Fss soils

Lec. 1 Introduction and Hisstory of Entomology in India.ppt

RKPANSE1

This document provides an overview of the history of entomology in India. It discusses entomology in ancient Indian texts like Ramayana and Mahabharata. It then outlines the development of modern entomology in India, including important individuals who collected and studied Indian insects in the 18th century. It details the founding of important institutions in India focused on natural history from the 19th century onward. Finally, it summarizes some major developments in entomology in India in the 20th century, including the establishment of important organizations and publication of influential textbooks.

Lec. 6 Body segmentation Structure of head & its types.ppt

RKPANSE1

The insect head contains compound eyes, simple eyes, mouthparts, and antennae. It is formed by the fusion of six segments and can be divided into two regions: the procephalon and gnathocephalon. The head is attached to the thorax by the neck/cervix region. There are three basic head orientations in insects: hypognathous heads have mouthparts directed downward, prognathous heads have mouthparts directed forward as seen in carnivores, and ophisthognathous heads have an elongated proboscis sloping backwards.

Lec. 8 Structure and modifications of insect antennae.ppt

This document discusses the structure and modification of insect antennae. It notes that antennae are paired appendages located on the insect head that are segmented and aid in sensory perception. Antennae have three main parts - the basal scape, middle pedicel, and terminal flagellum. The flagellum can vary in structure between insect species, with different shapes including tapered, thread-like, bead-like, with teeth or stiff projections, or modified with hairs or expansions. The document provides examples of different antenna shapes in various insects.

FEY Lec. 5 RKP_Importance of Entomology.ppt

This document discusses the importance and scope of entomology. It outlines 14 branches of entomology and explains the importance of studying insects. Insects can be injurious pests of crops, livestock, households and carriers of disease. However, some insects are also beneficial as they produce goods like silk, honey, lac. Others act as pollinators, predators, parasites that control pest populations or decompose waste. The scope of entomology includes roles in agriculture, ecology, medicine, food science and more.

1. Insect legs are adapted for various functions through modifications of their basic five-segmented structure. 2. The major leg segments - coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, and tarsus - each have specific attachments and roles in functions like walking, running, jumping, climbing, digging, grasping, swimming, and more. 3. Examples are given of different types of leg modifications - such as saltatorial, scansorial, fossorial, raptorial - and how insects use these to fulfill tasks like leaping, climbing, digging, and holding prey.

FEY Lec. 1 RKP_History of Entomology.ppt

This document provides an introduction and history of entomology in India. It discusses how entomology is the scientific study of insects and the divisions of agricultural entomology. It then details the history of entomology in India, including references to insects in ancient Hindu texts, early European collectors in the 1700s and 1800s, the founding of important institutions in the late 1800s and early 1900s, and the development of the field in the 1900s with the establishment of organizations focused on locusts, plant protection, and research institutes.

Lec. 11&12 Wing venation modification and coupling apparatus.ppt

Grassed Waterways.pptx

This document discusses grassed waterways, which are natural or man-made channels covered in erosion-resistant grasses that are used to drain surface water from an area. Grassed waterways control soil erosion from runoff by lining the channel with grasses. Their design requires data on watershed characteristics, soil type, and topography to calculate peak runoff rates. Their shape depends on construction equipment availability, flow velocity, grade, and grass cover. Design involves determining peak runoff, assuming a channel cross-section, calculating velocity and capacity using Manning's equation, and iterating assumed dimensions until capacity matches runoff rates.

