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A Theory of Migration
Everett S. Lee
Demography, Vol. 3, No. 1. (1966), pp. 47-57.
Stable URL:
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A THEORY O F MIGRATION*
EVERETT S. LEE
University of Pennsylvania
RESULIEN
E l concept0 de nzigracib~z abarca u n a serie de factores sobre l u g a r de origen y de d e s t i n o , obstaculos
i n t e r t i n i e n t e s y caracteristicas personales.
E s t e s i m p l e nbarco de t r a b a j o es e m p l e a d o c o n el f i n de fornbzilar tLna serie de llipbtesis acerca del
c o.
This document is an almanac from 1840 that provides astronomical calculations and tables related to tides, eclipses, and other natural phenomena for the year. It also includes some brief political notes opposing slavery and advocating for the rights of free assembly and discussion.
5 Heavy Metal Music Preference Delinquent Friends, Socia.docxblondellchancy
5
Heavy Metal Music Preference
Delinquent Friends, Social '
Control, and Delinquency
SIMON I. SINGER
MURRAY LEVINE
SUSYAN JOU
COMMENTARY by Simon Singer
I first had the idea to look at the relationship between delinquency and music
preference after reading a New Yorker article in 1986 about Los Angeles subur-
ban gangs. Within that excellent article by the journalist William Barich (1986),
I saw a dearly articulated hypothesis. I didn't need to go much further than that
to develop a theory about the possible effects of music on delinquency.
It so happened that the next year I was asked if I wished to do a "needs as-
sessment" for a large suburban community. There was New York State agency
money available to conduct a survey for which I was given discretion as to how
to define the proposed assessment. I wanted not only to meet the agency's goal
of evaluating the concerns and interests of the town's youth, but also to assess
the extent to which youth were involved in a variety of delinquent behaviors.
The idea of linking music preference to self-reported delinquency through
the survey technique came about when we needed to figure out an incentive
that would lead to the participation of youth in the survey. We received a good
deal on music coupons from a major retail record store in the area. To close the
deal with the record store we asked that the store cashiers record the actual
'
music that was purchased on the returned incentive coupon. The survey also
asked music preference, and we felt that along with actual music purcha e
Sourcr:Journal i?f R~earch i11 Cri111e and Delinquency. Vol. JO, N . J, Auhl'\J\t 1993, PP· JI ]-JlQ
1 1993 · bl . I ·
' · Jgl' Publications, Inc. Reprmted by permtS~on of !:>age Pu 1 at10m, n1;
Thh article ",l \Ub~tantial revi~ion of a paper onginally pre ented at the: I 99U annual mect-
1~ of the American ociety of Criminolot,,,y, Baltimore. We thank Robert Af,'IlCW,
M1ch.1el F IJ . . 1·, •rsions of this ar-arre , and Lionel Lewi for their helpful c mments on car 1cr vc ·
tide D f S · I SUNY-Butfalo, Ii · iren rorrc ·pondenl'.t's to imon J. Singer, Department o Ol'.JO ogy, ·
utfaJo, NY 14260.
109
PART Ill SURVEY RESEARCH
110 -- . sure that would make the articl
btrusive mea
would provide an uno .
onvincing. al . howed that the main effect of heavy
more c . he an ysis s . bl · ifi
The first step 111 t . £'. ther important vana es was sign ca~
olltng ior O l
preference after contr . d . teraction effects based not on y on what
However, we hypothesize in llent work of Keith Roe (1985). Roe's stud"
1 n the exce . h . f 1 . ·1
P
roposed but a so O h of multivariate tee mques o ana ys1s to
h d for t e use . d h pointed to t e nee . h' b tween music preference an attac ments to
out the possible relatto?s ip ere able to do using the techniques that Aike
d
ts This we we . . . n
school an paren · d d in their book on testing interactions with n-.,ul
(1 ...
The document discusses an academic writing style specified in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, which provides guidance to academic authors; it examines the APA style format and how it instructs writers on various elements of research papers, citations, and formatting of content. The brief overview evaluates the APA style guide's purpose in establishing standards for academic publishing that ensure clear and consistent presentation of ideas.
CSS 220 Module 8 HomeworkKruskal’s algorithm – is a MargenePurnell14
CSS 220 Module 8 Homework
Kruskal’s algorithm – is a Minimum Spanning Tree algorithm which finds an edge of the least possible weight that connects any two trees in the forest.
Prim’s algorithm – The algorithm operates by building the Minimum Spanning Tree one vertex at a time, from an arbitrary starting vertex, at each step adding the cheapest possible connection from the tree to another vertex.
