This document describes a novel device called the "Galleria Grabber" for restraining waxworm larvae during injection while minimizing the risk of accidental needle stick injuries to operators. The device uses a folded kitchen sponge and bulldog clip to securely hold individual larvae during injection of pathogens or other substances. An experiment showed that larvae injected with the device had similar survival rates to manual injection, but the device allows for faster, safer injection. The device could help protect researchers working with dangerous pathogens.
IN VITRO LARVICIDAL ACTIVITY OF NAPHTHOQUINONES AGAINST DENGUE VECTOR AEDES
AEGYPTI (LINNAEUS, 1762) (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE).
*Patil S.S. (Kadadi), **Chakote Smita and #Dama L.B., #Pathan A. V., #Kulkarni P.S. and #Mushan L. C.
Prevalence of Moraxella ovis Infection in Goats under the Ladang Angkat Progr...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Antischistosomal activity of Mirazid in experimental schistosomiasis mansoni:...Mohammad Aziz
- The study evaluated the antischistosomal activity of Mirazid (MZD) in mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni.
- Mice treated with MZD at 500 mg/kg for 5 days showed a reduction in fecal egg counts of 69.6% and worm burden of 72% compared to the control group at 4 weeks post-treatment.
- MZD also significantly reduced tissue egg counts in the intestine and liver at 2 and 4 weeks post-treatment compared to the control group.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This study analyzed burn wound swabs collected from 187 hospitalized patients over 3 years to identify aerobic bacterial pathogens and their antibiotic resistance patterns. The most common isolate was Pseudomonas aeruginosa (49.4% of isolates), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (22.2%) and various Enterobacteriaceae species. P. aeruginosa demonstrated high resistance to many commonly used antibiotics but was most susceptible to piperacillin/tazobactam and imipenem. 59% of S. aureus isolates were methicillin-resistant but all were susceptible to vancomycin and linezolid. The high prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria indicates a need for improved infection control and empiric antibiotic strategies tailored to
This document describes a study that evaluated the effectiveness of sarafloxacin in controlling experimental colisepticaemia (E. coli infection) in broiler chickens. In the study, 150 broiler chicks were divided into 3 groups: 1) challenged with E. coli but not treated, 2) challenged with E. coli and treated with sarafloxacin, 3) unchallenged and untreated control. The results showed that sarafloxacin treatment significantly improved chicken performance, decreased morbidity/mortality, and reduced E. coli re-isolation compared to the untreated infected group. The study concluded that sarafloxacin administered at 5 mg/kg body weight for 3 days through drinking water is effective for
Study of Bacterial Isolates and their Susceptibility Pattern in Chronic Suppu...iosrjce
This study examined bacterial isolates and antibiotic susceptibility patterns in 120 patients with chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) in Iraq. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most commonly isolated bacteria (37.5%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (20.83%) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (16.67%). Ciprofloxacin and ceftazidime were the most effective antibiotics, with high resistance to trimethoprim, carbenicillin, lincomycin and erythromycin. Understanding local bacterial causes and antibiotic susceptibility is important for guiding treatment of CSOM.
This study investigated the effects of Toxocara canis infection, with and without red light exposure, on melatonin hormone and cytokine (IL-1β and IL-6) levels in the peripheral blood of albino rats. Rats were divided into five groups: control negative, control positive, red light negative, red light positive, and positive blindness. Blood was collected at various time points and analyzed for melatonin, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels. The study found significant differences in melatonin levels between groups and over time with T. canis infection and red light exposure. IL-1β levels did not significantly differ over time but were significantly lower in infected groups compared
IN VITRO LARVICIDAL ACTIVITY OF NAPHTHOQUINONES AGAINST DENGUE VECTOR AEDES
AEGYPTI (LINNAEUS, 1762) (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE).
*Patil S.S. (Kadadi), **Chakote Smita and #Dama L.B., #Pathan A. V., #Kulkarni P.S. and #Mushan L. C.
Prevalence of Moraxella ovis Infection in Goats under the Ladang Angkat Progr...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Antischistosomal activity of Mirazid in experimental schistosomiasis mansoni:...Mohammad Aziz
- The study evaluated the antischistosomal activity of Mirazid (MZD) in mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni.
- Mice treated with MZD at 500 mg/kg for 5 days showed a reduction in fecal egg counts of 69.6% and worm burden of 72% compared to the control group at 4 weeks post-treatment.
