This document discusses methods for cattle ranchers to add value to their beef within and outside of the conventional beef marketing system. It explains that ranchers can increase profits within the conventional system by retaining ownership of cattle past weaning, producing higher quality cattle, and forming marketing cooperatives. The document also introduces alternative marketing strategies such as niche markets for natural, lean, or organic beef which involve direct marketing to connect producers with consumers seeking differentiated products. It provides an overview of production and marketing considerations for ranchers interested in alternative beef marketing.
Considerations in Organic Apple ProductionGardening
This document summarizes considerations for organic apple production in the eastern and western United States. It finds that organic apple production faces greater challenges in the east due to higher pest pressures from diseases, insects and weeds supported by the climate. In the west, organic apple production has been more successful due to lower pest pressures and other advantages like centralized marketing. It describes key pests like the plum curculio that have hampered eastern organic production. It highlights particle film technology using products like Surround that show promise as a broad-spectrum pest management tool, providing control or suppression of major pests like the plum curculio. This represents an important development for making organic apple production more viable, especially in the east.
Pesticides are Hurting Your Child’s EducationGardening
Pesticides are linked to lower performance in schools in 3 ways:
1. Prenatal exposure to pesticides can lead to poorer motor development in children by age 2.
2. Exposure to organophosphate pesticides is linked to lower IQs in young children, resulting in 17 million lost IQ points.
3. Studies link pesticide exposure to higher rates of ADHD diagnoses in children. Reducing pesticide exposure through an organic diet can lower levels by 90%.
This document discusses methods for cattle ranchers to add value to their beef within and outside of the conventional beef marketing system. It explains that ranchers can increase profits within the conventional system by retaining ownership of cattle past weaning, producing higher quality cattle, and forming marketing cooperatives. The document also introduces alternative marketing strategies such as niche markets for natural, lean, or organic beef which involve direct marketing to connect producers with consumers seeking differentiated products. It provides an overview of production and marketing considerations for ranchers interested in alternative beef marketing.
Considerations in Organic Apple ProductionGardening
This document summarizes considerations for organic apple production in the eastern and western United States. It finds that organic apple production faces greater challenges in the east due to higher pest pressures from diseases, insects and weeds supported by the climate. In the west, organic apple production has been more successful due to lower pest pressures and other advantages like centralized marketing. It describes key pests like the plum curculio that have hampered eastern organic production. It highlights particle film technology using products like Surround that show promise as a broad-spectrum pest management tool, providing control or suppression of major pests like the plum curculio. This represents an important development for making organic apple production more viable, especially in the east.
Pesticides are Hurting Your Child’s EducationGardening
Pesticides are linked to lower performance in schools in 3 ways:
1. Prenatal exposure to pesticides can lead to poorer motor development in children by age 2.
2. Exposure to organophosphate pesticides is linked to lower IQs in young children, resulting in 17 million lost IQ points.
3. Studies link pesticide exposure to higher rates of ADHD diagnoses in children. Reducing pesticide exposure through an organic diet can lower levels by 90%.
Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with ChildrenGardening
The document provides links to numerous books about establishing and maintaining edible schoolyard gardens to teach students about healthy eating and nutrition. Some of the books discuss the origins and philosophy of the edible schoolyard movement started by Alice Waters, while others provide practical guidance on creating gardens and incorporating them into lesson plans and classroom activities. The books cover topics like designing organic gardens, engaging young children in gardening, integrating gardens into the school curriculum, and using gardens to promote healthy, sustainable food practices.
The document provides information about HTML forms and form elements. It defines a form as an area that can contain input elements like text fields, checkboxes, radio buttons, and select lists. The <form> tag is used to enclose these elements and submit the user-entered data to a server using either GET or POST methods. Common form input elements are described, including text, checkbox, radio, submit, reset, hidden, and select elements. Their attributes and usage are explained.
This document discusses how a media product uses, develops, and challenges conventions of real music magazines.
It summarizes how the front cover uses conventions like colors and puffs seen in rock magazines to attract its target audience. It challenges conventions by placing the band image overlapping the masthead.
The contents pages follow conventions like a column layout but develop them by adding page numbers to images and offering a free gift to subscribers.