Binary Tree Traversals
In-order Traversal - Left, Root, Right
Pre-order Traversal - Root, Left, Right
Post-order Traversal - Left, Right, Root
1.
Consider the graph given above. Use the nearest neighbor algorithm to find the Hamiltonian circuit starting at vertex A.
a) List the vertices in the Hamiltonian circuit in the order they are visited. Do not forget to include the starting vertex at both ends.
b) Calculate the weight of the circuit.
2.
Consider the graph given above. Use the nearest neighbor algorithm to find the Hamiltonian circuit starting at vertex O.
a) List the vertices in the Hamiltonian circuit in the order they are visited. Do not forget to include the starting vertex at both ends.
b) What is the total weight along the Hamiltonian circuit?
3.
Consider the graph given above. Use Kruskal's and Prim’s algorithms (for Prim start at J) to find the minimum spanning tree.
a) For each algorithm provide the edges in the order they were selected.
b) What is the total weight of the spanning tree?
4. Create the binary search tree representation of the following list: 22,8,41,34,5,20.
Then perform in-order traversal of the tree. What do you get?
5. Perform in-order, pre-order, and post-order traversal on the tree below. List out the sequence of values for each traversal.
6. Perform post-order traversal on this arithmetic expression tree. What is the resulting value?
7. Consider the following graph:
Which one of the following can NOT be the sequence of edges added to the minimum spanning tree using Kruskal's algorithm?
a. (b,e)(e,f)(a,c)(b,c)(f,g)(c,d)
b. (b,e)(e,f)(a,c)(f,g)(b,c)(c,d)
c. (b,e)(e,f)(b,c)(a,c)(f,g)(c,d)
d. (b,e)(a,c)(e,f)(b,c)(f,g)(c,d)
BEHS 220 Week 8 Required Resources
Axner, M. (2020). Section 5. Learning to be an Ally for People from Diverse Groups and Backgrounds. Community Tool Box at the University of Kansas. https://ctb.ku.edu/en/table-of-contents/culture/cultural-competence/be-an-ally/main
Garza, A., Cullors, P., & Tometi, O. (2016). An interview with the founders of Black Lives Matter [Video]. TEDWomen 2016. https://www.ted.com/talks/alicia_garza_patrisse_cullors_and_opal_tometi_an_interview_with_the_founders_of_black_lives_matter
Haefele-Thomas, A. & Combs, T. (2019). Chapter 4: Direct Action, Collective Histories, and Collective Activism: What a riot! Introduction to Transgender Studies. Harrington Park Press, LLC. http://ezproxy.umgc.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=e025xna&AN=2010690&site=eds-live&scope=site&profile=edsebook&ebv=EB&pp ...
Population Growth Essay | Essay on Population Growth for Students and .... Calaméo - Population Control Essay: Reasons for Rising Population Growth. How and why is population changing? - A-Level Geography - Marked by .... Population Explosion Essay for Students with Quotations | 1000+ Words. Lesson 9.2 Activity: The Impact of Population Growth Essay. Essay websites: Over population essay. Over Population. - A-Level Geography - Marked by Teachers.com. An essay on population growth. Effects of Rapid Population Growth Free Essay Example. Essay on Population Growth and Its Effects in English. (PDF) Population and Economic Growth: A Review Essay. Increase In Population Essay Topics. Surprising Essay On Population Explosion Pdf ~ Thatsnotus. Essay on Population | Population Essay for Students and Children in .... Essay on increase in population - High Quality Essay Writing From Best .... Essay on Population Growth and Its Effects in English - Make an Easy. HISTORY30067 - Population Growth Essay.pdf - The Impacts Of World .... Population Growth and Control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written .... Is Human Population Growth A Problem Environmental Sciences Essay .... In Essay on the Principle of Population | Labour Economics | Economies. Population Growth and Resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written .... ⇉Population Growth around the world Essay Example | GraduateWay. Essay on "population" in English | Write an essay on Population Growth .... ⇉Human Population Growth Essay Essay Example | GraduateWay. Persuasive Essay: Essay on population growth. World Population Growth - Free Essay Example | PapersOwl.com. College essay: Population essay. ️ Paragraph on increasing population. Increasing population , Sample of .... Essay on Population Growth - YouTube. Essay websites: Essay on increase in population. Write an essay on Population Explosion | Essay Writing | English - YouTube. Ielts Essay Overpopulation. Problems Related to Population Growth (500 Words) - PHDessay.com. World Population Problems | The Growth of World Population: Analysis of ... Increase In Population Essay
U Of T Essay Contest. Online assignment writing service.Krystal Bultman
The document provides instructions for entering an essay contest hosted by the University of Toronto. It outlines 5 steps: 1) Create an account, 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions and deadline, 3) Review bids from writers and select one, 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment, 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction. The process aims to match students with qualified writers to help complete essay assignments.