- MZD also significantly reduced tissue egg counts in the intestine and liver at 2 and 4 weeks post-treatment compared to the control group.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This study analyzed burn wound swabs collected from 187 hospitalized patients over 3 years to identify aerobic bacterial pathogens and their antibiotic resistance patterns. The most common isolate was Pseudomonas aeruginosa (49.4% of isolates), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (22.2%) and various Enterobacteriaceae species. P. aeruginosa demonstrated high resistance to many commonly used antibiotics but was most susceptible to piperacillin/tazobactam and imipenem. 59% of S. aureus isolates were methicillin-resistant but all were susceptible to vancomycin and linezolid. The high prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria indicates a need for improved infection control and empiric antibiotic strategies tailored to
This document describes a study that evaluated the effectiveness of sarafloxacin in controlling experimental colisepticaemia (E. coli infection) in broiler chickens. In the study, 150 broiler chicks were divided into 3 groups: 1) challenged with E. coli but not treated, 2) challenged with E. coli and treated with sarafloxacin, 3) unchallenged and untreated control. The results showed that sarafloxacin treatment significantly improved chicken performance, decreased morbidity/mortality, and reduced E. coli re-isolation compared to the untreated infected group. The study concluded that sarafloxacin administered at 5 mg/kg body weight for 3 days through drinking water is effective for
Study of Bacterial Isolates and their Susceptibility Pattern in Chronic Suppu...iosrjce
This study examined bacterial isolates and antibiotic susceptibility patterns in 120 patients with chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) in Iraq. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most commonly isolated bacteria (37.5%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (20.83%) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (16.67%). Ciprofloxacin and ceftazidime were the most effective antibiotics, with high resistance to trimethoprim, carbenicillin, lincomycin and erythromycin. Understanding local bacterial causes and antibiotic susceptibility is important for guiding treatment of CSOM.
This study investigated the effects of Toxocara canis infection, with and without red light exposure, on melatonin hormone and cytokine (IL-1β and IL-6) levels in the peripheral blood of albino rats. Rats were divided into five groups: control negative, control positive, red light negative, red light positive, and positive blindness. Blood was collected at various time points and analyzed for melatonin, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels. The study found significant differences in melatonin levels between groups and over time with T. canis infection and red light exposure. IL-1β levels did not significantly differ over time but were significantly lower in infected groups compared
The Sensitivity Of 99mTc-Ciprofloxacin (Infecton) Scintigraphy Imaging To Det...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
The Prevalence of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa on Recommended Glasses of Selected V...paperpublications3
Abstract: This study was carried out to assessed the prevalence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on the recommended glasses of selected volunteers in Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital Sagamu Campus. A cross-sectional survey of 100 selected volunteers comprises 43males and 57 females were examined. A total of 30 (30%) were found to have Pseudomonas aeruginosa on their contact lenses, of which 13(43.3%) of the isolates were pigmented and 17(56.7%) were non pigmented isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Eighty percent (80%) of the isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, 63% to ceftazidime while 50% were susceptible to ofloxacin. The isolates were totally resistant to augmentin and ampicillin, while 97% resistant to gentamicin and 70% resistant ton nitrofurantoin were recorded in this study. Thus, ciprofloxacin and ceftazidime could be recommended for the management of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on contact lenses.
This document presents a mathematical model to eliminate malaria transmission by breaking the life cycle of Anopheles mosquitoes. The model introduces two natural enemies - copepods to prey on mosquito larvae and tadpoles to prey on pupae. Differential equations were derived to model the growth of each mosquito life stage from egg to adult when under attack by these predators. Stability analysis of the disease-free equilibrium was conducted using equilibrium points, Beltrami's conditions, and Diekmann's conditions. The results indicate that introducing copepods and tadpoles makes the disease-free equilibrium stable, meaning the mosquito life cycle would be broken and no adult mosquitoes emerge to transmit malaria.
This document presents a mathematical model for dengue transmission that incorporates the release of Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes and human vaccination. The model divides the mosquito and human populations into compartments and uses differential equations to describe changes in each compartment over time. Stability analysis shows that the basic reproduction number determines the stability of disease-free and endemic equilibria. Sensitivity analysis finds that transmission probabilities from mosquitoes to humans are positively correlated with and sensitive to the basic reproduction number. An optimal control problem is formulated and analyzed numerically to determine the most cost-effective integrated strategy among vaccination, mosquito nets, improved treatment, and insecticide spraying.
A New Device For Auto-Disseminating Entomopathogenic Fungi Against Popillia J...Jeff Brooks
This document summarizes a study that tested the effectiveness of an "attract-infect-release" device for disseminating the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium brunneum against the invasive Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica). The device attracted beetles using a lure and exposed them to one of two M. brunneum products (GranMet® or Met52®). Beetles spent an average of 3 minutes in the device. Laboratory tests found no significant differences in the number or viability of conidia carried by exposed beetles. Horizontal transmission experiments showed 100% mortality from GranMet® by day 19, compared to 30-65% for Met52®, indicating
Designing a Trap to Attract and Capture Kissing RevisionAnaliese Wenger
This study attempted to design an effective trap to capture kissing bugs, which transmit Chagas disease, in Jalisco, Mexico. The trap design utilized both CO2 emitted by yeast and LED lights, which previous studies found attractive to kissing bugs. No kissing bugs were captured in the novel trap designs over three nights of testing. Some traps were modified to widen the openings after one bug had difficulty entering. More kissing bugs were captured in pitfall traps placed nearby, suggesting these traps better reflect the bugs' natural behaviors. The trap design may need alterations to effectively capture kissing bugs for future surveys.