Double page spreads generally show rock stars seriously but this challenges that by using a candid, smiling image of the band. It develops conventions by incorporating quotes into the title and using a column layout for the article text.
St Petersburg Gimnazia 67 held a photography competition for students who went on an educational trip to Ireland in March 2014. The competition focused on landscape photos taken during the trip without people. Students greatly enjoyed experiencing Irish culture and hospitality while staying with families. The cultural exchange allowed students to widen their horizons through opening borders between Russia and Ireland. The photos were judged by Irish representatives, with several students winning prizes for best capturing landscape moments.
Potting Mixes for Certified Organic ProductionGardening
This document provides guidance for organic producers on creating potting mixes for seedlings, transplants, and container plants. It discusses ingredients that are allowed and prohibited by the National Organic Standard. Commercial organic potting mixes and ingredients are listed in appendices. Guidelines are provided for making compost and using manure according to organic regulations. Formulas for creating your own organic potting mixes are also included.
This document discusses food miles, which refer to the distance food travels from farm to plate. It has been found that processed food in the US travels over 1,300 miles and fresh produce travels over 1,500 miles on average before being consumed. The document addresses how food miles are calculated and their effects on energy use and producers and consumers. It also evaluates methods for reducing the energy intensity of the food transportation system, such as supporting more local food systems.
This document provides an overview of organic greenhouse vegetable production. It discusses the greenhouse vegetable industry and how small growers can compete through niche markets like locally-grown and organic produce. It also profiles different types of organic greenhouse production systems, including using soil or soilless cultures, as well as heating options like solar, compost or animals. The document emphasizes that organic fertility relies on crop rotations, residues, manures and minerals rather than synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. It states that greenhouse technology is similar between organic and conventional systems, but organic production requires more careful nutrient and pest management.
Meikeerthi has over 2 years of experience working in call coordination and server support roles for IBM Info Services. She has a B.Tech in IT from Anna University and is proficient in server hardware troubleshooting, RAID configuration, and firmware updates. Her career objective is to develop her skills and abilities in a competitive work environment.
Har 1015 Vortec DBW Wiring Harness Instructions and Manual PSI Conversion
Visit www.psiconversion for all of your swap and conversion needs. Full inventory of EFI Conversion Kits.
This instructional manual:
This harness is designed to be a complete wiring harness for the fuel
injection system on General Motors 2003 and newer Vortec fuel injected engines with Drive By Wire
Throttle Body and T56 or non-electronic automatic transmission.
This harness is constructed with GM Delphi Connectors and Terminals with GXL/TXL (600 volt
polyethylene cross-linked) wire which is professionally assembled and 100% quality inspected prior to
shipping. This harness includes all wiring that is needed by the PCM to run and control the fuel injection
system and transmission.
This document provides an overview of nutrient cycling in pastures, with a focus on the water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles. It discusses how these nutrient cycles are interrelated and impact pasture productivity. The document is intended to help pasture managers understand nutrient cycling processes, monitor their pastures for issues, and identify management practices that can optimize nutrient cycling efficiency. These include maintaining plant diversity and coverage, minimizing soil compaction, and implementing grazing practices that encourage uniform grazing and nutrient redistribution across pastures. The goal is to promote soil health, maximize forage and livestock growth, and minimize nutrient losses from the system.
Organic System Plans: Market Farms and GreenhousesGardening
This organic system plan provides details for Andy and Suzi Wannabee's 22-acre diversified organic farm in Arkansas. The farm includes vegetable crops, small fruits, greenhouse production, and wild ginseng harvest. A map shows the farm layout including 15 fields, buffer areas, buildings, and adjoining land uses. Field histories dating back to 2003 are also provided to document the transition of fields to organic production.
