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FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS AND CEPHALOMETRIC ANALYSIS CRITERIA FOR FUNCTIONAL JAW O...Indian dental academy
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This slide gives you ideas about functional matrix theory revisited by Melvin moss in a series of four articles which he tells the limitations of his first study and how he corrected it . this slide includes Functional matrix theory
Constrains of FMH,Functional matrix theory revisited
Articles,Reference
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS AND CEPHALOMETRIC ANALYSIS CRITERIA FOR FUNCTIONAL JAW O...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Esthetic orthodontic brackets /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This slide gives you ideas about functional matrix theory revisited by Melvin moss in a series of four articles which he tells the limitations of his first study and how he corrected it . this slide includes Functional matrix theory
Constrains of FMH,Functional matrix theory revisited
Articles,Reference
Introduction
Definitions
Nutrition & Normal occlusion
Calcium
Phosphorous
Vitamins D , A & C
Nutritional deficiencies
Nutrition & Dentofacial growth
Role of Nutritional counseling
Conclusion
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
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Molecular and ultracellular basis of orthodontic tooth movementMiliya Parveen
Contents -
Introduction
Response to normal function
Response to Continuous Pressure
Force for Orthodontic Tooth Movement
Modes of Orthodontic Tooth Movement
Hyalinization
Role of Piezoelectric Current
Theories of orthodontic mechanisms
Phases of tooth movement
Pathways of tooth movement
Signaling molecules and metabolites in orthodontic tooth movement
Role of Cytokines, Growth Factors and Transcription Factors
Role of Prostaglandins
Cellular networking in tooth remodeling
The intracellular second-messenger systems
Role of Vitamin D and diacylglycerol
RANK RANKL/OPG pathway
Sequence of events after force application
Changes in PDL
Changes in Gingiva
Markers For Orthodontic Tooth Movement
Conclusion
William R Proffit was respected in orthodontics. His life journey started in 1936 and ended in 2018. In between, he did lots of research work in orthodontics. He publishes around 170 research articles most of the articles are very helpful for postgraduate students. His nickname was Bill. He joined the faculty at the University of Kentucky in 1965 and served as the first chairman of the orthodontics department, and then taught at the University of Florida for 2 years.
In 1975, he returned to UNC and joined the orthodontics faculty. He served as a professor and later became chair of the department of orthodontics, a post he held for 26 years. Dr Proffit's textbook, Contemporary Orthodontics, the standard used in dental schools throughout the world, is the world's most influential orthodontic resource.
He contributed to and guided every chapter in every edition, and that is its strength and reason for its endurance.
He coauthored Contemporary Treatment of Dentofacial Deformity and 2 other books on surgical-orthodontic treatment.
Introduction
Definitions
Nutrition & Normal occlusion
Calcium
Phosphorous
Vitamins D , A & C
Nutritional deficiencies
Nutrition & Dentofacial growth
Role of Nutritional counseling
Conclusion
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Ceramic orthodontic brackets/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian de...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Bioprogressive therapy /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Tongue and its importance in orthodontic treatment /certified fixed orthodont...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in
continuing dental education , training dentists
in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide
range of dental certified courses in different
formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown &
Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Muscle function in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indi...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Molecular and ultracellular basis of orthodontic tooth movementMiliya Parveen
Contents -
Introduction
Response to normal function
Response to Continuous Pressure
Force for Orthodontic Tooth Movement
Modes of Orthodontic Tooth Movement
Hyalinization
Role of Piezoelectric Current
Theories of orthodontic mechanisms
Phases of tooth movement
Pathways of tooth movement
Signaling molecules and metabolites in orthodontic tooth movement
Role of Cytokines, Growth Factors and Transcription Factors
Role of Prostaglandins
Cellular networking in tooth remodeling
The intracellular second-messenger systems
Role of Vitamin D and diacylglycerol
RANK RANKL/OPG pathway
Sequence of events after force application
Changes in PDL
Changes in Gingiva
Markers For Orthodontic Tooth Movement
Conclusion
William R Proffit was respected in orthodontics. His life journey started in 1936 and ended in 2018. In between, he did lots of research work in orthodontics. He publishes around 170 research articles most of the articles are very helpful for postgraduate students. His nickname was Bill. He joined the faculty at the University of Kentucky in 1965 and served as the first chairman of the orthodontics department, and then taught at the University of Florida for 2 years.