This document discusses infection control in oral and maxillofacial surgery. It begins with an introduction to infection transmission and the historical figures who advanced infection control practices like hand washing and antisepsis. It then covers topics like personal protective equipment, aseptic techniques, sterilization and disinfection methods, instrument handling, and clinical waste disposal that are important for preventing nosocomial infections during surgical procedures when the body's defenses are breached. The overall goal of the presentation is to discuss the objectives and various aspects of maintaining proper infection control in oral and maxillofacial surgical settings.
Bacteriological and Mycological Profile of Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media I...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of staphylococcus aureus in ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus in clinical samples. 155 clinical samples were tested and 28 samples were found to contain S. aureus. High vaginal swabs had the highest prevalence. The isolates showed high sensitivity to gentamicin, azithromycin, and pefloxacin. Resistance was observed to cotrimoxazole, amoxicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, cefuroxime and cephalexin. Regular surveillance of antibiotic susceptibility is needed to guide treatment of S. aureus infections.
The Biological Control of Pests Research Unit (BCPRU) conducts research on developing biological and environmentally-friendly pest management methods. It works on mass production and delivery of beneficial organisms, as well as classical biocontrol of invasive pests. Current research includes rearing economically important insect species, identifying compounds for invasive ant control, and using pathogens to manage invasive plants. The BCPRU is working to improve mass production methods for predatory mites and ladybird beetles to control spider mites and aphids. It is also studying the social immunity of fire ants to identify better biological control agents, and developing methods to microencapsulate the fungus Trichoderma for controlling insect pests.
Panozzo & Oh 2015_Evaluation of a dry powder delivery system for lani in a fe...Ding Y Oh
1) Researchers evaluated a dry powder delivery system for administering laninamivir octanoate (LO) to ferrets using a Dry Powder Insufflator (DPI) to better mimic human inhalation delivery.
2) Characterization showed the DPI could generate a powder cloud containing fine LO particles blended with larger lactose carrier particles.
3) LO delivered via DPI to ferrets before infection with influenza A or B viruses had limited effects on viral shedding, symptoms and nasal inflammation compared to placebo-treated ferrets.
The document summarizes a study that tested a novel antifungal drug (Drug A) in a murine model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Mice were infected with Aspergillus fumigatus and then received various doses of Drug A or a positive control, Posaconazole. The mice were divided into groups for assessing fungal burden or survival. Higher doses of Drug A and Posaconazole reduced fungal counts in the lungs, showing the drug's antifungal activity. However, Drug A unexpectedly increased mouse mortality compared to controls, suggesting it may be toxic. The results point to an experimental error requiring the study to be repeated.
Ensuring successful introduction of Wolbachia in natural populations of Aedes...FGV Brazil
The control of the spread of dengue fever by introduction of the intracellular parasitic bacterium Wolbachia in populations of the vector Aedes aegypti, is presently one of the most promising tools for eliminating dengue, in the absence of an efficient vaccine. The success of this operation requires locally careful planning to determine the adequate number of individuals carrying the wolbachia parasite that need to be introduced into the natural population. The introduced mosquitoes are expected to eventually replace the Wolbachia-free population and guarantee permanent protection against the transmission of dengue to human. In this study, we propose and analyze a model describing the fundamental aspects of the competition between mosquitoes carrying Wolbachia and mosquitoes free of the parasite. We then use feedback control techniques to devise an introduction protocol which is proved to guarantee that the population converges to a stable equilibrium where the totality of mosquitoes carry Wolbachia.
Date: 2015-03-19
Authors:
Bliman, Pierre-Alexandre
Soledad Aronna, Maria
Coelho, Flávio Codeço
Silva, Moacyr da
1) Maggot therapy employs sterile fly larvae to promote wound healing through debridement, disinfection, and stimulation of wound healing.
2) Maggots secrete antibacterial factors that combat wound infections, including potential agents active against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
3) Maggots may enhance wound healing through physical stimulation of tissue, secretion of allantoin and ammonia to increase pH, and stimulation of growth factors involved in proliferation and remodeling of extracellular matrix.
