Gall stones, also known as cholelithiasis, form in the gallbladder from solid constituents of bile. Gallstones are abnormal masses formed in the gallbladder or bile ducts and are a common cause of abdominal pain. The most frequent type is cholesterol gallstones, while pigment gallstones contain excess bilirubin. Risk factors include being female, overweight, having diabetes, or a family history of gallstones. Symptoms include pain in the upper right abdomen and back that occurs after eating fatty foods. Ultrasound and blood tests can diagnose gallstones.

1. GALL STONES
ZEBA FATIMA USMAN KHAN
IV BNYS
ACNYS

2. CHOLELITHIASIS(gall stones)
•Cholelithiasis (calculi or gallstones) usually
form in the gallbladder from the solid
constituents of bile and vary greatly in
size, shape and composition.

3. • Gallstone disease, or cholelithiasis, is one of the most
common surgical problems worldwide.
• Gallstones are abnormal, inorganic masses formed in the
gallbladder and, less commonly, in the common bile or
hepatic ducts
• They are a frequent cause of abdominal pain and
dyspepsia
• Although gallstones can form anywhere in the biliary
tree, the most common point of origin is within the
gallbladder.

4. TYPES OF GALLSTONES
• Cholesterol gall stones
• Pigment gall stones
• Mixed gall stones

5. > Cholesterol gallstones.
• > Cholesterol gallstones. The most common type of gallstone, called a
cholesterol gallstone, often appears yellow in color. These gallstones
are composed mainly of undissolved cholesterol, but may contain
othercomponents.

6. Pigment gall stones
• > Pigment gallstones. These dark brown or black stones form when
bile contains too muchbilirubin

7. Mixed stones
• Mixed stones > Mixed (brown pigment stones) typically contain 20-
80% cholesterol. Other common constituents are calcium carbonate,
palmitate phosphate, bilirubin and other bile pigments (calcium
bilirubinate, calcium palmitateand calcium stearate)

8. CAUSES
• It’s not clear what causes gallstones to form.
• " Bile contains too much cholesterol. Normally, bile contains enough
chemicals to dissolve the cholesterol excreted by the liver. But if the
liver excretes more cholesterol than the bile can dissolve, the excess
cholesterolmay form into crystals and eventually into stones.
• "The bile contains too much bilirubin. Bilirubin is a chemical that's
produced when the body breaks down red blood cells. Certain
conditions cause the liver to make too much bilirubin, including liver
cirrhosis, biliary tract infections and certain blood disorders. The
excess bilirubincontributes to gallstone formation.

9. • The gallbladder doesn't empty correctly. If the
gallbladder doesn't empty completely or often
enough, bile may become very
concentrated,contributing to the formation of
gallstones.

10. Risk factors
• Being female
• Having diabetes
• Being age 40 or older
• Losing weight
• Being overweight or quickly obese
• Taking medications contain estrogen(oral)
• Being pregnant
• Eating a high-fat diet
• contraceptives
• Eating a high-cholesterol
• Having liver diseases
• Skipping Meals
• Eating a low-fiber diet
• Constipation
• Having a family history
• Less intake of fluids

11. SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
• A characteristic symptom of gallstones is a gallstone attack, in which
a person may experience colicky pain in the upper-right side of the
abdomen, often accompanied by nausea and vomiting.
• Often, attacks occur after a particularly fatty meal andalmost always
happen at night, and after drinking.
• Back pain between the scapula
• Pain in/ below right shoulder
• If the stones block the duct and cause bilirubinDM WIMS to leak into
the bloodstream and surrounding tissue, there may also be jaundice
and itching.
• Clay-colored stools

12. Tests to Diagnose Cholelithiasis
• Ultrasound of the abdomen.
• CT scan of the abdomen.
• Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatograph(ERCP).
• Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiogram (PTCA).
• Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography(MRCP)
• Blood tests to check for bilirubin level.
• Liver function tests.
• Pancreatic enzymes