In 1975, he returned to UNC and joined the orthodontics faculty. He served as a professor and later became chair of the department of orthodontics, a post he held for 26 years. Dr Proffit's textbook, Contemporary Orthodontics, the standard used in dental schools throughout the world, is the world's most influential orthodontic resource.
He contributed to and guided every chapter in every edition, and that is its strength and reason for its endurance.
He coauthored Contemporary Treatment of Dentofacial Deformity and 2 other books on surgical-orthodontic treatment.
Forces associated with blood flow are major determinants of vascular morphogenesis and physiology. Blood flow is crucial for blood vessel development during embryogenesis and for regulation of vessel diameter in adult life. It is also a key factor in atherosclerosis, which, despite the systemic nature of major risk factors, occurs mainly at regions of arteries that experience disturbances in fluid flow. Recent data have highlighted the potential endothelial mechanotransducers that mediate responses to flow, the effects of atheroprotective versus atherogenic flow, and the mechanisms that contribute to progression of the disease over time and how systemic factors interact with flow patterns to cause atherosclerosis.
Frm:- Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2009 Jan; 10(1): 53–62. doi: 10.1038/nrm2596
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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Chapter 1 Cell Mechanics Principles, Practices, and Prospects1.docxcravennichole326
Chapter 1: Cell Mechanics: Principles, Practices, and Prospects
1. Motivation
Mechanical forces are normal physiological functions which are generated and sustained by biological cells. Cells are always active and are capable of detecting mechanical stimuli via mechanosensitive signaling pathways which are activated and in turn respond physical signals by reorganizing the cytoskeleton and generating the appropriate forces. Various cell mechanical properties such as viscosity, elasticity and adhesiveness are susceptible to change as a result of mutation and pathogen-induced cytoskeletal disruption. Conversely, cell behavior can be influenced by perturbations in the mechanical environment. Such transformations are indicative of various pathological states. As such, there are multitudes of hypothetical and experimental models which have been used to characterize the mechanical properties of cells, which are drawn from soft matter physics and mechanical engineering. Human knowledge of cell mechanics and its associated roles in the disease, physiology and development has been furthered by interdisciplinary studies which amalgamate research in contemporary molecular biology and advanced techniques for mechanical cellular characterization. Comment by Rashid, Bazlur: Please explain Comment by Rashid, Bazlur: define Comment by Rashid, Bazlur: grammar check: too many ‘which’
1.2 Cell Mechanics
Modern biomechanical research is at an intriguing stage whereby more is being discovered about the influence of mechanical cellular functions and characteristics both as a regulating factor and as a direct result of cellular architecture. Contemporary biomechanical research is aimed at combining the experimental, theoretical and computational approaches in order to develop an elaborate description of the mechanical behaviors of cells. This information can then be used to develop new perspectives on the correlation of cellular mechanics and disease, and the procedures which are used to pursue such research avenues are becoming increasingly complex. One of the greatest challenges facing such endeavors is the requirement for the reconciliation of physical and biological research, which requires a lot of expertise.
1.3 Physiological Forces
All living organisms need to interact with the physical forces that exist within their environments. This is one of the fundamental requirements for life and survival, and it is one of the main influencing factors of biological design. Various body parts in human beings are designed structurally to serve specific physiological functions in order to mitigate natural physical forces, such as the skeleton which poses a barrier to gravitational force. Even the most minor body functions are based on the generation of force, such as in breathing and exhaling for respiratory purposes. In recent times, biomechanical research has been focused on understanding this phenomenon at more basic organism and organ levels. New experimental techn ...
Functional matrix revisited /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
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NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
1. THE FUNCTIONAL MATRIX
THEORY REVISITED
1
Melvin L. Moss., AJODO 1997; vol 112:8-11
1. THE ROLE OF MECHANOTRANSDUCTION
Dr V Chandra Shekhar
PG Trainee
Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics
SBDC
Guide: Dr Shubhaker Rao sir
Co-guide: Dr Sravani ma’am
2. • FUNCTIONAL MATRIX THEORY -
ORIGINAL
• claims that the origin growth and
maintainence of skeletal tissues
and organs are always secondary,
compensatory and obligatory
responses to temporally and
operationally prior events or
processes that occur in specifically
related non skeletal tissues,organs
or functioning spaces.
2
3. DEVELOPMENT OF FUNCTIONAL MATRIX HYPOTHESIS:
• A decades study of roles of intrinsic and extrinsic factors in cephalic growth
evolved into functional matrix hypothesis.
