heavily loaded with meaning and the
other of which is pure nonsense, can be exactly equivalent, from
the present viewpoint, as regards information... In the theory of
communication, information relates no so much to what is said but
to what could be said. information is a measure of the freedom of
choice communicators have when they select a message.” (Weaver)
The telecommunication I-Theory treats Information
under syntactical aspects
33A General Understanding of Information
34. I.3 Telecommunication
Information theory
Is there information without confirmation?
– Phenomenon, manifestation underlying reality
– Perception, stating that something is the case requires
confirmation
– A confirmed phenomenon provides no information
34
Information
Confirmation (Redundancy)
Firstness (Novelty)
0 11/2
1 0
Shannon (MTC)
Pragmatic-semantics
A General Understanding of Information
35. I.4 Semantical approach to
Information
GDI (data + meaning)
σ is an instance of information (understood as semantic information)
if and only if
1) σ consists of n data, for n≥1
2) The data are well formed
3) The wellformed data are meaningful
Dd datum
x being distinct from y, where x and y are two uninterpreted
variables and the relation of being distinct as well as the domain
are left open to further interpretation.
35A General Understanding of Information
36. I.4 Semantic approach to
Information
Environmental information
2 systems a & b coupled in such a way that a’s being F is correlated
to b being G, then carrying the information for the observer of a the
Information that b is G.
Factual semantic information
p qualifies as factual semantic information if and only if p is
(constituited by) well-formed, meaningful and veridical data
36A General Understanding of Information
37. I.4 Algorithmic Information
Theory
• The algorithmic information content is a measure of
the syntactical diversity or complexity
• The very shortest description: Ialg(s)=L(pmins)
• Differences with the shannonian concept:
1. Syntactic vs. Minimal complexity as usage of that semantic providing
a minimal syntactic effort.
2. Potential vs. Actual Information
3. Objective vs. Relative quantitative concept: Complexity in relation
to regularities that are readable from a selected semantic space.
• The algorithmic I-content measures actual I. under both
syntactic and semantic aspects. It represents no absolute
quantity but a relative one.
• It is not computable, i.e. it is related to subjects.
37A General Understanding of Information
38. I.5 The information concept in
the sciences
• System theory (Bertalanffy, Wiener)
• S.S. (Luhmann), B.S. (Maturana u. Varela)
• Th. of open systems (Weizsäcker)
• Linguistics (Chomsky, Eco)
• Economy (N. Georgercu-Roegen)
38A General Understanding of Information
39. I.5 The information concept in
the sciences
39A General Understanding of Information
40. I.5 The information concept in
the sciences
40
Objective or subjective?
Ontological category
independent
Relational
concept,
dependent on:
Subjective
concept
GeneralAbstract Human
Subjectivity or Intencionality
Theory of
Objective
Information
Stonier
Gitt
Ciber-
netics
Wiener
Günther
Algorithmic
Information
Theory
Solomonoff
Kolmogorov
Chaitin
Structure
and process
Structure and
behaviour,
Evolution
Unified
Theory of
Information
Hoffkirchner
Fleissner
Fenzl
Lazlo
Brier (Cibersemiotics)
Release
mechanism
Karpatschof
(Activity
Theory)
Measu-
rement
General
Theory of
Measure
ment
v. Neuman
Brillouin
Mähler
MTC
Shannon
Weaber
Uncertainty,
probability
Interpretable
and
generating
Objecti-
vised
Seman-
tics
Weizsäcker
Lyre (Quantic T. of Inf.)
Matsuno (Diacronic I.)
Biology
Maturana, Varela
2nd O. Cibernetics
V. Foerster
Cognitive
Dretske
mental Difference
Flückiger
Selfreferent. Sist T.
Luhmann
Cognitive Science
Semantic
Theories of
Information
Bar-Hillel & Carnap
Situational
Barwise, Perry,
Seligman, Israel
Truthfulness
Floridi
Dependent of
Relevance
Decision T.
