Front end converter with integrated pfc and dc–dc functions for a fuel cell ups with dsp-based control

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Front-End Converter with Integrated PFC
and DC–DC Functions for a Fuel Cell UPS
With DSP-Based Control
Abstract
Introduction:
Due to the remarkable technological development observed
in recent years, several industrial processes have begun to
depend entirely on the use of electronic devices. In this context,
it has become inadmissible the occurrence of interruptions in
power supply regarding various fields of work and services,
among which one can cite telecommunications systems, devices
employed in hospital emergency rooms, and flight control
systems. In this sense, many companies invest in research
studies, which focus on the development of solutions that avoid
energy supply interruptions to their systems. The devices
manufactured for this purpose were denominated as
uninterruptible power supply (UPS), which commonly present a
high power factor (HPF) front-end converter followed by a dc–
ac or dc–dc stage (depending on the application) and uses
rechargeable batteries such as sealed lead-acid or nickel
cadmium, which use toxic heavy metals such as cadmium,

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mercury, and lead. In addition, the unpredictable working life
along with limited charge–discharge cycles increase the cost
concerning maintenance and replacement. On the other hand,
fuel cells (FCs) are emerging as a reliable power source, since it
is inherently clean and presents very high overall efficiency (40–
60%).
Existing system:
Conventional step-up converters, such as the boost
converter and flyback converter, cannot achieve a high step-up
conversion with high efficiency because of the resistances of
elements or leakage inductance; also, the voltage stresses are
large. A boost converter (step-up converter) is a DC-to-DC
power converter with an output voltage greater than its input
voltage. It is a class of switched-mode power supply (SMPS)
containing at least two semiconductors (a diode and a transistor)
and at least one energy storage element, a capacitor, inductor, or
the two in combination. Filters made of capacitors (sometimes in
combination with inductors) are normally added to the output of
the converter to reduce output voltage ripple.
Proposed system:
This paper presents a single-phase HPF frontend converter
suitable for an online UPS system using a proton exchange

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membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) as an energy storage system. A
self-resonant zerocurrent and zero-voltage-switching pulse
width modulated cell (SR-ZCS-ZVS-PWM) is used, therefore,
besides the soft commutation of switches S1 (main) and S2
(auxiliary), the charge circuit for the supercapacitor bank is also
ensured. A supercapacitors bank is able to operate without
hindrance at 60% to 100% of rated voltage. Normally, a
dedicated control is needed to achieve this condition, such as the
smoothing control method presented. In this context, one must
emphasize that in the proposed system there is no need for a
dedicated energy storage control on the supercapacitors. The
power diode D1, which connects the supercapacitors bank with
the boost inductor LB, provides the path for the transference of
the stored energy to the output capacitor when the main switch
S1 is OFF and diode D0 is forward biased, therefore, controlling
the voltage level across the supercapacitors terminals in a
natural flowing manner. The amount of energy processed by the
SR-ZCS-ZVS-PWM commutation cell is transferred to the
supercapacitors bank every switching cycle. In steady state, the
supercapacitor supplies energy to the load only when the input
ac voltage is lower than its terminal voltage and, hence, diode
D1 is forward biased. Under a power failure condition on the ac
grid, the switch S3 is turned ON and the supercapacitors provide
the necessary condition for the startup of the PEMFC.

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Block diagram:
Single
phase AC
supply
Diode
bridge
rectifier
Single
phase
inverter
Front end
converter
BUFFER circuit
5VDC
PIC controller
circuit
Gate driver
circuit
12 V
DC
Load
OPTO
coupler circuit
Energy
storage
12 V
DC

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Advantages:
 There is no need to use an external battery bank, which has
a short working life and low scalability, as well as an
associated charger circuit.
 There is no need to use a dedicated dc–dc converter for the
PEMFC which, thus, reduces cost.
 The use of nondissipative switching cell improves the
overall efficiency and can reduce electromagnetic
interference (EMI).
 The supercapacitors bank is continuously connected to the
system, which guarantees zero switching delay between the
ac power supply and the startup of the PEMFC.
 The commutation energy is used for charging the
supercapacitors, which presents a higher charge–discharge
cycle when compared to batteries.
 The supercapacitors bank naturally operates under 60% to
100% of rated voltage, so there is no need to implement a
dedicated control technique to assure the working life of
the supercacitors, making the proposed system simple.

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Applications:
Uninterruptible power supply (UPS).
Tools and software used:
 MPLAB – microcontroller programming.
 ORCAD – circuit layout.
 MATLAB/Simulink – Simulation.

Front end converter with integrated pfc and dc–dc functions for a fuel cell ups with dsp-based control

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