This document provides a summary of the stomatognathic system including its components, neurological control, and clinical importance. It discusses functional osteology including theories of bone formation and remodeling in response to functional forces. Key skeletal components like the maxilla and mandible are described along with the muscles of mastication, facial expression, the tongue, floor of the mouth, and temporomandibular joint. Mandibular positions and movements including chewing are summarized.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses mandibular movements and their study. It describes various methods used to study jaw motion, including direct observation and electronic instrumentation. Key factors that regulate motion are the neuromuscular system, opposing tooth contacts, temporomandibular joint anatomy, and muscle action. The temporomandibular joint is a complex joint that allows for rotation and translation. Mandibular positions include centric occlusion, centric relation, and border positions. Mandibular movements include opening, closing, protrusion, retrusion and chewing motions.
The document provides information on the muscles of mastication. It discusses the various muscles involved in chewing like the temporalis, masseter, lateral and medial pterygoid. It describes the origin, insertion, nerve supply, actions and clinical importance of these primary muscles. It also touches upon the embryology, classification and functions of the muscles. Additionally, it explains the chewing cycle involving opening, closing and power strokes and the reflexes involved in mastication.
The document provides information on the muscles of mastication. It discusses the types, physical properties, embryology and classification of masticatory muscles. The four primary muscles - temporalis, masseter, lateral pterygoid, and medial pterygoid - are described in detail including their origins, insertions, actions, and clinical relevance. Accessory muscles like the digastric, mylohyoid and infrahyoid muscles are also covered. The chewing cycle and reflexes of the masticatory system are outlined.
This document discusses the muscles of mastication. It describes the principal muscles - masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid, and lateral pterygoid - and their origins, insertions, nerve supply and actions. It also briefly discusses the accessory muscles of mastication and some clinical conditions involving the muscles of mastication, such as trismus, bruxism, myofascial pain syndrome, and temporal tendonitis. The development, palpation and applied aspects of the individual muscles are explained. References used are also listed.
Relationship of tmj anatomy and pathology and relatedDr. AJAY SRINIVAS
This document provides an overview of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) anatomy and associated neuromuscular disorders. It begins with an introduction to the TMJ as a compound synovial joint, then describes the bony and soft tissue components of the TMJ. This includes the glenoid fossa, condylar head, articular eminence, articular disc, joint capsule, ligaments, innervation and blood supply. It also discusses the muscles of mastication - masseter, temporalis, lateral and medial pterygoid muscles. The document concludes with sections on TMJ imaging, disorders and the use of orthodontics in temporomandibular disorder treatment.
The document discusses the muscles of mastication. It describes the four primary muscles - masseter, temporalis, lateral pterygoid, and medial pterygoid. It details the origin, insertion, nerve supply, blood supply, actions and functions of each muscle. The document also briefly discusses secondary muscles like the suprahyoid muscles. Clinical considerations related to the muscles of mastication like tetanus, bruxism, and myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome are mentioned at the end.
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) connects the mandible to the temporal bone. It has several components: the mandibular condyle, articular surfaces of the temporal bone, articular disc, capsule, ligaments, and muscles. The condyle and articular disc articulate with the articular eminence of the temporal bone. The TMJ is innervated by the auriculotemporal and masseteric nerves and supplied by branches of the external carotid artery. Key functions include mastication and speech which are facilitated by the rotating and translational movements of the joint.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses mandibular movements and their study. It describes various methods used to study jaw motion, including direct observation and electronic instrumentation. Key factors that regulate motion are the neuromuscular system, opposing tooth contacts, temporomandibular joint anatomy, and muscle action. The temporomandibular joint is a complex joint that allows for rotation and translation. Mandibular positions include centric occlusion, centric relation, and border positions. Mandibular movements include opening, closing, protrusion, retrusion and chewing motions.
The document provides information on the muscles of mastication. It discusses the various muscles involved in chewing like the temporalis, masseter, lateral and medial pterygoid. It describes the origin, insertion, nerve supply, actions and clinical importance of these primary muscles. It also touches upon the embryology, classification and functions of the muscles. Additionally, it explains the chewing cycle involving opening, closing and power strokes and the reflexes involved in mastication.
The document provides information on the muscles of mastication. It discusses the types, physical properties, embryology and classification of masticatory muscles. The four primary muscles - temporalis, masseter, lateral pterygoid, and medial pterygoid - are described in detail including their origins, insertions, actions, and clinical relevance. Accessory muscles like the digastric, mylohyoid and infrahyoid muscles are also covered. The chewing cycle and reflexes of the masticatory system are outlined.
This document discusses the muscles of mastication. It describes the principal muscles - masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid, and lateral pterygoid - and their origins, insertions, nerve supply and actions. It also briefly discusses the accessory muscles of mastication and some clinical conditions involving the muscles of mastication, such as trismus, bruxism, myofascial pain syndrome, and temporal tendonitis. The development, palpation and applied aspects of the individual muscles are explained. References used are also listed.
Relationship of tmj anatomy and pathology and relatedDr. AJAY SRINIVAS
This document provides an overview of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) anatomy and associated neuromuscular disorders. It begins with an introduction to the TMJ as a compound synovial joint, then describes the bony and soft tissue components of the TMJ. This includes the glenoid fossa, condylar head, articular eminence, articular disc, joint capsule, ligaments, innervation and blood supply. It also discusses the muscles of mastication - masseter, temporalis, lateral and medial pterygoid muscles. The document concludes with sections on TMJ imaging, disorders and the use of orthodontics in temporomandibular disorder treatment.
The document discusses the muscles of mastication. It describes the four primary muscles - masseter, temporalis, lateral pterygoid, and medial pterygoid. It details the origin, insertion, nerve supply, blood supply, actions and functions of each muscle. The document also briefly discusses secondary muscles like the suprahyoid muscles. Clinical considerations related to the muscles of mastication like tetanus, bruxism, and myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome are mentioned at the end.