This document discusses the types and importance of foreign trade. It notes that due to differences in geographical conditions and resources, countries rely on trade to access goods they cannot produce themselves. Foreign trade provides benefits like increased wealth and utilization of resources, but also comes with challenges such as dependence on other countries, risks from price fluctuations, and potential harm to domestic industries. The document separates foreign trade into import trade, where a country purchases goods from another, and export trade, where a country sells goods abroad, and outlines some of the key participants and documents involved in each.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Dairy farms use significant amounts of energy for milking cows and cooling milk. The document discusses opportunities for dairy farms to implement energy efficiency improvements and reduce energy consumption and costs. It describes how vacuum pumps for milking and milk cooling systems are among the largest energy users on dairies. Upgrades like variable speed drives for vacuum pumps and milk transfer systems, plate heat exchangers for precooling milk, and heat recovery systems can lower energy costs. Farm energy audits and financial incentives are also discussed as ways for farmers to analyze efficiency opportunities and upgrades.
The document discusses Jesus and his divine nature and accomplishments. It claims that in chemistry he turned water to wine, in biology he was born without a normal conception, and in physics he disproved gravity by ascending to heaven. It asks who Jesus is and answers that he is the beginning and the end, the prince of peace, and the only way to the father. It calls Jesus the greatest man in history and says he conquered the world without an army.
Pv day frankfurt june 2015 zittartz presentationpharmasol
Medical Devices and Pharmaceutical products have long been separate worlds with distinct regulations.
Advances in technology continue to create new opportunities by merging devices with drugs or biologics to provide previously impossible benefits to patients. As these combination products involve components that are normally regulated under different types of regulatory authorities, they raise several challenges to traditional pharmaceutical companies, not previously exposed to Device regulations.
Compared to drug regulations, device regulations are more diverse depending on the classification of the device. But the safety of Medical Devices has recently become the focus of regulatory activities in Europe following the scandal about industrial silicone breast implants in France, leading to changes in regulations that follow pharmacovigilance principles.
In this presentation Dr Marc Zittartz, Chief Quality Officer at pharmasol, provides an overview on drug-device combinations, the recent regulatory developments, and how this affects the traditional pharmacovigilance activities of pharmaceutical companies.
Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with ChildrenGardening
The document provides links to numerous books about establishing and maintaining edible schoolyard gardens to teach students about healthy eating and nutrition. Some of the books discuss the origins and philosophy of the edible schoolyard movement started by Alice Waters, while others provide practical guidance on creating gardens and incorporating them into lesson plans and classroom activities. The books cover topics like designing organic gardens, engaging young children in gardening, integrating gardens into the school curriculum, and using gardens to promote healthy, sustainable food practices.
The document provides information about HTML forms and form elements. It defines a form as an area that can contain input elements like text fields, checkboxes, radio buttons, and select lists. The <form> tag is used to enclose these elements and submit the user-entered data to a server using either GET or POST methods. Common form input elements are described, including text, checkbox, radio, submit, reset, hidden, and select elements. Their attributes and usage are explained.
This document discusses how a media product uses, develops, and challenges conventions of real music magazines.
It summarizes how the front cover uses conventions like colors and puffs seen in rock magazines to attract its target audience. It challenges conventions by placing the band image overlapping the masthead.
The contents pages follow conventions like a column layout but develop them by adding page numbers to images and offering a free gift to subscribers.
Double page spreads generally show rock stars seriously but this challenges that by using a candid, smiling image of the band. It develops conventions by incorporating quotes into the title and using a column layout for the article text.
St Petersburg Gimnazia 67 held a photography competition for students who went on an educational trip to Ireland in March 2014. The competition focused on landscape photos taken during the trip without people. Students greatly enjoyed experiencing Irish culture and hospitality while staying with families. The cultural exchange allowed students to widen their horizons through opening borders between Russia and Ireland. The photos were judged by Irish representatives, with several students winning prizes for best capturing landscape moments.
Potting Mixes for Certified Organic ProductionGardening
This document provides guidance for organic producers on creating potting mixes for seedlings, transplants, and container plants. It discusses ingredients that are allowed and prohibited by the National Organic Standard. Commercial organic potting mixes and ingredients are listed in appendices. Guidelines are provided for making compost and using manure according to organic regulations. Formulas for creating your own organic potting mixes are also included.
This document discusses food miles, which refer to the distance food travels from farm to plate. It has been found that processed food in the US travels over 1,300 miles and fresh produce travels over 1,500 miles on average before being consumed. The document addresses how food miles are calculated and their effects on energy use and producers and consumers. It also evaluates methods for reducing the energy intensity of the food transportation system, such as supporting more local food systems.