A Vindication Of The Rights Of Women Essay.pdfKris Hallengren
A Vindication of the Rights of Woman - Book Report - WriteWork. A Vindication of the Rights of Woman - Dover Books. A Vindication of the Rights of Woman by Mary Wollstonecraft, Paperback .... A Vindication of the Rights of Woman by Mary Wollstonecraft - Free ....
The document discusses the claims made by the California High Speed Rail Authority regarding the environmental benefits of the high-speed rail system in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It states that the authority's claims about greenhouse gas reductions are overstated according to a due diligence report. The report found the rail system would cause very little reduction in CO2 emissions. It also notes that the California Air Resources Board forecasts only a small reduction in emissions from the implementation of the high-speed rail.
This document is an almanac from 1840 that provides astronomical calculations and tables related to tides, eclipses, and other natural phenomena for the year. It also includes some brief political notes opposing slavery and advocating for the rights of free assembly and discussion.
5 Heavy Metal Music Preference Delinquent Friends, Socia.docxblondellchancy
5
Heavy Metal Music Preference
Delinquent Friends, Social '
Control, and Delinquency
SIMON I. SINGER
MURRAY LEVINE
SUSYAN JOU
COMMENTARY by Simon Singer
I first had the idea to look at the relationship between delinquency and music
preference after reading a New Yorker article in 1986 about Los Angeles subur-
ban gangs. Within that excellent article by the journalist William Barich (1986),
I saw a dearly articulated hypothesis. I didn't need to go much further than that
to develop a theory about the possible effects of music on delinquency.
It so happened that the next year I was asked if I wished to do a "needs as-
sessment" for a large suburban community. There was New York State agency
money available to conduct a survey for which I was given discretion as to how
to define the proposed assessment. I wanted not only to meet the agency's goal
of evaluating the concerns and interests of the town's youth, but also to assess
the extent to which youth were involved in a variety of delinquent behaviors.
The idea of linking music preference to self-reported delinquency through
the survey technique came about when we needed to figure out an incentive
that would lead to the participation of youth in the survey. We received a good
deal on music coupons from a major retail record store in the area. To close the
deal with the record store we asked that the store cashiers record the actual
'
music that was purchased on the returned incentive coupon. The survey also
asked music preference, and we felt that along with actual music purcha e
Sourcr:Journal i?f R~earch i11 Cri111e and Delinquency. Vol. JO, N . J, Auhl'\J\t 1993, PP· JI ]-JlQ
1 1993 · bl . I ·
' · Jgl' Publications, Inc. Reprmted by permtS~on of !:>age Pu 1 at10m, n1;
Thh article ",l \Ub~tantial revi~ion of a paper onginally pre ented at the: I 99U annual mect-
1~ of the American ociety of Criminolot,,,y, Baltimore. We thank Robert Af,'IlCW,
M1ch.1el F IJ . . 1·, •rsions of this ar-arre , and Lionel Lewi for their helpful c mments on car 1cr vc ·
tide D f S · I SUNY-Butfalo, Ii · iren rorrc ·pondenl'.t's to imon J. Singer, Department o Ol'.JO ogy, ·
utfaJo, NY 14260.
109
PART Ill SURVEY RESEARCH
110 -- . sure that would make the articl
btrusive mea
would provide an uno .
onvincing. al . howed that the main effect of heavy
more c . he an ysis s . bl · ifi
The first step 111 t . £'. ther important vana es was sign ca~
olltng ior O l
preference after contr . d . teraction effects based not on y on what
However, we hypothesize in llent work of Keith Roe (1985). Roe's stud"
1 n the exce . h . f 1 . ·1
P
roposed but a so O h of multivariate tee mques o ana ys1s to
h d for t e use . d h pointed to t e nee . h' b tween music preference an attac ments to
out the possible relatto?s ip ere able to do using the techniques that Aike
d
ts This we we . . . n
school an paren · d d in their book on testing interactions with n-.,ul
(1 ...
The document discusses an academic writing style specified in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, which provides guidance to academic authors; it examines the APA style format and how it instructs writers on various elements of research papers, citations, and formatting of content. The brief overview evaluates the APA style guide's purpose in establishing standards for academic publishing that ensure clear and consistent presentation of ideas.