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) connects the mandible to the temporal bone. It has several components: the mandibular condyle, articular surfaces of the temporal bone, articular disc, capsule, ligaments, and muscles. The condyle and articular disc articulate with the articular eminence of the temporal bone. The TMJ is innervated by the auriculotemporal and masseteric nerves and supplied by branches of the external carotid artery. Key functions include mastication and speech which are facilitated by the rotating and translational movements of the joint.
The document summarizes the anatomy and function of the muscles of mastication. It describes the three main muscles - masseter, temporalis, and medial and lateral pterygoid. It discusses their embryological development, nerve supply, actions, and clinical evaluation. The masseter muscle is palpated to assess for hypertrophy. Orthodontic treatment can impact the thickness of the muscles. The medial pterygoid muscle is also described in more detail, including its nerve supply by the mandibular nerve, blood supply, actions, and clinical examination.
This document provides an overview of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders, including normal anatomy, movements, clinical examination, investigations, classifications of disorders, and management approaches. It discusses the anatomy of the TMJ, including ligaments, the articular disk, synovial tissue, blood supply, nerve supply, and normal movements. Common TMJ disorders are classified and examples include myofascial pain, disk displacement disorders, chronic dislocation, ankylosis, degenerative joint disease, and infections. Clinical examination techniques and imaging options are outlined. Conservative management approaches for disorders like myofascial pain and disk displacement are summarized, including medications, physical therapy, splint therapy, and injections.
A brief ppt on stomatognathic system and its working.Function can influence the overall pattern and the relationship of parts, the very foundations of stomatognathic system.
We should do more than just analyze teeth in occlusion.
It is equally important to appreciate respiration, mastication, deglutition, speech and even maintenance of head in constant postural position.
Temporomandibular joint anatomy and functionDR POOJA
diarthrodial joint
The masticatory system is the functional unit of the body primarily responsible for chewing, speaking and swallowing. Components also play a major role in tasting and breathing.
The system is made up of bones, joints, ligaments, teeth and muscles.
In addition ,there is an intricate neurologic controlling system that regulates and coordinates all these structural components.
The Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is formed by the articulation between the articular eminence and the anterior part of the glenoid fossa of the squamous part of temporal bone above and the condylar head of the mandible below.
The TMJ contains a fibrous intraarticular disk that is interposed between the articular surface and functions as a shock absorber.
The TMJ is a compound joint that can be classified by anatomic type as well as by function.
Anatomically the TMJ is a diarthrodial joint, which is a discontinuous articulation of two bones permitting freedom of movement that is dictated by associated muscles and limited by ligaments.
It is also a synovial joint, lined on its inner aspect by a synovial membrane, which secretes synovial fluid. The fluid acts as a joint lubricant and supplies the metabolic and nutritional needs of the non-vascularized internal joint structures.
Functionally the TMJ is a compound joint, composed of four articulating surfaces:
articular facets of the temporal bone
articular facets of the mandibular condyle
superior surface of the articular disk
inferior surface of the articular disk.
The articular disk divides the joint into two compartments. The lower compartment permits hinge motion or rotation and hence is termed ginglymoid.
The superior compartment permits sliding (or translatory) movements and is therefore called arthrodial. Hence the temporomandibular joint as a whole can be termed ginglymoarthrodial.
SYNONYMS
Craniomandibular joint/ articulation
Mandibular joint
Bicondylar joint
Modified ball and socket joint
Compound joint
Diarthroidal joint
power point has a detailed description about muscles of mastication and mechanism of action of muscles and the important facts related to muscles of mastication as well as clinical importance, pathology related to all the muscles of mastication.
The document discusses key concepts related to occlusion and the stomatognathic system. It defines occlusion, centric relation, and centric occlusion. It describes the temporomandibular joint and muscles of mastication that control jaw movement. Balanced occlusion between the maxillary and mandibular teeth is important for stability of removable prostheses. The relationship between centric relation and centric occlusion is also discussed.
1 Muscles of facial expression and mastication.pptxdrpriya007
The document provides an overview of the muscles of facial expression and mastication. It begins with an introduction explaining the importance of understanding these muscles for prosthodontists to restore natural function. It then describes the different muscle types, development, kinetics, and topographic groupings of the facial muscles. Specific muscles are defined including their origin, insertion, innervation, and action. The roles of these muscles in facial expression, mastication, and other oral functions are discussed. Age-related changes and applications for prosthodontics are also mentioned.
This document summarizes the biological basis of orthodontic tooth movement. It begins by introducing the structures involved, including the periodontium. When forces are applied, the periodontium and distant structures experience changes. Osteocytes in the alveolar bone act as mechanosensors, initiating remodeling responses. Fibroblasts in the periodontal ligament and gingiva also act as mechanosensors and transducers. Applied forces cause blood vessel reorganization and neovascularization. Neural responses also occur due to mechanical forces. Theories of tooth movement involve pressure, tension, blood flow changes, and new concepts like fluid shear stress. Cellular behaviors differ in tension and compression sites.
This document provides an overview of the muscles of mastication. It begins by defining muscle and mastication. It then discusses the development, classification, properties and functions of the primary muscles of mastication - the masseter, temporalis, lateral pterygoid, and medial pterygoid muscles. The document also covers the accessory muscles of mastication and their functions. Finally, it discusses some clinical considerations regarding these muscles, including bruxism, tetanus, and myofascial pain disorders.
1) TMJ dislocation and subluxation involve the displacement of the mandibular condyle from the glenoid fossa. Dislocation is a complete separation while subluxation is a self-limiting, partial displacement.
2) The TMJ has a complex anatomy including the condyle, articular eminence, articular disc, ligaments, and synovial membrane. The articular disc divides the joint and allows both rotational and translational movements.
3) Acute dislocations are usually caused by wide yawning, vomiting, or trauma. Chronic dislocations can be caused by lax ligaments, occlusal factors like bruxism, or psychogenic factors.
The document summarizes the muscles of mastication. It defines muscles and mastication, and describes the development, classification, and functions of the primary muscles - masseter, temporalis, lateral pterygoid, and medial pterygoid. It provides details on the origin, insertion, nerve/blood supply, actions, and clinical importance of each muscle. It also briefly discusses the accessory muscles and chewing cycle.