Racionality T.
Inf. Hermeneutics
Capurro
Intersubj. Knowledge
Oeser
A General Understanding of Information
41. 41
Syntactical
How is it expressed?
MTC (Shannon,
Weaver)
Semantic
What does it represent? Is it true?
Pragmatic
What value does it have?
Quantum Theory of Information
and Measurement (Lyre,
Mahler…)
Holographic Universe
(Bekenstein)
Syntactical
How is it expressed?
Logical empiricism (Bar-Hillel,
Carnap)
Cognitive constructivism
(Dretske)
Situational semantics (Barwise, Perry,
Seligman…)
Algorithmic Information Theory (Solomonoff, Kolmogorof, Chaitin)
Objectivised semantics (Weizsäcker, Lyre) Theory of Objective Information (Stonier, Gitt)
Unified Theory of Information (Hoffkirchener, Fleissner, Fenzl, Lazlo, Brier,…)
Fuzzy semantics (Zadeh,
Pérez-Amat…)
Theory of Self-referential Systems (Luhmann)
Aesthetic Theory of Information (Bense,
Moles)
Theory of purpose-oriented action (Janich)
Activity Theory (Karpatschof)Activity Theory (Karpatschof)
A General Understanding of Information
I.5 The information concept in
the sciences
42. II. Information in the physics
Inf. is still not a physical concept as E, M, S, T
But may it become a Central concept?
1. Thermodynamics
Principles (1., 2., 3.)
2. Field theory
Appearance and Perception
3. Quantum theory
Measurement theory
4. Space-time Theory
Relativity theory, Quantum Gravity
42A General Understanding of Information
43. II.1 Thermodynamics
1. Entropy and 2nd Principle
– (1., 2., 3.) Principles
dS = Qrev/T, dS 0 Qirr irreversible Processes
– BOLTZMANN, MAXWELL, GIBBS: phenomenologic-
macroscopic Th. microscopic-mechanical
– BOLTZMANN (1896): Entropy as quantitative concept:
S = –kBlnp S = –kBpilnpi
Information entropy and thermodynamic entropy are formal
identical. Both quantities are equal, if one considers Entropy as
potential Information, as quantity of the number of possible micro-
states in a macro-state.
43A General Understanding of Information
44. II.1 Thermodynamics
2. Maxwell’s Daemon
44
The molecules have the same
average speed
different average speed
A General Understanding of Information
45. II.2 Field theory (natural limits of information)
45
φύσις κρύπτεσθαι φιλεῖ
«Nature loves to hide»
Heraclitus of Ephesus
S
Observed reality
(Object)
Observer
(Subject)
D
Bounding surface
Arbitrary
complexity
2
2
2
2 ,1
,
t
t
v
t
rΨ
rΨ
Structure of the phenomenon
A General Understanding of Information
46. 46
),,,,(
),,,,(
wo
11
11
11
nnnMM
nnn
n
N
n
n
N
n
MM zyxvuG
zyxvuG
ψψΨ fTnn ff
Phenomena (manifestation)
Wavefunction
Complexity of the phenomenon (manifestation)? =
Conveyed information?
1) The details are regularly distributed (~λ/2)
2) The highest gathered information does not depend
on the accuracy of the observation but on the
dimension of the ψ ( a2)
3) There’s only a univocal solution for a discrete
projection over a given bounding surface.
Bounding surface
(Huygens Principle)
Source:
(Real or predicted equivalent)
A General Understanding of Information
II.2 Field theory (natural limits of information)
47. 47
z
x y
a
Observation domain
Domain of
prediction
E
E
Domain of prediction
OBS
OBS
d Ψ
Ψ
,min/
][
Projection
1
Projection
fT
TTTf
f
Domain of observation
Arbitrary
structure
Polyedron of
projection
1) The field of an arbitrary structure is computed
on an observed domain.
2) From this „observation“ a projection over the
perfect polyhedron is determined.