Insect body wall its structure, function and Molting

The document summarizes the structure and function of the insect body wall (exoskeleton or integument) and the process of moulting (ecdysis). It describes the main layers of the cuticle (epicuticle, exocuticle, endocuticle), their composition and functions. It also discusses the cellular layer (epidermis), cuticular appendages, glands and endoskeleton. The process of moulting is controlled by hormones and involves the detachment of the old cuticle (apolysis) and formation of a new cuticle in multiple steps over the moulting period (stadium). The discarded exoskeleton after moulting is called an exuv

Lec. 9 Structure and modifications of mouth parts.ppt

1. Insects have a variety of mouthpart structures adapted for different feeding behaviors. These include chewing and biting parts, chewing and lapping parts, piercing and sucking parts, rasping and sucking parts, and siphoning parts. 2. Chewing and biting mouthparts consist of labrum, mandibles, maxillae, labium, and hypopharynx and are found in insects like cockroaches and grasshoppers. Siphoning mouthparts form a tubular proboscis from elongated galeae of the maxillae for sucking nectar, as in butterflies. 3. Piercing and sucking mouthparts are adapted for feeding on blood or plant sap

Forms of water erosion

poornimsundarraj

Splash erosion is caused by the impact of raindrops and is determined by climate, soil properties, topography, and plant cover. Sheet erosion involves the uniform removal of a thin layer of soil by splash erosion and the transportation of detached particles by surface runoff. Rill erosion occurs when sheet erosion advances to form shallow channels, and gully erosion is the most advanced stage where channels cannot be smoothed out by cultivation and are formed through water and channel erosion processes. Gullies are classified based on their shape, activity level, and dimensions, and progress through formation, development, healing, and stabilization stages over time.

Lec. 19 respiretory system.ppt

Dhakshinamoorthy Maikandadevan

The document discusses insect respiration through tracheal systems. It describes the main organs involved - trachea, tracheoles, and spiracles. Trachea are a network of tubular structures that branch throughout the body, allowing gas exchange. They derive from ectoderm. Tracheoles are the finest branches of trachea that directly supply tissues with oxygen. Spiracles are openings on the exoskeleton through which air enters and leaves the tracheal system. There are generally 10 pairs of spiracles. The document provides details on the structure and function of these respiratory organs in insects.

Soil Water Plant Relationships

The document summarizes key concepts regarding soil-water-plant relationships. It discusses the constituents of soil and nutrients required for plant growth. It describes soil properties like texture, structure, bulk density and porosity. Different soil types are classified. The importance of water in soil and concepts like soil water potential, matric potential, and soil water release curves are explained. Finer textured soils retain more water than coarse soils at a given tension due to differences in pore size distribution.

Immature stages of insects and Its types (Classification)

Mogili Ramaiah

Life cycle of an insect can be complete or incomplete which posses different stages in the biology. If it is complete metamorphosis, it consists of egg, larvae, pupa and adult or incomplete metamorphosis with egg, nymph and adult. In the case of insects with complete development show complete metamorphosis with all immature stages that vary in size, shape and form or structure i.e., egg larvae and pupae differing each individually. Hence, different types of egg, larvae and pupae are described in this PPT (Basic Classification)

Insect integument - Entomology

JyothisJoseph6

The document summarizes the structure and functions of the insect integument or exoskeleton. It consists of three layers - the outer non-cellular epicuticle layer with wax and cement layers, the thicker procuticle layer divided into outer exocuticle and inner endocuticle layers composed of chitin and proteins, and the inner epidermis layer. The integument provides protection, prevents water loss, allows for muscle attachment, and gives the insect its shape. It can have various appendages like hairs, scales, spines, and glands. The integument acts as an external armor and strengthens the insect while protecting internal organs.

Universal Soil Loss Equation.pptx

The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) is a widely used method for estimating average annual soil loss. It was initially proposed in 1958 and modified to its current form in 1978. The USLE estimates soil loss as a function of rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility, slope length and steepness, crop management practices, and conservation support practices. It is used to predict soil loss, guide crop and management selections, and determine conservation needs. However, the USLE is empirical and only estimates average annual soil loss from sheet and rill erosion without considering sediment deposition.