The document discusses the history and definitions of myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome (MPDS). It describes early theories from Costen (1934) and Schwartz (1956) and the formal definition by Laskin (1969) of MPDS. The etiology involves occlusal interference, prosthetic problems, malocclusion, and psychophysiologic factors. Clinical characteristics include pain, limited jaw motion, joint noises, and muscle tenderness. Treatment involves a multidisciplinary approach including medications, physical therapy, injections, and in some cases surgery.
This document discusses temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders and their management. It begins with an introduction to the TMJ, including its components and classification of disorders. It then discusses treatment approaches, focusing on supportive therapies like pharmacology, physical therapy modalities, manual techniques, acupuncture, and addressing muscle disorders specifically. Definitive therapies aim to eliminate etiological factors while supportive therapies seek to reduce pain and dysfunction.
Presentation describing the anatomy of muscles of mastication along with actions, functions, applied anatomy and conditions encountered in dental scenario along with treatment modalities
The document provides an outline for a presentation on the healing of mandibular fractures. It begins with an introduction and covers topics such as the classification, etiology, signs and symptoms, investigation, management, healing process, components of bone formation, stages of healing, and factors affecting healing of mandibular fractures. Complications are also mentioned. The outline provides a comprehensive overview of mandibular fracture healing.
This document discusses cervical spondylosis and its management. It begins with the anatomy of the cervical spine and describes the intervertebral discs and muscles. It then covers the biomechanics, epidemiology, etiology, clinical manifestations, investigations, differential diagnosis, and management including medical, surgical, and physiotherapy approaches. The goals of physiotherapy treatment are to relieve pain, improve neck movement and posture, and decrease reliance on pain medications. Exercises and modalities like heat, cold, traction, and electrical stimulation are used.
This document provides an overview of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). It describes the TMJ as a complex synovial joint divided into upper and lower cavities by the articular disc. The disc attaches to surrounding ligaments and muscles that facilitate jaw movement. The TMJ receives innervation from nerves and blood supply from surrounding arteries. Common TMJ disorders include disc displacement, where the disc is abnormally positioned, and myofascial pain involving discomfort in the jaw muscles.
This document provides information about masticatory muscles. It begins with definitions of muscle and the different types of muscle contractions. It then describes the four major muscles of mastication - masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid, and lateral pterygoid muscles. It details the origin, insertion, nerve supply and function of each muscle. The document also discusses reflex mechanisms involved in mastication and provides implications for prosthodontics. Finally, it mentions some disorders that can affect the masticatory muscles.
ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS OF EDENTULOUS MOUTH IN COMPLETE DENTURE.pptxnehasrivastava643617
This document discusses the anatomical landmarks of the edentulous maxilla that are important for complete denture prosthodontics. It divides the maxilla into three parts: limiting structures, supporting structures, and relief areas. The limiting structures determine the extent of the denture and include the labial and buccal frenums and vestibules, hamular notch, and posterior palatal seal area. The supporting structures that bear loads are the horizontal portion of the hard palate and slopes of the residual alveolar ridge. Relief must be provided in relief areas like the incisive papilla, mid-palatal raphe, and fovea palatinae to avoid pain. Proper identification of these landmarks is
This document discusses the importance of saliva in complete denture prosthodontics. It begins by defining saliva and describing its composition and functions. Saliva is essential for denture retention, integrity of oral tissues beneath the denture base, and comfort. Factors like reduced atmospheric pressure between the denture plate and mucosa covered by the denture contribute to retention. The role of saliva properties like viscosity help provide retention through border seal and tissue contact. The document also covers salivary gland dysfunction and its management, as well as the role of saliva in the denture impression, retention, and prosthodontic treatment process.
The document summarizes the anatomy and function of the muscles of mastication. It describes the three main muscles - masseter, temporalis, and medial and lateral pterygoid. It discusses their embryological development, nerve supply, actions, and clinical evaluation. The masseter muscle is palpated to assess for hypertrophy. Orthodontic treatment can impact the thickness of the muscles. The medial pterygoid muscle is also described in more detail, including its nerve supply by the mandibular nerve, blood supply, actions, and clinical examination.
This document provides an overview of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders, including normal anatomy, movements, clinical examination, investigations, classifications of disorders, and management approaches. It discusses the anatomy of the TMJ, including ligaments, the articular disk, synovial tissue, blood supply, nerve supply, and normal movements. Common TMJ disorders are classified and examples include myofascial pain, disk displacement disorders, chronic dislocation, ankylosis, degenerative joint disease, and infections. Clinical examination techniques and imaging options are outlined. Conservative management approaches for disorders like myofascial pain and disk displacement are summarized, including medications, physical therapy, splint therapy, and injections.
A brief ppt on stomatognathic system and its working.Function can influence the overall pattern and the relationship of parts, the very foundations of stomatognathic system.
We should do more than just analyze teeth in occlusion.
It is equally important to appreciate respiration, mastication, deglutition, speech and even maintenance of head in constant postural position.
Temporomandibular joint anatomy and functionDR POOJA
diarthrodial joint
The masticatory system is the functional unit of the body primarily responsible for chewing, speaking and swallowing. Components also play a major role in tasting and breathing.
The system is made up of bones, joints, ligaments, teeth and muscles.
In addition ,there is an intricate neurologic controlling system that regulates and coordinates all these structural components.
The Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is formed by the articulation between the articular eminence and the anterior part of the glenoid fossa of the squamous part of temporal bone above and the condylar head of the mandible below.
The TMJ contains a fibrous intraarticular disk that is interposed between the articular surface and functions as a shock absorber.
The TMJ is a compound joint that can be classified by anatomic type as well as by function.
Anatomically the TMJ is a diarthrodial joint, which is a discontinuous articulation of two bones permitting freedom of movement that is dictated by associated muscles and limited by ligaments.
It is also a synovial joint, lined on its inner aspect by a synovial membrane, which secretes synovial fluid. The fluid acts as a joint lubricant and supplies the metabolic and nutritional needs of the non-vascularized internal joint structures.
