Afghanistan is a mountainous, landlocked country located in Central Asia with a population of approximately 32 million people. It has a long history dating back over 5,000 years and is home to several major ethnic groups including Pashtoons, Tajiks, Hazaras, and Uzbeks. While most Afghans are Muslim, there are also small religious minorities. The country adopted a new constitution in 2004 establishing it as an Islamic Republic with an elected president, vice presidents, and a bicameral national assembly.

1. General Information About Afghanistan
Afghanistan: An Introduction
by Abdullah Qazi
Afghanistan, (which literally means Land of the Afghan) is a mountainous land-locked country located in
Central Asia. It has a history and culture that goes back over 5000 years. Throughout its long, splendid, an
sometimes chaotic history, this area of the world has been known by various names. In ancient times, its
inhabitants called the land Aryana. In the medieval era, it was called Khorasan, and in modern times, its pe
have decided to call it Afghanistan. The exact population of Afghanistan is unknown, however, it is estima
to be somewhere close to 32 million.
Afghanistan is a heterogeneous nation, in which there are four major ethnic groups: Pashtoons, Tajiks,
Hazaras, and Uzbeks. Numerous other minor ethnic groups (Nuristanis, Baluchis, Turkmens, etc.) also call
Afghanistan their home. While the majority of Afghans (99%) belong to the Islamic faith, there are also sm
pockets of Sikhs, Hindus and even some Jews. The official languages of the country are Pashto and Dari
(Afghan Persian aka Farsi). The capital of Afghanistan is Kabul, which throughout history, was admired b
many great figures, such as the great Central Asian conqueror, Zahirudeen Babur. Unfortunately, due to m
years of war, this great city has been shattered and nearly destroyed.
Today, Afghanistan is on a road to recovery, however, after decades of war, the economy is still in ruins, a
its environment is in a state of crises. After pushing the date back twice, Afghanistan's presidential election
were finally held on October 9, 2004. Over 8 million Afghans voted in the elections. The Joint Electoral
Management Body of Afghanistan certified the elections on November 3rd, and declared Hamid Karzai, th
interim President, the winner with 55.4% of the votes. Karzai's strongest challenger, Yunis Qanooni, came
second with 16.3% of the votes.
With help from the United States and the United Nations, Afghanistan adopted its new constitution,
establishing the country as an Islamic Republic, in early January 2004. According to the constitution, the
Afghan government consists of a powerful and popularly elected President, two Vice Presidents, and a
National Assembly consisting of two Houses: the House of People (Wolesi Jirga), and the House of Elders
(Meshrano Jirga). There is also an independent Judiciary branch consisting of the Supreme Court (Stera
Mahkama), High Courts and Appeal Courts. The President appoints the members of the Supreme Court wi
the approval of the Wolesi Jirga. Assembly elections were held in late 2005.