Galileo
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Galileo Galilei was born in 1564 in Pisa, Italy and was educated in a monastery. He observed swinging lamps in a cathedral and used this to develop the idea of a pendulum clock. He also proved that falling objects accelerate due to gravity, not proportional to their weight. Galileo improved the telescope and made several astronomical observations including mountains on the moon and Jupiter's moons. He supported Copernicus' theory that the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun. The Catholic Church found Galileo guilty of heresy for his scientific views.
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A Few Good MenA handful of brave men armed with the weapons of m.docx
A Few Good Men
A handful of brave men armed with the weapons of mathematics and courage toppled, in a span of a mere one hundred years, the entire geocentric model of the universe. The Polish astronomer Copernicus1 (1473-1543) challenged the geocentric model of Ptolemy (the one with the epicycles) on the grounds that placing the sun at the center of the solar system and assuming that Earth revolves about the sun (and rotates around its axis) reduces the number of equations describing the motion of the planets from about eighty down to thirty.
His book De revolutionibus orbium coelestium appeared in 1543 after his death. The Vatican ignored the book as it only suggested that the mathematical model putting the sun at the center makes more sense. He didn’t assert that this is the way things are.
At the time of publication of this first round in the cosmic battle, the major hero, Galileo, was not yet born. We shall get to him soon.
A Danish astronomer, Tycho Brahe2 (1546-1601), patiently collected a mountain of astronomical data over a ten-year period. Upon his death, his assistant Johan Kepler3 (1571-1630), whom he had taught to observe and then hypothesize, interpreted the data and formulated his three laws of planetary motion.
1Nicole Oresme also opposed the theory of a stationary Earth as proposed by Aristotle and advocated the motion of Earth some 200 years before Copernicus. He eventually rejected his own ideas.
2He was appointed Imperial Mathematician to the Holy Roman Emperor, Rudolph II, and Kepler was hired as his assistant to help with the calculations. He also wore a golden nose to replace his own which he lost in a duel.
3Kepler’s mathematical work on the volume of a wine barrel is considered to be at the forefront of integral calculus and the calculation of volumes of solids of revolution.
· 1. The planets revolve about the sun in elliptical orbits, with the sun at one focal point of the ellipse. (An ellipse has two focal points, or foci.)
· 2. An imaginary line from the sun to a planet sweeps out equal areas in equal time intervals.
· 3. No matter which planet we study, the ratio of the square of the average distance from the sun to the cube of the length of time of one complete revolution is the same.
Aha! The motion of the planets is entirely predicable using mathematics. Furthermore, the Church and the ancient philosophers were wrong! The orbits are elliptic – not circular – and Earth is just another planet. And the best part is that these laws rest on mathematics and observation – not on authority. Kepler, too, escaped the wrath of the Roman inquisition. He lived outside of Rome’s sphere of influence. Our main hero, as we shall see, was not as lucky.
Galileo4 (1564-1642) was the son of a Florentine merchant. As a boy, he studied music, art, and poetry. He designed mechanical toys. He showed mathematical promise when he was a medical student. He noticed that after the hanging lamps were filled with oil and lit, they swung back.
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Register to explore the whole course here: https://school.bighistoryproject.com/bhplive?WT.mc_id=Slideshare12202017
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A Few Good MenA handful of brave men armed with the weapons of m.docx
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A handful of brave men armed with the weapons of mathematics and courage toppled, in a span of a mere one hundred years, the entire geocentric model of the universe. The Polish astronomer Copernicus1 (1473-1543) challenged the geocentric model of Ptolemy (the one with the epicycles) on the grounds that placing the sun at the center of the solar system and assuming that Earth revolves about the sun (and rotates around its axis) reduces the number of equations describing the motion of the planets from about eighty down to thirty.
His book De revolutionibus orbium coelestium appeared in 1543 after his death. The Vatican ignored the book as it only suggested that the mathematical model putting the sun at the center makes more sense. He didn’t assert that this is the way things are.
At the time of publication of this first round in the cosmic battle, the major hero, Galileo, was not yet born. We shall get to him soon.
A Danish astronomer, Tycho Brahe2 (1546-1601), patiently collected a mountain of astronomical data over a ten-year period. Upon his death, his assistant Johan Kepler3 (1571-1630), whom he had taught to observe and then hypothesize, interpreted the data and formulated his three laws of planetary motion.
1Nicole Oresme also opposed the theory of a stationary Earth as proposed by Aristotle and advocated the motion of Earth some 200 years before Copernicus. He eventually rejected his own ideas.
2He was appointed Imperial Mathematician to the Holy Roman Emperor, Rudolph II, and Kepler was hired as his assistant to help with the calculations. He also wore a golden nose to replace his own which he lost in a duel.
3Kepler’s mathematical work on the volume of a wine barrel is considered to be at the forefront of integral calculus and the calculation of volumes of solids of revolution.
· 1. The planets revolve about the sun in elliptical orbits, with the sun at one focal point of the ellipse. (An ellipse has two focal points, or foci.)
· 2. An imaginary line from the sun to a planet sweeps out equal areas in equal time intervals.
· 3. No matter which planet we study, the ratio of the square of the average distance from the sun to the cube of the length of time of one complete revolution is the same.
Aha! The motion of the planets is entirely predicable using mathematics. Furthermore, the Church and the ancient philosophers were wrong! The orbits are elliptic – not circular – and Earth is just another planet. And the best part is that these laws rest on mathematics and observation – not on authority. Kepler, too, escaped the wrath of the Roman inquisition. He lived outside of Rome’s sphere of influence. Our main hero, as we shall see, was not as lucky.
Galileo4 (1564-1642) was the son of a Florentine merchant. As a boy, he studied music, art, and poetry. He designed mechanical toys. He showed mathematical promise when he was a medical student. He noticed that after the hanging lamps were filled with oil and lit, they swung back.
Unit 2: Galileo Galilei
A brief journey through the life and work of the father of modern observational astronomy.
Register to explore the whole course here: https://school.bighistoryproject.com/bhplive?WT.mc_id=Slideshare12202017
The Scientific Revolution
An overview of the Scientific Revolution to go with lesson plans on the subject at the History Teaching Institute at Ohio State University
http://hti.osu.edu/scientificrevolution/lesson_plans
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