Functionally the TMJ is a compound joint, composed of four articulating surfaces:
articular facets of the temporal bone
articular facets of the mandibular condyle
superior surface of the articular disk
inferior surface of the articular disk.
The articular disk divides the joint into two compartments. The lower compartment permits hinge motion or rotation and hence is termed ginglymoid.
The superior compartment permits sliding (or translatory) movements and is therefore called arthrodial. Hence the temporomandibular joint as a whole can be termed ginglymoarthrodial.
SYNONYMS
Craniomandibular joint/ articulation
Mandibular joint
Bicondylar joint
Modified ball and socket joint
Compound joint
Diarthroidal joint
power point has a detailed description about muscles of mastication and mechanism of action of muscles and the important facts related to muscles of mastication as well as clinical importance, pathology related to all the muscles of mastication.
The document discusses key concepts related to occlusion and the stomatognathic system. It defines occlusion, centric relation, and centric occlusion. It describes the temporomandibular joint and muscles of mastication that control jaw movement. Balanced occlusion between the maxillary and mandibular teeth is important for stability of removable prostheses. The relationship between centric relation and centric occlusion is also discussed.
1 Muscles of facial expression and mastication.pptxdrpriya007
The document provides an overview of the muscles of facial expression and mastication. It begins with an introduction explaining the importance of understanding these muscles for prosthodontists to restore natural function. It then describes the different muscle types, development, kinetics, and topographic groupings of the facial muscles. Specific muscles are defined including their origin, insertion, innervation, and action. The roles of these muscles in facial expression, mastication, and other oral functions are discussed. Age-related changes and applications for prosthodontics are also mentioned.
This document summarizes the biological basis of orthodontic tooth movement. It begins by introducing the structures involved, including the periodontium. When forces are applied, the periodontium and distant structures experience changes. Osteocytes in the alveolar bone act as mechanosensors, initiating remodeling responses. Fibroblasts in the periodontal ligament and gingiva also act as mechanosensors and transducers. Applied forces cause blood vessel reorganization and neovascularization. Neural responses also occur due to mechanical forces. Theories of tooth movement involve pressure, tension, blood flow changes, and new concepts like fluid shear stress. Cellular behaviors differ in tension and compression sites.
This document provides an overview of the muscles of mastication. It begins by defining muscle and mastication. It then discusses the development, classification, properties and functions of the primary muscles of mastication - the masseter, temporalis, lateral pterygoid, and medial pterygoid muscles. The document also covers the accessory muscles of mastication and their functions. Finally, it discusses some clinical considerations regarding these muscles, including bruxism, tetanus, and myofascial pain disorders.
1) TMJ dislocation and subluxation involve the displacement of the mandibular condyle from the glenoid fossa. Dislocation is a complete separation while subluxation is a self-limiting, partial displacement.
2) The TMJ has a complex anatomy including the condyle, articular eminence, articular disc, ligaments, and synovial membrane. The articular disc divides the joint and allows both rotational and translational movements.
3) Acute dislocations are usually caused by wide yawning, vomiting, or trauma. Chronic dislocations can be caused by lax ligaments, occlusal factors like bruxism, or psychogenic factors.
The document summarizes the muscles of mastication. It defines muscles and mastication, and describes the development, classification, and functions of the primary muscles - masseter, temporalis, lateral pterygoid, and medial pterygoid. It provides details on the origin, insertion, nerve/blood supply, actions, and clinical importance of each muscle. It also briefly discusses the accessory muscles and chewing cycle.
The document discusses the history and definitions of myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome (MPDS). It describes early theories from Costen (1934) and Schwartz (1956) and the formal definition by Laskin (1969) of MPDS. The etiology involves occlusal interference, prosthetic problems, malocclusion, and psychophysiologic factors. Clinical characteristics include pain, limited jaw motion, joint noises, and muscle tenderness. Treatment involves a multidisciplinary approach including medications, physical therapy, injections, and in some cases surgery.
This document discusses temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders and their management. It begins with an introduction to the TMJ, including its components and classification of disorders. It then discusses treatment approaches, focusing on supportive therapies like pharmacology, physical therapy modalities, manual techniques, acupuncture, and addressing muscle disorders specifically. Definitive therapies aim to eliminate etiological factors while supportive therapies seek to reduce pain and dysfunction.
Presentation describing the anatomy of muscles of mastication along with actions, functions, applied anatomy and conditions encountered in dental scenario along with treatment modalities
The document provides an outline for a presentation on the healing of mandibular fractures. It begins with an introduction and covers topics such as the classification, etiology, signs and symptoms, investigation, management, healing process, components of bone formation, stages of healing, and factors affecting healing of mandibular fractures. Complications are also mentioned. The outline provides a comprehensive overview of mandibular fracture healing.
This document discusses cervical spondylosis and its management. It begins with the anatomy of the cervical spine and describes the intervertebral discs and muscles. It then covers the biomechanics, epidemiology, etiology, clinical manifestations, investigations, differential diagnosis, and management including medical, surgical, and physiotherapy approaches. The goals of physiotherapy treatment are to relieve pain, improve neck movement and posture, and decrease reliance on pain medications. Exercises and modalities like heat, cold, traction, and electrical stimulation are used.
This document provides an overview of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). It describes the TMJ as a complex synovial joint divided into upper and lower cavities by the articular disc. The disc attaches to surrounding ligaments and muscles that facilitate jaw movement. The TMJ receives innervation from nerves and blood supply from surrounding arteries. Common TMJ disorders include disc displacement, where the disc is abnormally positioned, and myofascial pain involving discomfort in the jaw muscles.
This document provides information about masticatory muscles. It begins with definitions of muscle and the different types of muscle contractions. It then describes the four major muscles of mastication - masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid, and lateral pterygoid muscles. It details the origin, insertion, nerve supply and function of each muscle. The document also discusses reflex mechanisms involved in mastication and provides implications for prosthodontics. Finally, it mentions some disorders that can affect the masticatory muscles.