3) The field of both the original structure and the
projected in the prediction domain are equal.
Uniqueness solution for the selected projection distribution
Trans-Operator: f → ψ
A General Understanding of Information
II.2 Field theory (natural limits of information)
48. 48
Projection-Operator: ψ → s
Trans-Operator: s → ψ
A General Understanding of Information
II.2 Field theory (natural limits of information)
49. 49
It is possible to speak of potential and actual (Weizsäcker)
II.3 Quantum theory (Limits of information)
Zeit
A General Understanding of Information
50. 50
(II. Appendix) Perception: Consequences of
the physical limits in the human perception
a) regular hole or irregular coloured
protuberance
b) irregular protuberance or regular
coloured hole
A General Understanding of Information
• The preferred perceptions tend to be those corresponding
to the simplest configurations (Ockam’s razor)
52. 52
Solution of ambiguities
f
N
, Ψ1
N
... ΨN
N
Initial hypothesis
G2
-1
G1
-1
G2G1
Ob{
k
1Ψ }
},{
1kk
d ss
K{
k
s }Ob{
k
2Ψ } Ob{
k
3Ψ } Ob{
k
NΨ }
G3
-1
G 3
GN
-1
G N
● ● ●
(II. Appendix) Perception
A General Understanding of Information
53. III. Information in Biology
The actual decoding of human genome brings in
biology the information theoretical aspects to the
fore
1. Genetics
Theory of heritage, Molecular-biology
2. Evolution theory
Appearance and Perception
53A General Understanding of Information
54. III.0 Historical remarks
Darwin: “tiny germs” / mutations
Galton: „lineages“ (used in ontogenesis)
Mendel (1856): a carrier for every individual
character
Correns, Tschermark, and de Vries
rediscover the heritage theory, Molecular biology
Miescher (1869): nucleotide of cell kernel (DNA).
Müller (1925, Mutations of Drosophila)
Bateson: “Genetics“, Johannensen: “Gen“
54A General Understanding of Information
55. III.0 Historical remarks
Avery (1944): Transformations as f(DNA)
Hershey and Chase: experiment with bacteriophagus
Schrödiger (1944): „a-periodical crystal“
Watson and Crick: Nature of the DNA Molecule
Not the chemistry of the DNA but the molecular structure:
Information theoretical paradigm
55A General Understanding of Information
56. III.1 Genetics
• Central dogma of the molecular biology
• 4 Bases:
(A) Adenine, (G) Guanine, (T) Thymine, (C) Cytosine
• Chargaff’s rules: {A & T}, {G & C} equivalent molar amounts
The DNA heritage-molecule represents in its nucleotide-
structure a genetic code –i.e. syntactical information- for the
production of RNA and Proteins.
56
DNA RNA Polypeptid
Transcription Translation
Since discovery
of Retrovieren
Replication
A General Understanding of Information
57. IV. Information throughout the ladder of
complexity
Progressive Perspective (Emergence)
“The force, through which the development of the
individual occurs, is the same force, through
which different organizations at the earth come
into existence.” (Kielmayer, c. 1790)
Regressive Perspective (computing the origins)
“What we call nature is a poetry enclosed within a
secrete enigmatic writing. If the enigma were
unveiled, we would recognize the spirit’s Odyssey.”
(Schelling, STI, 1800)
57
Purpose:
1. Understanding the emergence of new beings within the world
2. Understanding cosmological and epistemological evolution as
computation
A General Understanding of Information
58. IV. 2. Understanding emergence
Does Emergence exists as something new in nature?