This document provides an overview of organic greenhouse vegetable production. It discusses the greenhouse vegetable industry and how small growers can compete through niche markets like locally-grown and organic produce. It also profiles different types of organic greenhouse production systems, including using soil or soilless cultures, as well as heating options like solar, compost or animals. The document emphasizes that organic fertility relies on crop rotations, residues, manures and minerals rather than synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. It states that greenhouse technology is similar between organic and conventional systems, but organic production requires more careful nutrient and pest management.
Meikeerthi has over 2 years of experience working in call coordination and server support roles for IBM Info Services. She has a B.Tech in IT from Anna University and is proficient in server hardware troubleshooting, RAID configuration, and firmware updates. Her career objective is to develop her skills and abilities in a competitive work environment.
Har 1015 Vortec DBW Wiring Harness Instructions and Manual PSI Conversion
Visit www.psiconversion for all of your swap and conversion needs. Full inventory of EFI Conversion Kits.
This instructional manual:
This harness is designed to be a complete wiring harness for the fuel
injection system on General Motors 2003 and newer Vortec fuel injected engines with Drive By Wire
Throttle Body and T56 or non-electronic automatic transmission.
This harness is constructed with GM Delphi Connectors and Terminals with GXL/TXL (600 volt
polyethylene cross-linked) wire which is professionally assembled and 100% quality inspected prior to
shipping. This harness includes all wiring that is needed by the PCM to run and control the fuel injection
system and transmission.
This document provides an overview of nutrient cycling in pastures, with a focus on the water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles. It discusses how these nutrient cycles are interrelated and impact pasture productivity. The document is intended to help pasture managers understand nutrient cycling processes, monitor their pastures for issues, and identify management practices that can optimize nutrient cycling efficiency. These include maintaining plant diversity and coverage, minimizing soil compaction, and implementing grazing practices that encourage uniform grazing and nutrient redistribution across pastures. The goal is to promote soil health, maximize forage and livestock growth, and minimize nutrient losses from the system.
Organic System Plans: Market Farms and GreenhousesGardening
This organic system plan provides details for Andy and Suzi Wannabee's 22-acre diversified organic farm in Arkansas. The farm includes vegetable crops, small fruits, greenhouse production, and wild ginseng harvest. A map shows the farm layout including 15 fields, buffer areas, buildings, and adjoining land uses. Field histories dating back to 2003 are also provided to document the transition of fields to organic production.
This document discusses the types and importance of foreign trade. It notes that due to differences in geographical conditions and resources, countries rely on trade to access goods they cannot produce themselves. Foreign trade provides benefits like increased wealth and utilization of resources, but also comes with challenges such as dependence on other countries, risks from price fluctuations, and potential harm to domestic industries. The document separates foreign trade into import trade, where a country purchases goods from another, and export trade, where a country sells goods abroad, and outlines some of the key participants and documents involved in each.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Dairy farms use significant amounts of energy for milking cows and cooling milk. The document discusses opportunities for dairy farms to implement energy efficiency improvements and reduce energy consumption and costs. It describes how vacuum pumps for milking and milk cooling systems are among the largest energy users on dairies. Upgrades like variable speed drives for vacuum pumps and milk transfer systems, plate heat exchangers for precooling milk, and heat recovery systems can lower energy costs. Farm energy audits and financial incentives are also discussed as ways for farmers to analyze efficiency opportunities and upgrades.
The document discusses Jesus and his divine nature and accomplishments. It claims that in chemistry he turned water to wine, in biology he was born without a normal conception, and in physics he disproved gravity by ascending to heaven. It asks who Jesus is and answers that he is the beginning and the end, the prince of peace, and the only way to the father. It calls Jesus the greatest man in history and says he conquered the world without an army.
Pv day frankfurt june 2015 zittartz presentationpharmasol
Medical Devices and Pharmaceutical products have long been separate worlds with distinct regulations.
Advances in technology continue to create new opportunities by merging devices with drugs or biologics to provide previously impossible benefits to patients. As these combination products involve components that are normally regulated under different types of regulatory authorities, they raise several challenges to traditional pharmaceutical companies, not previously exposed to Device regulations.