Similar to functions of stomatognathic system.ppt (20)
ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS OF EDENTULOUS MOUTH IN COMPLETE DENTURE.pptxnehasrivastava643617
This document discusses the anatomical landmarks of the edentulous maxilla that are important for complete denture prosthodontics. It divides the maxilla into three parts: limiting structures, supporting structures, and relief areas. The limiting structures determine the extent of the denture and include the labial and buccal frenums and vestibules, hamular notch, and posterior palatal seal area. The supporting structures that bear loads are the horizontal portion of the hard palate and slopes of the residual alveolar ridge. Relief must be provided in relief areas like the incisive papilla, mid-palatal raphe, and fovea palatinae to avoid pain. Proper identification of these landmarks is
This document discusses the importance of saliva in complete denture prosthodontics. It begins by defining saliva and describing its composition and functions. Saliva is essential for denture retention, integrity of oral tissues beneath the denture base, and comfort. Factors like reduced atmospheric pressure between the denture plate and mucosa covered by the denture contribute to retention. The role of saliva properties like viscosity help provide retention through border seal and tissue contact. The document also covers salivary gland dysfunction and its management, as well as the role of saliva in the denture impression, retention, and prosthodontic treatment process.
The document provides information on surveying and designing removable partial dentures (RPDs). It discusses the history and definition of surveying, the types and parts of surveyors, and the surveying process. Key steps in surveying include determining the optimal tilt of the dental cast, identifying retentive undercuts, addressing interferences, and establishing guiding planes and the path of insertion. Design considerations include stress distribution philosophies, clasp placement, and color coding for communication with the dental laboratory. The surveyor is used throughout the process to accurately locate anatomical landmarks and mechanical features needed to design an RPD that restores function without damaging remaining oral structures.
Dental ceramics have been used in dentistry for hundreds of years, with early attempts to imitate Chinese porcelain in the 1700s. Modern dental ceramics are classified based on their composition, firing temperature, microstructure, and intended use. They provide esthetic and durable alternatives to metallic restorations due to properties like biocompatibility, color stability, and strength. Common types include feldspathic porcelain, lithium disilicate glass ceramic, and zirconia.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
The document discusses occlusal considerations for implant supported prostheses. Some key points discussed include:
- Implants lack the proprioception and mobility of natural teeth, making them more susceptible to overload from occlusal forces.
- Various occlusal concepts are proposed to minimize stresses on implants, such as implant protective occlusion (IPO) which aims to distribute forces broadly across implant and natural tooth contacts.
- Factors like premature contacts, cantilevers, crown height and material properties must be considered to ensure occlusal forces do not exceed the biomechanical limits of implant tissues.
This document describes the functionally generated path technique (FGPT). FGPT is a dynamic technique that records eccentric mandibular movements by having the patient move through excursions while wax records the cusp pathways. This wax record is used to produce a stone functional core that captures the dynamic occlusion. The core is then used to fabricate dental restorations by mounting it and the opposing cast on an articulator. The key advantages are that it eliminates the need for facebow records and produces a precise functional occlusion without using an articulator's eccentric movements.
This document discusses treatment planning and prosthetic options in implant dentistry. It outlines 5 prosthetic options ranging from fixed to removable restorations:
1. Fixed prostheses (FP) that can replace single teeth (FP-1) or multiple teeth along with some soft tissue (FP-2, FP-3).
2. Removable prostheses that are completely implant supported (RP-4) or combine implant and soft tissue support (RP-5).
The goals of treatment planning are to evaluate the patient's anatomy and desires to determine the most cost-effective option that meets their needs. Implant placement and number are then determined based on the chosen prosthetic design.
The aim is to restore the tooth to its natural form, function and esthetics while maintaining the physiologic integrity in harmonious relationship with the adjacent hard and soft tissues, all of which enhance the oral health and welfare of the patient.
This document discusses various types of dental cements, including their compositions, setting reactions, properties and applications. It describes zinc oxide eugenol cement, zinc phosphate cement, zinc polycarboxylate cement, glass ionomer cement, resin cements, calcium hydroxide cements and cavity liners/varnishes. Each cement type has different characteristics in terms of strength, film thickness, solubility, adhesion and effects on the dental pulp. They are used for various purposes like luting restorations, temporary fillings, liners, orthodontic appliances and endodontic treatments.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
The chapter Lifelines of National Economy in Class 10 Geography focuses on the various modes of transportation and communication that play a vital role in the economic development of a country. These lifelines are crucial for the movement of goods, services, and people, thereby connecting different regions and promoting economic activities.
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How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
2. INTRODUCTION
• What is stomatognathic system?
• Components
• Neurological control
• Static and dynamic apprecitation
• Errors if only static relation is used
• Clinical importance
4. FUNCTIONAL OSTEOLOGY
TRAJECTORIAL THEORY OF BONE FORMATION
1867 ANATOMIST MEYER AND MATHEMATICIAN
CULLMAN . Alignment of bony trabeculae in the spongiosa
follows definite principles. If lines are drawn through these
oriented bony elements, they are remarkably similar to
trajectories seen in a crane. Many of these trajectories cross
at right angle to resist stresses.
5. LAW OF ORTHOGONALITY
1870 Julian Wolff. Trebecular alignment was primarily
due to functional forces . Changes in intensity and direction
of these forces produce change in internal and external form
of bone.
Law of transformation of bone
Roux and others . Stresses of tension or pressure on bone
stimulate bone formation
6. BENNINGHOFF
Did extensive study of the architecture of cranial
and facial skeleton. Trajectories involve both
Compact and spongy bone. they obey no individual
bone limits but rather the demands of functional forces.
13. MYOLOGY
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MUSCLE
1) Elasticity ---- Normal relaxed muscle can withstand
only a certain amount of elongation (about 6/10 its
natural length before rupturing).
Depends upon
• Muscle
• Type of stress
• Individual resistance
• Age
• Pathological condition
14. 2) Contractibility
Ability of a muscle to shorten its length under
innervational impulse. Electric action potential acts on
muscle leads to contraction. Energy is provided by
breakdown of high-energy bonds in ATP. Fatigue in a
muscle is produced when lactic acid an energy
breakdown by product collects in the tissue. Even during
rest a certain no. of peripheral fibers are engaged by the
nerve system for maintenance of posture.