• A recent advances in biomedical, bioengineering and computer sciences
created more explanatory FMH versions.
3
5. FUNCTIONAL CRANIAL COMPONENT
• A series of functions like respiration, vision, olfaction,
chewing,speech, etc. are carried out by a specific
Functional Cranial Component.
• FCC denominate all of those tissues and spaces
necessary to carry out a given function.
• skeletal units originate and remain completely embedded
within their respective functional matrices.
5
6. 1) FUNCTIONAL MATRIX-
PERIOSTEAL MATRIX-
This corresponds to immediate local environment, which
acts directly and actively upon related skeletal units.
Ex- muscles, blood vessels, nerves, glands, teeth.
The periosteal matrices stimulation causes direct growth of the microskeletal
units.
Ex- interaction between temporalis muscle and coronoid process of mandible.
6
7. CAPSULAR MATRIX-
• It is organ or space that occupy broader anatomical complex.
• Each capsule is an envelope.
• Capsules expand due to volumetric increase of capsular matrix.
Ex- Neurocranial capsule, orofacial capsule.
7
8. SKELETAL UNIT
• Micro skeletal unit:-
• single bone composed of many number of units termed as
micro skeletal units
• ex- condyle of mandible.
8
9. • Macro skeletal unit:-
• when adjoining portions of
bone united to function as
a single cranial unit.
• ex- internal surface of
calvarium.
9
10. CONSTRAINTS OF FMH:
1. METHODOLOGIC CONSTRAINT:
Macroscopic measurements, which
use techniques of point mechanics and arbitrary reference frames.
Ex- CEPHALOMETRIC RADIOGRAPHY.
10
11. 2.HIERARCHICAL CONSTRAINT:
• Earlier version’s description did not extend “downward” or extend
“upward” to multicellular process by which bone responds to lower level
signals.
• The FMH could describe:
1) how extrinsic FM stimuli transduced into regulatory signals by
individual bone cells.
2) how individual cells communicate to produce multicellular responses.
11
12. • FUNCTIONAL MATRIX HYPOTHESIS – REVISITED:
ROLE OF MECHANOTRANSDUCTION- PART-1
ROLE OF OSSEOUS CONNECTED CELLULAR NETWORK-PART-2
GENOMIC THESIS- PART-3
EPIGENETIC ANTITHESIS & RESOLVING SYNTHESIS- PART-4
12
13. MECHANOTRANSDUCTION:
All vital cells- irritability
13
Mechanosensation
Mechanoreception Mechanotransduction
Intracellular signal
extrinsic loading
extracellular signal
15. 15
Osseous mechanotransduction unique in 4 ways:
1) Most mechanosensory cells are cytologically specialized but bone cells are not.
2) 1 bone loading stimulus evoke-3 adaptational responses.
3) osseous signal transmission is aneural.
4) adaptational processes are independent.
16. 16
MECHANOTRANSDUCTION:
Ionic / electrical: involves some process of ionic transport
through bone cell plasma membrane.
1) stretch activated channels
2) electrical processes a) electro mechanical
b) electro kinetic
c) electric feild strength
17. 17
IONIC PROCESS:
It involves ionic transport through ionic channels like voltage gated,
ligand gated in bone cell plasma membrane
Intercellular transmission
19. ELECTRICAL PROCESS:
Electromechanical Electrokinetic Electric field strength
voltage activated streaming potential exogenous electric fields
ion channels like
Na+, k+, ca+
transmembrane ion
flow.
generates osteocytic action strain generated potential
potentials capable of transmission.
19
20. MECHANICAL PROCESS:
• It is an alternative means by which periosteal functional matrix activity
may regulate hierarchically lower level bone cell genomic functions.
• The basis of this mechanism is physical continuity of transmembrane
molecule integrin.
• connected extracellularly to collagen and intra-
cellularly with cytoskeletal actin.
• actin is connected to nuclear membrane.
20
21. INTEGRIN:
• Cells have transmembrane proteins called integrin and can recognize several
extracellular matrix proteins.
• Integrins transduce signals by associating with adapter proteins that connect
integrin to cytoskeleton.
21
22. • RIAM- rap 1 GTP interacting molecule
• Rap 1a- GTP - ras related protein 1 GTP
• Ras proteins are small monomeric GTPases that cycle
between the GTP-bound active form and the GDP-bound
inactive form.