58
• Emergence can be understood as the “real” consequence of
agents’ actions on its own level (Zimmermann & Díaz 2012; Díaz &
Zimmermann 2012, 2013)
• Agents can be generalized by extending S. Kauffman’s idea of
autonomous agency as systems capable to perform
thermodynamic cycles (from pre-geometry, to physics, to chemistry,
to biology, to conscious life, to sociality)
• Ontological irreducibility with respect to the parts constituting the
agency: formation of new classicity, which in turn is related to the
rules of interaction/organization (“new order of existence with its
spatial laws of behavior”, Alexander 1920)
A General Understanding of Information
59. 59
• It properly requires rephrasing the philosophical concepts of choice
(from an (un)determined set of possibilities), meaning (related to
the sense of beings, ontological disposition of a real being) and
normalization (as combined effect of a critical mass of interacting
parts) throughout the ladder of complexity.
• The fundamental attributes of Energy, Matter and Information,
Structure need also be reviewed as fundamental elements for the
constitution and evolution of systems.
Potentiality
Energy
Information
Actuality
Matter
Structure
IV. 1. Understanding emergence
Does Emergence exists as something new in nature?
A General Understanding of Information
60. IV.1. Understanding emergence
Does Emergence transcend classical models of computation?
60
• Classical computation model is restricted by Turing’s halting
theorem bzw. Gödel incompleteness (Chaitin), thus it represents a
case of systemic closure, which is indeed needed for the
constitution of an effective agency (for instance, Kuhn’s normal
science). Hence it properly models closure.
• Emergence can be visualized as the need to overcome the
limitations of an algorithmic closure referred to the relations
governing the system, which in turn can be mapped into Turing
machines as long as they are in normal operation.
A General Understanding of Information
61. 61
• What computation model can better represent real emergence?
i. Quantum computation (Zizzi 2005)
ii. Cellular automata (Wolfram 2002)
iii. Computational ecologies (Mainzer 2004), etc.
• In the human: perception, scientific discovery, etc. requires
creative abductions which represent a most distant case to
classical computing: epistemological emergences.
• How can we rephrase the relation between physics-aesthetics-
ethics?
Physics
Aesthetics
Ethics
IV.1. Understanding emergence
Does Emergence transcend classical models of computation?
A General Understanding of Information
62. IV.1. Understanding emergence
Autonomous and fundamental agents
62
We have rephrase the problem in terms of proper agency
1) Generalized Autonomous Agent (S. Kauffman 2000, 2006): system
able to achieve a new closure in a given space of catalytic and work
tasks propagating work out of non-equilibrium states and playing
natural games according to constraints of its environment.
2) For enabling a systematic view of the universe: the fragmented vision
of quantum- and relativistic physics has to be overcome. Thus we set
off from the level of pre-geometry described in terms of spin networks
(R. Penrose) and the related developments of quantum gravity.
• Good candidate: L. Kauffman’s knot theory visualize spin networks as
knots acting on knots to create knots in rich coupled cycles (metabolisms)
• Braunstein-Gosh-Severi (SVR) entropy allows to put forward generalized
conditions of autonomous agency in the sense of S. Kauffman.
A General Understanding of Information
63. IV.1. Understanding emergence
Agent’s dynamics
63
3) Agency dynamics: mapped through game theoretical applications (Szabó &
Fáth 2007); Evolutionary system dynamics: mapped through category theory
(Zimmermann 2011). Utilizing the “skeleton-of-the-universe-view”
(Zimmermann 2004), we can set off from the fundamental level of quantum
gravity: inserting steps of a hierarchy of complexity into the functor diagram
from topological quantum field theory:
4) Fundamental attributes of the universe
Potentiality
ENERGY: to perform work
INFORMATION: to select/utilize
work in the benefit of the
organization of the system
Actuality
MATTER: actualized (stabilized)
energy
STRUCTURE: actualization of the
organization potential
A General Understanding of Information
64. 64
IV.2. Generalizing the concept of information
Generalized 2nd principle of thermodynamics:
entropy/information of a closed system increases
(Potential) information: what the observer ignores about a situation
(Boltzmann) Entropy: what the observer ignores about the
microscopic constitution of a system
Example: steam engine
this is a non-self-organizing
systems working for itself,
but for another system
INFORMATION as potentiality for
building constraints and affordances
that enable propagating work.