The Effect of Dried Leaves Extract of Hyptis suaveolens on Various Stages of ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document presents a study assessing the clinical efficacy of pyrantel pamoate as the sole anthelminthic treatment for intestinal parasites in dogs at an open admission animal shelter in Pasco County, Florida. Fecal samples were collected from 67 dogs after admission to the shelter and treatment with pyrantel pamoate at 10mg/kg. 58 dogs tested positive for intestinal parasites, indicating a high 86.5% prevalence rate. Pyrantel pamoate completely cleared roundworm infections but had low efficacy against hookworms (12.1% clearance) and no effectiveness against whipworms. Based on these findings, the study concludes that pyrantel pamoate alone is an ineffective treatment protocol for controlling
This study assessed the prevalence of endoparasites in wild rodents captured in Kirimiri Forest, Embu County, Kenya between January and May 2016. A total of 355 rodents from 3 species were captured and examined. The overall endoparasite prevalence was higher in Rattus spp. at 61.67% compared to Mastomys spp. at 59.82% and Hylomyscus spp. at 36.51%. A total of 533 endoparasites from 7 genera were identified. The most prevalent was Asyphalia obvelata at 44.79%. Endoparasite prevalence was higher in male rodents and in areas with tea plantations. The
This document provides an overview of animal models used in periodontal research. It discusses the definition and history of animal models, the need for animal models in periodontal research given limitations of human studies, and various categories and classifications of animal models. The document then examines specific animal models used in periodontal research, including rats, mice, and hamsters, describing their anatomy, how periodontal disease presents in each, and advantages and limitations of each model.
Information document In2Care Mosquito Trap_1 July 2014Jeffrey Weisberg
The document summarizes information about the In2Care Mosquito Trap developed by In2Care BV. The trap is designed to control Aedes mosquitoes that transmit dengue and chikungunya viruses. It uses two bioactive agents - pyriproxyfen, a larvicide, and Beauveria bassiana, a fungus that kills mosquitoes. Pyriproxyfen contaminates female mosquitoes that come into contact with the trap, allowing them to spread the larvicide to other breeding sites as they lay eggs. Studies showed the trap was effective at killing mosquito larvae in surrounding areas. The combination of agents aims to control mosquitoes at multiple life stages in a sustainable way to help reduce mosquit
—Fungal organisms are ubiquitous. A common location for these organisms to enter the human body is through the external acoustic canal, oral cavity, and pharynx and sino-nasal cavity. A study was conducted with clinical and mycological analysis of various fungal infections in ENT. Patients suspected for having fungal infections attending at Department of ENT were interrogated and analysed. Swabs collected from these cases were sent for direct microscopy by KOH mounts for fungal examination and fungal culture. Microbiological confirmed 100 cases were finally included in the study Histopathological examination of nasal mass and polyposis was also done. It was observed in this present study otomycosis was most common and accounted for 84% of the total cases followed by candidiasis in oral cavity and pharynx in 9%, allergic fungal rhinosinusitis in 4% and rhinosporidiosis in 3%. Aspergillus niger was that most common fungus isolated in 61% cases, followed by Candida albicans in 24% cases, Aspergillus flavus in 9% cases, Aspergillus fumigatus and Rhinosporodium seeberi in 3% cases each. All the cases of fungal infection of oral cavity and oropharynx were due to Candida albicans.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
The Sensitivity Of 99mTc-Ciprofloxacin (Infecton) Scintigraphy Imaging To Det...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
The Prevalence of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa on Recommended Glasses of Selected V...paperpublications3
Abstract: This study was carried out to assessed the prevalence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on the recommended glasses of selected volunteers in Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital Sagamu Campus. A cross-sectional survey of 100 selected volunteers comprises 43males and 57 females were examined. A total of 30 (30%) were found to have Pseudomonas aeruginosa on their contact lenses, of which 13(43.3%) of the isolates were pigmented and 17(56.7%) were non pigmented isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Eighty percent (80%) of the isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, 63% to ceftazidime while 50% were susceptible to ofloxacin. The isolates were totally resistant to augmentin and ampicillin, while 97% resistant to gentamicin and 70% resistant ton nitrofurantoin were recorded in this study. Thus, ciprofloxacin and ceftazidime could be recommended for the management of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on contact lenses.
This document presents a mathematical model to eliminate malaria transmission by breaking the life cycle of Anopheles mosquitoes. The model introduces two natural enemies - copepods to prey on mosquito larvae and tadpoles to prey on pupae. Differential equations were derived to model the growth of each mosquito life stage from egg to adult when under attack by these predators. Stability analysis of the disease-free equilibrium was conducted using equilibrium points, Beltrami's conditions, and Diekmann's conditions. The results indicate that introducing copepods and tadpoles makes the disease-free equilibrium stable, meaning the mosquito life cycle would be broken and no adult mosquitoes emerge to transmit malaria.