• RIAMisa Rap1 effector that is a member of
MRL(Mig10/RIAM/Lamellipodin) family of adaptor proteins.The
Ras subfamily members Rap1A and Rap1B stimulate integrin
activation.
• MRL proteins function as scaffolds that connect the membrane
targeting sequences in Ras GTPases to talin, thereby
recruiting talin to integrins at the plasma membrane. 22
23. ACTIN:
• Extracellular signals regulate actin dynamics through G-protein coupled
receptors, integrins , receptor tyrosine kinase.
• It exists in two forms.
23
24. • Signaling to the cytoskeleton through G protein-coupled
receptors (GPCRs), integrins, receptor tyrosine kinases
(RTKs) lead to diverse effects on cell activity, including
changes in cell shape, migration, proliferation, and
survival.
• Intracellular regulation of the cell’s response to external
cues occurs through a large number of signaling
cascades that include the Rho family of small GTPases
(Rho, Rac, and Cdc42) and their activators, guanine
nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), their downstream
protein kinase effectors.
24
25. • These cascades converge on proteins that directly
regulate the behavior and organization of the actin
cytoskeleton, including actin interacting regulatory
proteins such as Arp2/3 complex, profilin, and gelsolin.
Signaling through different pathways can lead to the
formation of distinct actin-dependent structures whose
coordinated assembly/disassembly is important for
directed cell migration and other cellular behavior.
25
26. REFERENCES:
• Melvin L. Moss and letty Salentijn The primary role of
fuctional matrices in facial growth (june 1969)
• Moss ML. The functional matrix hypothesis revisited.1.
The role of mechanotransduction. American journal of
orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics. 1997 Jul
1;112(1):8-11.
• The functional matrix hypothesis revisited. 2. The role of
an osseous connected cellular network
• Text book of contemporary orthodontics - William R Proffit
*
27. • Bone research 2020 8;23 - molecular mechanosensors in
osteocytes.
• Orthodontic mechanotransduction and the role of the
P2X7 receptor by Rodrigo F. Viecilli, Thomas R. Katona,
Jie Chen- AJODO 2009;135:694-5
• Cellular, molecular, and tissue-level reactions to
orthodontic force-Vinod Krishnan and Ze’ev Davidovitch -
AJODO -april 2006
27
29. • The P2X7 receptor promotes necrotic tissue metabolism
by ensuring a normal acute-phase inflammatory
response.
• There were direct relationships between certain stress
magnitudes and root resorption and bone formation.
• Orthodontic responses are related to the principal stress
patterns in the periodontal ligament,and the P2X7
receptor plays a significant role in their
mechanotransduction.
29
30. Biomechanical and Molecular Regulation of Bone
Remodeling by
Alexander G. Robling, Alesha B. Castillo & charles
turner.
and Charles H. Turner
30
31. • when the bone is loaded, bending causes fluid movement
in the canalicular network, which leads to shear stress on
integrin and actin molecules mainly on the cell surface of
osteocytes.
• Fluid shear enhances ATP release and causes an influx of
Ca2+ via voltage-gated channels. ATP then binds to P2Y
(g-protein coupled) or P2X (ligand-gated ion channel)
receptors. The P2Y G protein pathway leads to Ca2+
release. ATP binds to P2X7 receptor increasing pore
formation and causing the release of PGE2, which in turn
binds to PGE receptor stimulating bone formation through
a pathway that is still unknown.
31
32. 32
bone
bending and fluid movement
integrin and actin molecule
ATP release and influx of calcium ions
P2Y or P2X
calcium release
increase pore formation
release of PGE2
bone formation
load
stress on
binds to
33. Cellular, molecular, and tissue-level reactions
to orthodontic force by Vinod Krishnan and Ze’ev Davidovitch(Am J
Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2006;129:469e.1-460e.32)
*
34. • In response to applied mechanical forces, there is
generation of electric potentials in the stressed tissues.
• Borgens - “stress-generated potentials or streaming
potentials”.
• In hydrated tissues, streaming potentials predominate as
the interstitial fluid moves.
• Pollack - electric double layer surrounds bone.
34
35. CONCLUSION:
35
• In addition to the FMH, the concepts of
mechanotransduction and computational bone biology
offers explanatory chain extending from epigenetic event of
skeletal muscle contraction, hierarchically downward, then
upward again.
• Analyzing size, shape changes by reference frame
invariant, FEM produces comprehensive and integrated
description of epigenetic regulation of bone form.