A General Understanding of Information
65. 65
IV.3. The Progressive Perspective:
From Spin Networks to Social Networks
A General Understanding of Information
66. 66
IV.3. The Progressive Perspective:
The Odyssey of Autonomous Agency
Step 0: spin networks
A General Understanding of Information
67. 67
Step 1: Elementary particles (proton: stable combination of quarks…)
Step 2: Atoms and Molecules
IV.3. The Progressive Perspective:
The Odyssey of Autonomous Agency
A General Understanding of Information
68. 68
Step 3: Starts and Planetary Systems
IV.3. The Progressive Perspective:
The Odyssey of Autonomous Agency
A General Understanding of Information
69. 69
Step 4: Complex molecular structures and living beings (proton channels)
IV.3. The Progressive Perspective:
The Odyssey of Autonomous Agency
A General Understanding of Information
70. 70
INFORMATION as potentiality for building constraints and affordances that
enable propagating work
Step 5: The emergence of seeing (Euglenoid cell)
IV.3. The Progressive Perspective:
The Odyssey of Autonomous Agency
A General Understanding of Information
71. IV.4. The Regressive Perspective:
Acknowledging the World
71
In Cognitive and social contexts, we deal with agents who have self-
reflection and try to reconstruct objective situations from essentially
limited information (Díaz 2011). Basic level: animal perception.
• We introduce: hermeneutical agency (HA), defined in terms of observation-
interpretation cycles (“sensing reality” – Zubiri).
• The HA can be visualized in thermodynamic terms: abductions as reduction of
(apparent) representation complexity (neg-entropy) or increase in the
probability of interpretation with respect to given constraints (maximal
likelihood). Semantics as interpretation tools, which evolves from the very
sense of the being (means to reproducing itself, and to evolving); from
objective- to reflective- response.
• Semantics are only relatively closed. Openness becomes clear when an
epistemic emergence is needed, rooted on ontological constraints (Levy-
Strauss).
A General Understanding of Information
72. IV.4. The Regressive Perspective:
The problem of seeing
72A General Understanding of Information
73. 73
IV.4. The Regressive Perspective:
Animal vision
Additional constraints of vertebrate vision:
A General Understanding of Information
74. 74
a) b)
IV.4. The Regressive Perspective:
Animal vision
A General Understanding of Information
75. IV.4. The Regressive Perspective:
Physical limits of seeing
75
Hence, seeing is necessarily Hermeneutical
• We need sensing reality (information/data)
• We need organising sensing (theories/computing)
A General Understanding of Information
76. 76
IV.4. The Regressive Perspective:
Hermeneutical agency (computational mapping)
s
N
, Ψ1
N
... ΨN
N
Initial hypothesis
G2
-1
G1
-1
G2G1
Ob{ k
1Ψ }
},{
1kk
d ss
K{ k
s }Ob{ k
2Ψ } Ob{ k
3Ψ } Ob{ k
NΨ }
G3
-1
G 3
GN
-1
G N
● ● ●
Application of
observations
(corresponding to
manifestation of
modality 1, 2,.. )
Gi : allows to derive the
manifestation of modality i from an
interpretation of the object, s.
Gi -1
: allows to make an
interpretation of the object s
consistent with observation i
Truthfulness criterion
Iteration
Interpretation output
A General Understanding of Information
77. 77
Conclusive remark concerning
Information and Emergence
• By using the given conceptualization of the fundamental attributes
(E, M, I, S) emergence can be mapped from the pre-geometrical
level to the social one;
• It requires at the fundamental level an unified perspective
(quantum gravity)
• The emergence is visualized as consequence of agent’s action at
its own level causing new classicities (space-time, forces,
particles, molecules, organisms, humans, societies), related to the
rules of interaction/organization.
• Hermeneutical agency requires rephrasing the relation between
physics, ethics and aesthetics (normalization, meaning, choice).
A General Understanding of Information