Principles of Soil Erosion.pptx

Lec. 16 Digestive system.ppt

The digestive system of insects is composed of an alimentary canal that extends from the mouth to the anus. The alimentary canal is differentiated into three main regions - the foregut, midgut, and hindgut. Each region performs a different digestive function. The foregut contains structures like the pharynx, esophagus, and crop. The midgut is the main site of digestion and absorption and contains structures like the peritrophic membrane and gastric caecae. The hindgut functions to absorb water and ions from waste before it is excreted. Saliva plays various roles like moistening food, aiding digestion, and in some cases can transmit pathogens or toxins

Order neuroptera

Asmat Babar

Neuroptera are an order of hexapod insects with four large, membranous wings and chewing mouthparts. They undergo complete metamorphosis and include insects like antlions, lacewings, and snakeflies. Neuroptera have two pairs of similarly shaped and sized wings, a cylindrical body, and large compound eyes. Their larvae are specialized predators with elongated mandibles adapted for piercing and sucking prey. Some neuropteran larvae, like dobsonflies and alderflies, are important aquatic predators, while lacewing larvae prey on agricultural pests on land.

Insect Antennae: Structure, Functions and Their Modifications

Vikas Kashyap

Antennae are paired appendages on the head of insects that serve important sensory functions. They are segmented and composed of three parts: the scape, pedicel, and flagellum. Antennae detect smells, tastes, sounds, and help with tasks like finding food and mates. Their structure varies between species and can be setaceous, filiform, moniliform, and other forms adapted for different habitats and behaviors. Antennae play key roles in insects' survival and reproduction through their diverse sensory and physical functions.

Insect systematics

This document provides information about insect systematics and classification. It discusses the following key points: - Systematics is the scientific study of classification and evolutionary relationships of organisms, including insects. Carl Linnaeus established the binomial nomenclature system in 1758. - There are guidelines for scientific naming established by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, including naming conventions, holotype/paratype designations, and dealing with synonyms and homonyms. - Modern insect classification is based on wing characters and places insects into orders such as Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera, etc. over 1.5 million insect species have been described to date.

History of entomology

Arvind Yadav

Entomology is the study of insects and their relationship to other arthropods. The history of entomology in India began in the 18th century with early publications recording Indian insects. Several important organizations were founded in the 19th century that advanced the scientific study of Indian insects, including the Asiatic Society of Bengal and the Indian Museum. The field of economic and applied entomology grew substantially in the early 20th century with the establishment of institutions like the Imperial Agricultural Research Institute. Since then, national organizations have been formed to promote areas like pest management, biological control, and conserving agriculturally important insect resources.

Insect wing, their modifications and wing coupling mechanism

Offense and defense behavior in insects

Insects exhibit several types of defense mechanisms including behavioral, structural, chemical, and colorational defenses. Behavioral defenses include jumping, reflex dropping, thanatosis, and threatening poses. Structural defenses include hardened exoskeletons, sclerotized cerci, raptorial legs, and tentacles. Chemical defenses can be endogenous like stink glands and poisonous setae, or exogenous like osmeteria. Colorational defenses include cryptic coloration, revealing coloration, and warning coloration like Batesian and Mullerian mimicry.

MTs for Problem Soils

Risikesh Thakur

Saline Water

Risikesh Thakur

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Lec. 10 Structure and modifications of insect legs.ppt

FEY Lec. 1 RKP_History of Entomology.ppt

Lec. 11&12 Wing venation modification and coupling apparatus.ppt

Grassed Waterways.pptx

Insect body wall its structure, function and Molting

Lec. 9 Structure and modifications of mouth parts.ppt

Forms of water erosion

poornimsundarraj

Lec. 19 respiretory system.ppt

Dhakshinamoorthy Maikandadevan

Soil Water Plant Relationships

Immature stages of insects and Its types (Classification)

Mogili Ramaiah

Insect integument - Entomology

JyothisJoseph6

Universal Soil Loss Equation.pptx

Principles of Soil Erosion.pptx

Lec. 16 Digestive system.ppt

Order neuroptera

Asmat Babar

Insect Antennae: Structure, Functions and Their Modifications

Vikas Kashyap

Insect systematics

History of entomology

Arvind Yadav

Insect wing, their modifications and wing coupling mechanism

Offense and defense behavior in insects