This document presents a mathematical model for dengue transmission that incorporates the release of Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes and human vaccination. The model divides the mosquito and human populations into compartments and uses differential equations to describe changes in each compartment over time. Stability analysis shows that the basic reproduction number determines the stability of disease-free and endemic equilibria. Sensitivity analysis finds that transmission probabilities from mosquitoes to humans are positively correlated with and sensitive to the basic reproduction number. An optimal control problem is formulated and analyzed numerically to determine the most cost-effective integrated strategy among vaccination, mosquito nets, improved treatment, and insecticide spraying.
A New Device For Auto-Disseminating Entomopathogenic Fungi Against Popillia J...Jeff Brooks
This document summarizes a study that tested the effectiveness of an "attract-infect-release" device for disseminating the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium brunneum against the invasive Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica). The device attracted beetles using a lure and exposed them to one of two M. brunneum products (GranMet® or Met52®). Beetles spent an average of 3 minutes in the device. Laboratory tests found no significant differences in the number or viability of conidia carried by exposed beetles. Horizontal transmission experiments showed 100% mortality from GranMet® by day 19, compared to 30-65% for Met52®, indicating
Designing a Trap to Attract and Capture Kissing RevisionAnaliese Wenger
This study attempted to design an effective trap to capture kissing bugs, which transmit Chagas disease, in Jalisco, Mexico. The trap design utilized both CO2 emitted by yeast and LED lights, which previous studies found attractive to kissing bugs. No kissing bugs were captured in the novel trap designs over three nights of testing. Some traps were modified to widen the openings after one bug had difficulty entering. More kissing bugs were captured in pitfall traps placed nearby, suggesting these traps better reflect the bugs' natural behaviors. The trap design may need alterations to effectively capture kissing bugs for future surveys.
This document discusses infection control in oral and maxillofacial surgery. It begins with an introduction to infection transmission and the historical figures who advanced infection control practices like hand washing and antisepsis. It then covers topics like personal protective equipment, aseptic techniques, sterilization and disinfection methods, instrument handling, and clinical waste disposal that are important for preventing nosocomial infections during surgical procedures when the body's defenses are breached. The overall goal of the presentation is to discuss the objectives and various aspects of maintaining proper infection control in oral and maxillofacial surgical settings.
Bacteriological and Mycological Profile of Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media I...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of staphylococcus aureus in ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus in clinical samples. 155 clinical samples were tested and 28 samples were found to contain S. aureus. High vaginal swabs had the highest prevalence. The isolates showed high sensitivity to gentamicin, azithromycin, and pefloxacin. Resistance was observed to cotrimoxazole, amoxicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, cefuroxime and cephalexin. Regular surveillance of antibiotic susceptibility is needed to guide treatment of S. aureus infections.
The Biological Control of Pests Research Unit (BCPRU) conducts research on developing biological and environmentally-friendly pest management methods. It works on mass production and delivery of beneficial organisms, as well as classical biocontrol of invasive pests. Current research includes rearing economically important insect species, identifying compounds for invasive ant control, and using pathogens to manage invasive plants. The BCPRU is working to improve mass production methods for predatory mites and ladybird beetles to control spider mites and aphids. It is also studying the social immunity of fire ants to identify better biological control agents, and developing methods to microencapsulate the fungus Trichoderma for controlling insect pests.
Panozzo & Oh 2015_Evaluation of a dry powder delivery system for lani in a fe...Ding Y Oh
1) Researchers evaluated a dry powder delivery system for administering laninamivir octanoate (LO) to ferrets using a Dry Powder Insufflator (DPI) to better mimic human inhalation delivery.
2) Characterization showed the DPI could generate a powder cloud containing fine LO particles blended with larger lactose carrier particles.
3) LO delivered via DPI to ferrets before infection with influenza A or B viruses had limited effects on viral shedding, symptoms and nasal inflammation compared to placebo-treated ferrets.
The document summarizes a study that tested a novel antifungal drug (Drug A) in a murine model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Mice were infected with Aspergillus fumigatus and then received various doses of Drug A or a positive control, Posaconazole. The mice were divided into groups for assessing fungal burden or survival. Higher doses of Drug A and Posaconazole reduced fungal counts in the lungs, showing the drug's antifungal activity. However, Drug A unexpectedly increased mouse mortality compared to controls, suggesting it may be toxic. The results point to an experimental error requiring the study to be repeated.
Ensuring successful introduction of Wolbachia in natural populations of Aedes...FGV Brazil
The control of the spread of dengue fever by introduction of the intracellular parasitic bacterium Wolbachia in populations of the vector Aedes aegypti, is presently one of the most promising tools for eliminating dengue, in the absence of an efficient vaccine. The success of this operation requires locally careful planning to determine the adequate number of individuals carrying the wolbachia parasite that need to be introduced into the natural population. The introduced mosquitoes are expected to eventually replace the Wolbachia-free population and guarantee permanent protection against the transmission of dengue to human. In this study, we propose and analyze a model describing the fundamental aspects of the competition between mosquitoes carrying Wolbachia and mosquitoes free of the parasite. We then use feedback control techniques to devise an introduction protocol which is proved to guarantee that the population converges to a stable equilibrium where the totality of mosquitoes carry Wolbachia.