15. Contraction of smooth muscle depends on
No. Of fibers
Cross section
Frequency of discharge
Muscle fiber length
16. •Types of contraction
Isometric
Isotonic
Isometric more stronger than isotonic.
•All or none law (Gun trigger)
•The strength of muscle contraction depends upon
two major factors.
Frequency of stimulus
No. Of fibers involved
MYOLOGY
17. OTHER PROPERTIES OF MUSCLES
•Muscle tonus (Anti Gravity Muscles)
•Resting length
•Stretch or myotactic reflex (Muscle Spindles)
Absent in facial muscles
MYOLOGY
19. Muscle Tension (stretch reflex)
• Due to muscle spindles
• Activity of the muscle spindles
• Type of muscle spindles
• Types of tension
- Active Tension
- Passive Tension
- Total Tension
21. Types of Muscle Fibers
• Classification based on
1. Strength of contraction
2. Speed of contraction
• Types
- Type I (Maintenance of posture)
- Type IIA (Diagastric)
- Type IIB (Sup post temporalis, post med
pterygoid)
• Fatigue resistance depends on blood supply
33. MUSCLES OF FLOOR OF THE MOUTH
Digastric-elevates hyoid bone and depresses mandible as in
opening the mouth.
Stylohyoid-elevates hyoid bone and draws it posteriorly.
Mylohyoid-elevates hyoid boine and floor of mouth and
depresses mandible.
Geniohyoid- elevates hyoid bone, draws hyoid bone and
tongue anteriorly and depresses mandible.
35. MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION
Orbicularis oris-closes lips, compresses lips against teeth,
protudes lips and shape lips during speech.
Zygomaticus major-draws angle of mouth upward and
outward as in smiling and laughing.
Levator labii superioris-elevates upper lip.
Depressor labii inferioris-depresses lower lip
Buccinator- major cheek muscle expresses cheek as in
blowing out air of mouth and cause cheek to cave in,
producing the action of sucking.
Mentalis-elevates amd protrudes lower lip and pulls skin
of chin.
37. (i) Intrinsic: These group of muscles are confined to the
tongue and not attached to bone. They consist of longitudinal,
tranverse and vertical fibres.
They are supplied by hypoglossal nerve. They alter the shape
of the tongue.
(ii)Extrinsic: The extrinsic muscles are attached to bones and
the soft palate.
They are the genioglossus, the hyoglossus and styloglossus
which are supplied by hypoglossal nerve; and palatoglossus
which is supplied by pharyngeal plexus.
MUSCLES:
Two types of muscles of the tongue are:
39. FUNCTIONS
GENIOGLOSSUS- DEPRESS TONGUE AND
THRUSTS IT FORWARD
STYLOGLOSSUS – ELEVATES TONGUE AND DRAWS
IT BACKWARDS
PALATOGLOSSUS – ELEVATES POSTERIOR PORTION
OF TONGUE AND DRAWS SOFT PALATE DOWN ON
TONGUE
HYPOGLOSSUS – DEPRESSES TONGUE AND DRAWS
DOWN ITS SIDE
40. TASTE
Taste buds are found on tongue, palate and larynx they are
distributed in surface epithelium. Taste bud contact oral cavity by
a specialized apical projection through a taste pore. At the basal
end of the taste buds taste cell contact the primary afferent nerve
fibers responds to more than one of the four basic taste qualities of
sweet, sour, bitter and salty. Several receptors are involved in
taste transduction. Saliva also plays an important role in taste
perception. It acts as a transport medium for taste stimuli and also
provides ion for taste transduction.
49. Collateral [discal ligament]
Attaches the medial and lateral borders of articular disc to the
poles of condyle. Divide joint medio-lateraly into superior and
inferior cavities. Causes disc to move passively with the condyle as it
glides anteriorly and posteriorly.
Capsular ligament
Whole TMJ is surrounded by capsular ligament. Attaches
superiorly to temporal bone, borders of mandibular fossa and
articular emininece. Inferiorly attached to neck of condyle. Resist
any medial, lateral, or inferior forces that tend to dislocate the
articular surface. Retains synovial fluid also.
Stylomandibular ligament
Arises from the styloid process and extends downwards and
forwards to the angle and posterior border of the ramus of the
mandible. It limits excessive protrusive movement of mandible.
50. Temporomandibular ligament
Outer portion extends from outer surface of articular
tubercle and zygomatic process posterioinferiorly to the outer
surface of condylar neck . It limits the extent of mouth opening.
Inner horizontal portion extends from the outer surface of articular
tubercle and zygomatic process posteriorly and horizontally to the
lateral pole of condyle and posterior part of articular disc. It limits
posterior movement of the condyle and disc.
Sphenomandibular ligament
Arises from spine of sphenoid bone and extends downwards
and laterally to a small bony prominence on the medial surface of
ramus of the mandible-lingula.
52. • POSSLET
• POSITIONS
1) POSTURAL RESTING POSITION
• EARLIEST POSITION
• NON FUNCTIONAL MANDIBLE
• FACTORS AFFECTING 1. BODY AND HEAD POSTURE
2. SLEEP
3. PSYCHIC FACTORS AFFECTING MUSCLE TONUS
4. AGE
5. PROPIRIOCEPTION FROM DENTITION AND MUSC
6. OCCLUSAL CHANGES SUCH AS ATTRITION.
7. PAIN AND MUSCLE DISEASE
8. TMJ DISEASE
53. 2) INTER CUSPAL POSITION
• DETERMINED FROM HAND ARTICULATED CASTS
• ACTIVE GUIDANCE FROM TEETH
• ERRORS CAUSED IF USED ALONE IN DIAGNOSING MALOCCLUSIONS
3) CENTRIC OCCLUSION
• MAXIMAL OCCLUSAL CONTACT WHEN NO MALOCCLUSION
PRESENT
• BILATERALLY SYMMETRICAL, BALANCED, UNSTRAINED, STATIC
• DIFERENCE FROM PROSTHODONTIC CONCEPT OF CENTRIC
OCCLUSION
• HARMONIOUS WITH CENTRIC RELATION
55. 3) CENTRIC RELATION
• UNRESTAINED POSITION OF THE CONDYLE IN
ARTICULAR DISC
• NO DEVIATION, BILATERAL SYMMETRICAL ACTIVITY
• RANGE IS 3 – 4 MM.