Compared to drug regulations, device regulations are more diverse depending on the classification of the device. But the safety of Medical Devices has recently become the focus of regulatory activities in Europe following the scandal about industrial silicone breast implants in France, leading to changes in regulations that follow pharmacovigilance principles.
In this presentation Dr Marc Zittartz, Chief Quality Officer at pharmasol, provides an overview on drug-device combinations, the recent regulatory developments, and how this affects the traditional pharmacovigilance activities of pharmaceutical companies.
1. Föreläsning 7: Spontanitet och entropi forts.
Kapitel 10
10.5 Andra huvudsatsen
10.6 Entropivinst och förlust
10.8 Entropi och kemiska reaktioner
10.7 Fri energi
Rekommenderade avsnitt: 1.6 – 1.7
Rekommenderade uppgifter
53, 54
2. Spontanitet
Betrakta två gaser åtskilda av en vägg. När väggen tas bort fördubblas den tillgängliga
volymen för molekylerna. Så småningom fördelas de jämt i systemet via gasdiffusion
- en spontan process.
Antal konfigurationer är multiplikativ, alltså Ω=Ωröda·Ωblå
Ωefter
röda
Vefter
=
V före
V
efter
Ωblå = efter
V före
Vefter=2·Vföre
Nröda=Nblå=32
N
före
Ω röda
N
före
Ωblå
efter
Ωefter = Ωefter ⋅ Ωblå = 232 ⋅ 232 ⋅ Ω före = 2 ⋅1019 ⋅ Ω före
röda
Ωefter
∆S = k B ln Ω − k B ln Ω = k B ln
Ω före
processens riktning ger en ökad entropi – om den total entropin ökar är det en spontan process
efter
före
19
= k B ln 2 ⋅10
entropiproduktion
3. Energispridning (värmeledning)
Vi ska bredda betydelsen av Ω till att också innefatta inte bara molekylers lägen utan
också sätt att fördela energi i systemet.
vibrerande molekyler i en kristall
energin är initialt ojämt fördelad
energin sprids
det finns många sätt att fördela energin på –
majoriteten av dessa utgörs av en jämn
fördelning av energin
Om energin ökas då ökar också antalet sätt att fördela energin på
Om energin minskas då minskar antalet sätt att fördela den återstående energin på
∆Ω
>0
∆E
4. Temperatur (en alternativ definition)
EA ökar
ΩA ökar
SA ökar
EB minskar
ΩB minskar
SB minskar
q
A
B
kall
systemet är isolerat
vi sätter en varm och en kall kropp i kontakt med varandra i ett såpass kort ögonblick
att systemen förblir i jämvikt under värmeöverföringen
varm
EA ökar
ΩA ökar
SA ökar
1 ∆S
=
T ∆E
EB minskar
ΩB minskar
SB minskar
q
A
B
kall
det finns många mer sätt att fördela energin
på när den överförs som värme från B till A
∆S A ∆S B
=
∆E A ∆EB
likheten gäller när samma temperatur
har nåtts
varm
EA oförändrad
ΩA oförändrad
SA oförändrad
∆S A ∆S B
>
∆E A ∆EB
EB oförändrad
ΩB oförändrad
SB oförändrad
A
B
ljummen
ljummen
5. Andra huvudsatsen
1 ∆S ∆S
=
=
T ∆E qrev
∆S =
qrev
T
entropiändring till följd av reversibel värmeöverföring
Entropin kan också öka utan någon direkt värmeöverföring till följd av en spontan process,
t ex en gasexpansion eller blandning av gaser via diffusion. I sådana fall får man en större
entropiändring, alltså i allmänhet gäller ...
∆S ≥
qrev
T
Spontana processer är irreversibla. Entropin ökar för spontana processer.
∆S =
qrev
+ ∆Sirrev
T
∆Sirrev ≥ 0
två sätt att skriva 2a huvudsatsen
Reversibla processer sker oändligt långsamt så att systemet hela tiden är i jämvikt.
Sådana processer kan inte åstadkommas i verkligheten men man kan komma nära.