CSS 220 Module 8 HomeworkKruskal’s algorithm – is a MargenePurnell14
CSS 220 Module 8 Homework
Kruskal’s algorithm – is a Minimum Spanning Tree algorithm which finds an edge of the least possible weight that connects any two trees in the forest.
Prim’s algorithm – The algorithm operates by building the Minimum Spanning Tree one vertex at a time, from an arbitrary starting vertex, at each step adding the cheapest possible connection from the tree to another vertex.
Binary Tree Traversals
In-order Traversal - Left, Root, Right
Pre-order Traversal - Root, Left, Right
Post-order Traversal - Left, Right, Root
1.
Consider the graph given above. Use the nearest neighbor algorithm to find the Hamiltonian circuit starting at vertex A.
a) List the vertices in the Hamiltonian circuit in the order they are visited. Do not forget to include the starting vertex at both ends.
b) Calculate the weight of the circuit.
2.
Consider the graph given above. Use the nearest neighbor algorithm to find the Hamiltonian circuit starting at vertex O.
a) List the vertices in the Hamiltonian circuit in the order they are visited. Do not forget to include the starting vertex at both ends.
b) What is the total weight along the Hamiltonian circuit?
3.
Consider the graph given above. Use Kruskal's and Prim’s algorithms (for Prim start at J) to find the minimum spanning tree.
a) For each algorithm provide the edges in the order they were selected.
b) What is the total weight of the spanning tree?
4. Create the binary search tree representation of the following list: 22,8,41,34,5,20.
Then perform in-order traversal of the tree. What do you get?
5. Perform in-order, pre-order, and post-order traversal on the tree below. List out the sequence of values for each traversal.
6. Perform post-order traversal on this arithmetic expression tree. What is the resulting value?
7. Consider the following graph:
Which one of the following can NOT be the sequence of edges added to the minimum spanning tree using Kruskal's algorithm?
a. (b,e)(e,f)(a,c)(b,c)(f,g)(c,d)
b. (b,e)(e,f)(a,c)(f,g)(b,c)(c,d)
c. (b,e)(e,f)(b,c)(a,c)(f,g)(c,d)
d. (b,e)(a,c)(e,f)(b,c)(f,g)(c,d)
BEHS 220 Week 8 Required Resources
Axner, M. (2020). Section 5. Learning to be an Ally for People from Diverse Groups and Backgrounds. Community Tool Box at the University of Kansas. https://ctb.ku.edu/en/table-of-contents/culture/cultural-competence/be-an-ally/main
Garza, A., Cullors, P., & Tometi, O. (2016). An interview with the founders of Black Lives Matter [Video]. TEDWomen 2016. https://www.ted.com/talks/alicia_garza_patrisse_cullors_and_opal_tometi_an_interview_with_the_founders_of_black_lives_matter
Haefele-Thomas, A. & Combs, T. (2019). Chapter 4: Direct Action, Collective Histories, and Collective Activism: What a riot! Introduction to Transgender Studies. Harrington Park Press, LLC. http://ezproxy.umgc.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=e025xna&AN=2010690&site=eds-live&scope=site&profile=edsebook&ebv=EB&pp ...
Population Growth Essay | Essay on Population Growth for Students and .... Calaméo - Population Control Essay: Reasons for Rising Population Growth. How and why is population changing? - A-Level Geography - Marked by .... Population Explosion Essay for Students with Quotations | 1000+ Words. Lesson 9.2 Activity: The Impact of Population Growth Essay. Essay websites: Over population essay. Over Population. - A-Level Geography - Marked by Teachers.com. An essay on population growth. Effects of Rapid Population Growth Free Essay Example. Essay on Population Growth and Its Effects in English. (PDF) Population and Economic Growth: A Review Essay. Increase In Population Essay Topics. Surprising Essay On Population Explosion Pdf ~ Thatsnotus. Essay on Population | Population Essay for Students and Children in .... Essay on increase in population - High Quality Essay Writing From Best .... Essay on Population Growth and Its Effects in English - Make an Easy. HISTORY30067 - Population Growth Essay.pdf - The Impacts Of World .... Population Growth and Control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written .... Is Human Population Growth A Problem Environmental Sciences Essay .... In Essay on the Principle of Population | Labour Economics | Economies. Population Growth and Resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written .... ⇉Population Growth around the world Essay Example | GraduateWay. Essay on "population" in English | Write an essay on Population Growth .... ⇉Human Population Growth Essay Essay Example | GraduateWay. Persuasive Essay: Essay on population growth. World Population Growth - Free Essay Example | PapersOwl.com. College essay: Population essay. ️ Paragraph on increasing population. Increasing population , Sample of .... Essay on Population Growth - YouTube. Essay websites: Essay on increase in population. Write an essay on Population Explosion | Essay Writing | English - YouTube. Ielts Essay Overpopulation. Problems Related to Population Growth (500 Words) - PHDessay.com. World Population Problems | The Growth of World Population: Analysis of ... Increase In Population Essay
U Of T Essay Contest. Online assignment writing service.Krystal Bultman
The document provides instructions for entering an essay contest hosted by the University of Toronto. It outlines 5 steps: 1) Create an account, 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions and deadline, 3) Review bids from writers and select one, 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment, 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction. The process aims to match students with qualified writers to help complete essay assignments.