4) MOST PROTRUDED POSITION
• MOST VARIABLE
• SAME INDIVIDUAL REPRODUCIBLE
• CONDYLAR PATH TRAVERSED MORE IMPORTANT THAN
THE TERMINAL POSITION
• CURVE OF SPEE
• FLACCIDITY - EXTERME PROTRUSION
• DISLOCATION – FATIGUE SYNDROME
58. 5) MOST RETRUDED POSITION
• UNRESTAINED
• REPRODUCIBLE – REFERENCE POSITION
• DISTANCE BETWEEN INTERCUSPAL POSITION
- IDEAL
- MORE THAN 3 MM.
- COINCIDENT
• DETERMINED BY –
- PASSIVE GUIDANCE – TMJ.
- ACTIVE GUIDANCE – LEVATOR, DEPRESSOR
AND RETRACTOR REFLEXES.
6) INITIAL CONTACT
• COINCIDES WITH CENTRIC OCCLUSION IN IDEAL CASE.
7) POSTURAL REST POSITION
62. BIOMECHANICS OF TMJ
• EACH OF THE JOINT CAN ACT EITHER
SIMULTANEOUSLY OR SEPARATELY BUT NOT
COMPLETELY WITHOUT INFLUENCE FROM THE
OTHER.
• TWO JOINT SYSTEMS
• VARIATION OF THE WIDTH OF THE DISC DURING
FUNCTION
• SUERIOR RETRODISCAL LAMINA
• ACTION OF SUPERIOR LAMINA & LATERAL
PTERYGOID DURING FORWARD TRANSALATION
OF CONDYLE.
63. MANDIBULAR MOVEMENTS
• They can be percived as movement of free
body in an intricate muscular web with teeth
and joints acting as stops and guides
• Ex: stabilization of TMJ before and after
eruption of teeth during mastication and
swallowing.
66. TYPE OF REFLEXES
TWO TYPES OF REFLEXES
• Unlearned reflex
• Learned reflex
UNLEARNED REFLEX
• fully functional in early fetal life
• muscles are insensitive to feedback
• reflex is all or none.
• ex; genioglossus reflex,jaw
opening.,swallowing
67. - LEARNED REFLEX
Can be readily conditioned.
Ex; posture of tongue
-CLINICAL IMPORTANCE
Treatment of tongue thrust.
Etiological cause should be determined
Mostly directed towards correction of tongue posture
68. MASTICATION
Act of chewing food. It is initial stage of digestion
when the food is broken down into smaller particle sizes for
swallowing. It is a functional activity that is automatic and
practically involuntary, yet when desired it can be readily
brought under voluntary control.
69. CHEWING STROKE
Mastication is made up of rhythmic and well-
controlled separation and closure of maxillary and
mandibular teeth. The pattern of chewing stroke is tear
shaped.
Phases
Opening phase
Closing phase
Crushing phase
Grinding phase
72. Opening phase
Mandible drops downwards from the
intercuspation position to a point where the incisal
edges of teeth are about 16 to 18mm apart. It then
moves laterally 5-6mm from the midline as the closing
movement begins.
74. CLOSING PHASE
Crushing phase
The first phase of closure traps the food between the
teeth and is called crushing phase. As the teeth approaches
each other the lateral displacement is lessened so that when
teeth are only 3mm apart the jaw occupies a portion only 3-
4mm lateral to the starting position of chewing stroke. As
this point the teeth are so positioned that the buccal cusp of
mandibular teeth are directly under the buccal cusp of
maxillary teeth on the side to which the mandible has been
shifted. As the mandible continues to close, the bolus of
food is trapped between the teeth. This begins the grinding
phase of the closure stroke.
76. Grinding phase
The mandible is guided by the occlusal surface of
the teeth back to the intercuspation position, which
causes the cuspal inclines of the teeth to pass across
each other, permitting shearing and grinding of the
bolus of food.
78. • Chewing stroke in saggital plane
- anterior movement depends on phase of mastication.
- working side movement of condyle
- balancing side movement of condyle
• Chewing stroke in frontal plane
- phases observed – opening, crushing and grinding
- lateral movement depends on consistency of food
- movement of condyle on working side and balancing
side
79. Tooth contact during mastication
Types of contact
Gliding
Single
Forces of mastication
Male bite with more force than females
Females-79 to 99 pounds
Males –118 to 142 pounds
Force applied to molar is several times that of incisor
First molar-91 to 198 pounds
Central incisor-29 t0 51 pounds
80. ROLE OF SOFT TISSUE IN MASTICATION
LIPS
TONGUE
CHEEKS
Masticastion accounts for the vertical stability of tooth
position. masticatory occlusal forces cannot move teeth
in normal conditions as they are of very short and
intermittent duration
82. SWALLOWING
Swallowing is both an alimentary and a
protective reflex. It can be initiated reflexly by
mechanical stimulation by a bolus in the
pharynx and by chemical stimulation by water
in the larynx
There are three essential features of
swallowing
(1)establishment of a pressure gradient
(2)prevention of reflux
(3)protection of the airway.
83. TYPES OF MUSCLES TAKING PART
• OBLIGATE
• FACULTATIVE
ACTION
FEEDBACK MECHANISM
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
85. DEVELOPMENT OF SWALLOWING PATTERN
• INFANTILE SWALLOW
- DEVELOPMENT
- MUSCLES ACTING
- POSITION OF THE TONGUE
• TRANSITION
• MATURE SWALLOW
- DEVELOPMENT
- MUSCLES ACTING
- POSITION OF THE TONGUE
- STAGES
94. SPEECH
It occurs when a volume of air is forced from the
lungs by the diaphragm through the larynx and oral
cavity. Controlled contraction and relaxation of the
vocal cords or bands of the larynx create a sound.