Date: 2015-03-19
Authors:
Bliman, Pierre-Alexandre
Soledad Aronna, Maria
Coelho, Flávio Codeço
Silva, Moacyr da
1) Maggot therapy employs sterile fly larvae to promote wound healing through debridement, disinfection, and stimulation of wound healing.
2) Maggots secrete antibacterial factors that combat wound infections, including potential agents active against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
3) Maggots may enhance wound healing through physical stimulation of tissue, secretion of allantoin and ammonia to increase pH, and stimulation of growth factors involved in proliferation and remodeling of extracellular matrix.
The Effect of Dried Leaves Extract of Hyptis suaveolens on Various Stages of ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document presents a study assessing the clinical efficacy of pyrantel pamoate as the sole anthelminthic treatment for intestinal parasites in dogs at an open admission animal shelter in Pasco County, Florida. Fecal samples were collected from 67 dogs after admission to the shelter and treatment with pyrantel pamoate at 10mg/kg. 58 dogs tested positive for intestinal parasites, indicating a high 86.5% prevalence rate. Pyrantel pamoate completely cleared roundworm infections but had low efficacy against hookworms (12.1% clearance) and no effectiveness against whipworms. Based on these findings, the study concludes that pyrantel pamoate alone is an ineffective treatment protocol for controlling
This study assessed the prevalence of endoparasites in wild rodents captured in Kirimiri Forest, Embu County, Kenya between January and May 2016. A total of 355 rodents from 3 species were captured and examined. The overall endoparasite prevalence was higher in Rattus spp. at 61.67% compared to Mastomys spp. at 59.82% and Hylomyscus spp. at 36.51%. A total of 533 endoparasites from 7 genera were identified. The most prevalent was Asyphalia obvelata at 44.79%. Endoparasite prevalence was higher in male rodents and in areas with tea plantations. The
This document provides an overview of animal models used in periodontal research. It discusses the definition and history of animal models, the need for animal models in periodontal research given limitations of human studies, and various categories and classifications of animal models. The document then examines specific animal models used in periodontal research, including rats, mice, and hamsters, describing their anatomy, how periodontal disease presents in each, and advantages and limitations of each model.
Information document In2Care Mosquito Trap_1 July 2014Jeffrey Weisberg
The document summarizes information about the In2Care Mosquito Trap developed by In2Care BV. The trap is designed to control Aedes mosquitoes that transmit dengue and chikungunya viruses. It uses two bioactive agents - pyriproxyfen, a larvicide, and Beauveria bassiana, a fungus that kills mosquitoes. Pyriproxyfen contaminates female mosquitoes that come into contact with the trap, allowing them to spread the larvicide to other breeding sites as they lay eggs. Studies showed the trap was effective at killing mosquito larvae in surrounding areas. The combination of agents aims to control mosquitoes at multiple life stages in a sustainable way to help reduce mosquit
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s
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dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
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Galleria metodo injecao
1. METHODS
published: 28 March 2017
doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00099
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology | www.frontiersin.org 1 March 2017 | Volume 7 | Article 99
Edited by:
Lorenza Putignani,
Bambino Gesù Ospedale Pediatrico
(Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere
Scientifico), Italy
Reviewed by:
Max Maurin,
Université Grenoble Alpes, France
Brian Weinrick,
Albert Einstein College of Medicine,
USA
*Correspondence:
Siouxsie Wiles
s.wiles@auckland.ac.nz
Received: 14 November 2016
Accepted: 13 March 2017
Published: 28 March 2017
Citation:
Dalton JP, Uy B, Swift S and Wiles S
(2017) A Novel Restraint Device for
Injection of Galleria mellonella Larvae
that Minimizes the Risk of Accidental
Operator Needle Stick Injury.
Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 7:99.
doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00099
A Novel Restraint Device for Injection
of Galleria mellonella Larvae that
Minimizes the Risk of Accidental
Operator Needle Stick Injury
James P. Dalton1, 2, 3
, Benedict Uy1, 2
, Simon Swift2
and Siouxsie Wiles1, 2, 3
*
1
Bioluminescent Superbugs Lab, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, 2
Department of Molecular Medicine and
Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, 3
Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland,
New Zealand
Larvae of the insect Galleria mellonella are increasingly being used for studying
pathogenic microbes and their virulence mechanisms, and as a rapid model for screening
novel antimicrobial agents. The larvae (waxworms) are most frequently infected by
injection of pathogenic organisms into the haemocoel through the insect’s prolegs. The
mostly widely used method for restraining the waxworms for injection is by grasping them
between the operator’s fingers, which puts the operator at risk of needle stick injury,
an important consideration when working with highly pathogenic and/or drug-resistant
microorganisms. While use of a stab proof glove can reduce this risk of injury, it does
so at the loss of manual dexterity and speed, resulting in a more labor-intensive, and
cumbersome assay. We describe a simple cost effective device (the so-called “Galleria
Grabber”) for restraining waxworms for injection that keeps the operator’s fingers clear
of the needle thus reducing the risk of injury.