6. Entropiändring för öppna system
Hittills har vi behandlat isolerade system där varken utbyte av värme eller molekyler
mellan system och omgivning sker.
I isoterma processer hålls T konstant genom en termostat t ex ett stort vattenbad
som omger systemet. Systemet kan utbyta värme med termostaten och på så sätt
bibehålla en konstant temperatur.
Om systemets entropi ändras med beloppet ∆Ssys under en process där q utbyts
mellan system och omgivning, då är processen exoterm om q<0 och endoterm om q>0.
Ta en endoterm (q > 0) process som exempel:
Den totala entropin ges av:
∆Somgiv = qomgiv/T = -q/T < 0
∆Stot = ∆Ssys + ∆Somgiv = ∆Ssys - q/T
omgivningens entropi minskar
för en endoterm process
Processen är spontan om ∆Stot>0 vilket i detta fall betyder att systemets entropi ökar mer än
vad omgivningens minskar.
Alltså, för spontana irreversibla processer gäller:
systemets entropändring
∆Ssys >
q
T
värme som systemet upptar eller avger
systemets temperatur
7. (Gibbs) fri energi
Det är den totala entropin (omgivningens+systemets) som bestämmer om processer
är spontana (irreversibla) eller inte. Alltså kan en process ofta fortgå även om
systemets entropi minskar så länge som det kompenseras genom att omgivningens
entropi ökar mer.
q
För en spontan process gäller ∆Ssys > där enbart storheter förknippade med
T
systemet ingår.
För en process vid konstant p och T gäller:
värmen vid konstant tryck
omgivningens entropiändring
∆S tot = ∆Ssys −
qp
T
= ∆Ssys −
∆H
1
= − ( ∆H − T ∆Ssys )
T
T
uttrycket innehåller bara egenskaper hos systemet
så vi slutar att använda ”sys”
∆S tot = −
1
1
( H efter − H före − TSefter + TS före ) = − T
T
∆S tot = −
(( H
efter
1
1
∆ ( H − TS ) = − ∆G
T
T
en liknande härledning för konstant T och V ger den sk Helmholtz fria energin
− TSefter ) − ( H före − TS före )
T är konstant
)
8. (Gibbs) fri energi forts
Gibbs fria energi definieras för att slippa hålla reda på hur entropin fördelar sig
mellan system och omgivning. Den är direkt kopplad till ändringen i total entropi
och kan användas för att bedömma om en process kan ske spontant vid
konstant T och p.
∆G = −T ∆S tot
Om ∆G < 0 så är ∆Stot > 0 och processen ifråga sker spontant
Om ∆G < 0 så är ∆Stot > 0 och processen ifråga sker inte spontant (men då är
den omvända processen spontan).
Jämvikt träder in då ∆G=0 vilket betyder också att ∆Stot=0.
9. Tredje huvudsatsen
När T går mot absoluta nollpunkten 0 K avstannar alla processer och molekylär
rörelse och entropin går mot ett lågt värde. I allmänhet är detta värde inte 0.
Entropin blir bara 0 då ämnet är i en perfekt och unik kristall. I detta fall är
Ω=1 och S=kB ln 1=0.
Absoluta nollpunkten utgör ett nollställe utifrån vilket man kan bestämma
absoluta värden på entropi för ämnen. Dessa tabelleras i appendix 4 i boken
för standardtillståndet 1 atm och 25˚C och anges som S0.
Tack vare att entropi är en tillståndsfunktion kan beräkningar göras för
entropiändringar och ändringar i fri energi i kemiska reaktioner. Detta görs
enligt:
produkter
∆S
0
reaktion
=
∑
i
produkter
reaktanter
0
i
νiS −
∑
νiS
0
i
0
reaktion
∆G
i
∑
ν i ∆G −
i
stökiometrisk koefficient i balanserad reaktion
Mer komplexa molekyler har högre S0 värde t ex
=
reaktanter
0
f ,i
∑
ν i ∆G 0 ,i
f
i
fri energi för bildandet av produkt i
H2 (g)
H2O (g)
S0=131 J·K-1·mol-1
S0=189 J·K-1·mol-1