The mouth determines the resonance and exact
articulation of the sound. Because speech is created
by the release of air from the lungs, it occurs during
the expiration stage of respiration. Inspiration of air
is relatively quick and taken at end of sentence of
pause.
95. There are two processes in the production of
speech
1] Phonation –it is the production of airflow and
the establishment of frequency
2] Articulation- it is the modification of airflow by
resonance or various degree of stoppage to produce
vowels and consonants
97. Speech problems which may be improved by
orthodontics are those of faulty articulation.
The articulatory valves are
Velopharyngeal valve,
labiodental,
linguodental, and
linguoalveolar valve
99. Labiodental {upper teeth and lower lip} ‘F’ & ‘V’
Bilabial {lips} ‘P’ ‘B’ ‘W’ & ‘M’
Linguo –dental {tongue tip and upper teeth} ‘TH’
Linguo –alveolar {tongue tip alveolar ridge} ‘T’ & ‘D’
Linguo-velor-pharyngeal {tongue back, velum and
pharyngeal wall} ‘K’ & ‘G’
Glottal {glottis} ‘H’
100. Travis has pointed out that "abnormalities of
orofacial structures cannot, of themselves along be
considered as prime causes of defective articulation”.
There is evidence of considerable adaptability in the
use of the lips and tongue in compensating for dental
malformations. Though lisping may be associated with
tongue thrust Fletcher et al found that it is found only in
thirds of abnormal sallower. As with tongue-thrusting.
sibilant distortion spontaneously improves with age.
101. • ACTION OF THE VELOPHARYNGEAL VALVE
• ETIOLOGY
o absence of structure (e.g., cleft palate),
o disproportion of structure (e.g.. short palate, deep
nasopharynx, short functional palate).
o neurologic defects (e.g., muscle or central
nervous
system)
• EFFECT ON SPEECH
•CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
VELOPHARYNGEAL INCOMPETENCE
103. RESPIRATORY AIRWAY
MAINTAINENCE
Tongue Posture
The base of the tongue forms the anterior wall of the
pharynx which serves as the portal for both, the
alimentary tract and the airway. Maintenance of the
pharyngeal airway demands that the tongue base not
be allowed to intrude into this airway; and this is taken
care of by the genioglosus muscle.
104. TONGUE POSTURE
• REFLEX AIRWAY MAINTAINENCE
• EQUILIBRIUM
• POSTURE IN NEW BORN
• EFFECT ON THE MANDIBULAR GROWTH
AND DENTITION
( HEAD POSTURE)
107. RETRACTED TONGUE POSTURE
• Seen in less than 10% of all children
• Posterior open bite
• Edentulous adults
• Bilateral loss of several posterior teeth
• Loss of positional sense
• Associated malocclusion
109. 2) ACQUIRED PROTRACTED TONGUE POSTURE
• Tongue adaption to inadequate airway or inflammatory
conditions.
• Experimentally spontaneous correction achieved in acute
inflammed throat.
• Precipitating pain mechanism should be removed
• Prognosis
110. THUMB SUCKING AND FINGER SUCKING
• Physiologic – non nutritive
• Theories of etiology
• Associated malocclusions
• Movement of teeth depends on
- amount of force
- duration of force (most imp. factor)
- position of thumb
• Constriction of maxilla not primarily due to
negative pressure but alteration of balance
111. •Buccinator hyperactivity and V- shaped arch
• Early stoppage, normal balance restored]
• Persistence after six years – orthodontic
treatment and expansion
• Stoppage of the habit primarily required
113. MOUTH BREATHING
Linder Aronson and Bushey presented three hypotheses
1] Adenoid enlargement leads to mouth breathing, resulting in a
particular type of facial form and dentition
2] Enlarged adenoids, though may lead to mouth breathing but
do not influence facial form and the type of dentition.
3] Enlarged adenoids in certain types of faces and dentition leads
to mouth breathing.
114. Change in tongue, lip and mandibular posture
Alteration in craniofacial form and malocclusion
Increased anterior facial height
Narrow and high palate
Proclined incisors
Increased lower face height
Open bite
High mandibular plane
CLINICAL FEATURES OF MOUTH
BREATHING
116. BRUXISM
Tooth clenching and grinding (bruxism) are
usually considered parafunctions of the adult and are
thought to result from physiological stress with or
without occlusal interferences.
Also found in children and has alleged
associations with allergies, asthma, "digestive
upsets," "nervousness," and other conditions.
It mayor may not alter the tooth position
depending on whether or not it is associated with a
slide into the intercuspation position.
117. Gagging is a reflex initiated from the
oropharynx and can be regarded as protective of
either the upper alimentary tract or the airway.
Nerves involved
The glossopharyngeal nerve & the trigeminal
nerve
The reflexogenic sites
The faucial pillars. base of tongue. soft palate.
and posterior pharyngeal wall.
Increasing central vagal discharge might be
expected to suppress gagging
Readily conditioned reflex
GAGGING
118. Glands that drain by duct system into oral cavity secrete saliva
Functions
• Lubrication
• Digestion
• Solvent action
• Antibacterial action
• Antifungal action
• Buffering action
• Remineralization
• Temperature regulation
SALIVARY SECREATION
119. Secretion is under control of autonomous nervous system.
Has a high flow during, a low flow between meals and minimum
during sleep. Mostly water containing with a low percentage of
organic and inorganic components. Volume of saliva produced in
one day is 0.5 to 0.75 It. Large bulk of saliva production [90%}
by major paired salivary glands.
120. Muscle dysfunction
Facial muscles can offset jaw growth in two ways
Formation of bone at the point of muscle attachments
depends on the activity of muscle.
Musculature is an important part of total soft tissue matrix
whose growth normally carries the jaws downward and forward.
Muscle atrophy leads to underdevelopment of that part
of the face
Excessive muscle contraction can restrict growth e.g.torticollis -
twisting of head caused by extensive tonic contraction of neck
muscles on one side primarily by sternocledomastoid.