Keywords: Galleria grabber, infectious diseases, Staphylococcus aureus, caterpillar, bacteria
INTRODUCTION
Larvae (waxworms) of the Greater wax moth Galleria melonella have become a widely used
surrogate host for studying pathogenic microbes. In recent years, they have been used for studying
virulence mechanisms, investigating differences between clinical isolates as well as for preliminary
investigation of the efficacy of antimicrobial compounds, for a wide range of both Gram-positive
and Gram-negative bacteria (Joyce and Gahan, 2010; McLaughlin et al., 2012; Ramarao et al., 2012;
Loh et al., 2013; Thomas et al., 2013; Williamson et al., 2014; Adamson et al., 2015; Champion
et al., 2016; Johnston et al., 2016; Moreira et al., 2016; Nale et al., 2016; Yang et al., 2016), fungi
(Alcazar-Fuoli et al., 2015; Forastiero et al., 2015; Borman et al., 2016; de Lacorte Singulani et al.,
2016; Frenkel et al., 2016; Gago et al., 2016; Santos et al., 2016), and viruses (Garzon et al.,
1978; Buyukguzel et al., 2007; Özkan and Coutts, 2015). The use of waxworms as a model host
has many advantages. The waxworms themselves are cheap and easy to obtain from commercial
insect suppliers, and can be housed in large numbers to allow for greater study sizes at low cost.
Waxworms possess an innate immune system that contains many analogous functions to that
seen in humans, including phagocytosis and the production of antimicrobial peptides and reactive
oxygen and nitrogen species (Wojda, 2016). Unlike other non-mammalian model organisms,
2. Dalton et al. Safely Injecting Galleria mellonella Larvae
such as Caenorhabditis elegans, Danio rerio, and Drosophila
melanogaster (Glavis-Bloom et al., 2012; Arvanitis et al., 2013;
Panayidou et al., 2014; Lopez Hernandez et al., 2015), waxworms
can be incubated at 37◦C which allows for the study of clinically
relevant human pathogens at a temperature that mimics the
human host. Finally, as insects, G. mellonella are not currently
subject to the same ethical restrictions that small mammalian
models are, meaning there is a low barrier to entry for researchers
wishing to move their studies into a model host.
Infection of waxworms is typically carried out on 5th instar
insects, when the waxworms are at their largest, typically around
2 cm in length and 100 mg in weight. The most common method
of infection is by injection into the haemocoel through the
last proleg of the insect; methods for injection vary between
laboratories. One method is to immobilize the needle itself and
then place the waxworm onto the needle for injection. Another
more favored method is to immobilize the waxworms between
the operator’s fingers (Fuchs et al., 2010) and place the needle
into the insect’s proleg, lifting the needle away from the operator
with the insect attached before pushing the plunger on the
syringe. Both of these injection techniques present a hazard to
the researcher and can result in needle stick injury and possible
infection.
A recent article highlighted the use of a stab-proof glove to
reduce the chance of this type of injury while immobilizing the
waxworms over a pipette tip fixed to some paper (Harding et al.,
2013). We have tried this technique and found that, while safer
for the operator, using a stab-proof glove reduces the efficiency of
injection, from 3–4 to 1 infection per minute, resulting in a lower
injection rate and a more labor-intensive assay. Because of this,
we investigated the possibility of using a simple restraining device
to hold waxworms in place for injection, in a way that removes
the operator’s hand from the vicinity of the needle, allowing for
maximum mobility, and safety of the operator.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Preparation of Bacteria
The Staphylococcus aureus isolate XEN36 (Francis et al., 2000)
(Perkin Elmer) was grown overnight with shaking at 200 rpm
in Tryptic Soy broth (Oxoid) at 37◦C. Cells were washed twice
in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (Sigma-Aldrich) and then
resuspended in PBS to an optical density at 600 nm (OD600)
of 1, equivalent to ∼5 × 109 CFU ml−1. Resuspended cultures
were serially diluted and plated onto Tryptic Soy agar (Oxoid) to
retrospectively determine the bacterial counts used for injection.
Inoculation doses were drawn into 1 ml ultra-fine (29 gauge)
needle insulin syringes (BD, Wellington) for injection into the
waxworms. Groups of waxworms were injected with 20 µl of
either phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or ∼5 × 107, 5 × 108, or
5 × 109 CFU ml−1 S. aureus XEN36.
Selection, Infection, and Monitoring of
G. mellonella Waxworms
Fifth instar waxworms were selected based on consistency in
size and split into eight groups of 12. Four groups were injected
with either PBS or doses of 106–108 CFU S. aureus XEN36 using
the most common technique of grasping the waxworms between
the operator’s thumb and index finger and injecting into the
waxworm’s last proleg. The remaining four groups were injected
with either PBS or doses of 106–108 CFU S. aureus XEN36
using the newly described restraining device (which we have
dubbed the “Galleria Grabber”), which comprises a 12 × 9 cm
kitchen sponge and a large bulldog clip (∼50 cm) (Figure 1A).
To comfortably restrain the waxworms, the sponge was folded
in half and secured using the bulldog clip (Figure 1B). The
open ends of the folded sponge were peeled back and held
in place (Figure 1C). Next, a waxworm was placed within the
sponge and held in place while the open end of the sponge was
released (Figure 1D). Once the waxworm was securely held in
place, the insulin syringe was inserted into the haemocoel via the
insect’s last proleg (Figure 1E). Once the needle was in place the
waxworm was released from the restraining device (Figure 1F).
If the needle is correctly placed, the waxworm remains attached
to the needle of the syringe. Once the needle had been securely
FIGURE 1 | Injection of waxworms using a novel restraint device. The
“Galleria Grabber” restraint device is comprised of a 15 mm thick sponge and
bulldog clip (A). The sponge is folded in half lengthways and secured within a
bull dog clip with the open end facing outwards (B). The open ends of the
folded sponge are peeled back and held in place (C). The waxworm to be
injected is placed within the sponge and held in place while the open end of
the sponge is released. The closing of the sponge secures the waxworm in
place for injection (E). Once the needle is placed, the syringe is lifted with the
waxworm in place and the plunger is pushed to inject the desired inoculum (F).
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology | www.frontiersin.org 2 March 2017 | Volume 7 | Article 99
3. Dalton et al. Safely Injecting Galleria mellonella Larvae
FIGURE 2 | Waxworms (n = 12 per group) were infected with varying
concentrations of S. aureus XEN36 or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)
by injection into the haemocoel via the last proleg while restrained
either between the thumb and index finger of the operator (solid lines),
or using the “Galleria Grabber” restraint device (dashed lines), and
survival measured over 5 days.
inserted into the waxworm, the insect was removed from the
restraining device and the plunger of the syringe pushed down
to inject the desired inoculum.
Once injected, waxworms were housed in individual wells of
24 well-tissue culture dishes (Nunc) with the lids taped down
to ensure against escape. These dishes were placed inside a
secondary container to ensure containment. Waxworm mortality
was monitored over 5 days.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
We observed no differences in the infection dynamics between
the groups of waxworms injected with S. aureus XEN36 after
restraint using the novel “Galleria Grabber” device described
compared to restraint by holding the waxworms between the
operator’s thumb and index finger. For both restraint techniques,
we observed no mortality from the waxworms injected with PBS
(Figure 2). In contrast, the majority of waxworms injected with
∼108 CFU S. aureus XEN36 died within 24 h (Figure 2). We
observed a dose dependent mortality for waxworms injected with
S. aureus XEN36, with 66% of waxworms injected with ∼105
CFU succumbing to infection (Figure 2). No mortality was seen
after injection with 106 CFU S. aureus XEN36 (Figure 2).
The “Galleria Grabber” allows for easy injection of a large
number of waxworms (∼3 per minute), while greatly reducing
the opportunity for the operator to suffer a needle stick injury.
With the increasing popularity of waxworms as a model host
for studies involving dangerous human pathogens (Champion
et al., 2016), including clinical and/or drug-resistant isolates,
protecting researchers from accidental laboratory infection is
of great importance. While the use of a stab-resistant glove
addresses this issue, it does compromise the speed at which
waxworms can be injected. With this new restraint method,
we were also able to inject smaller waxworms with ease.
Most importantly, the new methodology described removes
the operator’s hand from the vicinity of needles loaded with
pathogenic/drug-resistant microbes, allowing for maximum
mobility and safety of the operator without compromising the
speed of the assay.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
JD, Conceived and designed the experiments; JD, BU, Performed
the experiments; JD, SW, Analyzed the data; SS, Contributed
reagents; JD, SW, Wrote the manuscript; JD, SW, Prepared the
figures; JD, BU, SS, SW, Reviewed drafts of the paper.
FUNDING
This work was supported by a University of Auckland new staff
grant to SW (9802 3707601).
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