A Vindication Of The Rights Of Women Essay.pdfKris Hallengren
A Vindication of the Rights of Woman - Book Report - WriteWork. A Vindication of the Rights of Woman - Dover Books. A Vindication of the Rights of Woman by Mary Wollstonecraft, Paperback .... A Vindication of the Rights of Woman by Mary Wollstonecraft - Free ....
The document discusses the claims made by the California High Speed Rail Authority regarding the environmental benefits of the high-speed rail system in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It states that the authority's claims about greenhouse gas reductions are overstated according to a due diligence report. The report found the rail system would cause very little reduction in CO2 emissions. It also notes that the California Air Resources Board forecasts only a small reduction in emissions from the implementation of the high-speed rail.
The Fifteenth Amendment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays .... ️ 15th amendment essay. 15th amendment free essay sample. 2019-02-20. 15th Amendment Essay – Telegraph. PPT - African American Voting Rights : The 15th Amendment .... Fifteenth Amendment Study Notes | Teaching Resources. 15th Amendment Summary. 15Th Amendment Essays. The Passing of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendment. The Fifteenth Amendment, 1870 | Gilder Lehrman Institute of American .... The Union In Peril timeline | Timetoast timelines. United States Constitution and Citizenship Day: 15th Amendment. Commentary: What Everyone Should Know About Reconstruction 150 Years .... : On this day in 1870, states ratified the 15th Amendment, giving the.... What everyone should know about Reconstruction 150 years after the 15th .... Historic Document 15th Amendment Stock Animation | 5453661. 15th amendment - Google Search | Abolishment of slavery, African ....
Epilogue ONE WEEK IN OCTOBER 20 10, I spent day after day .docxelbanglis
This document summarizes an anonymous oral history interview from the early 1970s in which a Mexican American man described acts of racial violence committed by Texas Rangers in 1915 that he witnessed as a child. The man provided specific details of brutal killings and named perpetrators. Decades later, an archivist dismissed the reliability of the interview since the man chose to remain anonymous. The document argues this history of violence should not be forgotten or dismissed, as it has relevance to understanding ongoing issues with policing and the criminalization of minorities.
Natural Calamities Essay In English: Understanding, Causes, And .... Natural disasters essay in English || write a essay on natural .... Natural Disasters Essay 200 Words | Sitedoct.org. Write a short essay on Natural Disaster | Essay Writing | English - YouTube. Narrative essay: Essay about natural disasters. 515 words essay on The Natural Calamities. Natural Disaster Essay In Simple English - Images All Disaster Msimages.Org. Essay On Natural Calamities Information. Natural calamities introduction. 515 words essay on The Natural .... Essay and Letter Writing: Essay on natural calamities. Top Essay On Prevention And Mitigation Of Natural Disasters ~ Thatsnotus. Essay 3 - Climate change impacts natural disasters because it triggers .... Analytical essay: Natural calamities essay.
Research Abstract Sample. 10 Good Abstract Examples That Will ...Denise Lopez
The document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net in 5 steps: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and select one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if pleased. 5) Request revisions until fully satisfied, with a refund option for plagiarized work.
The document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete an order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and select one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied, with a refund option for plagiarized work. The document promotes HelpWriting.net's writing assistance services.
Essay on Child labour in English for Class 1 to 12 Students. child labour essays | Child Labour | Labour Economics. Paragraph On Child Labour 100, 150, 200, 250 to 300 Words for Kids .... The Problems of Child Labour - Free Essay Example | PapersOwl.com. Causes And Effects Of Child Labour Essay | Sitedoct.org. Child Labour Essay in English for Students. Child Labour Essay in English. Child Labour Essay in English for students || Essay on Child Labour .... Joy's Child labour Essay. Write essay on Child labour | English | Handwriting. School Essay: Essay for child labour. Argumentative Essay about Child Labor - PHDessay.com. Challenges of Child Labor - Free Essay Example | PapersOwl.com. Camille-Child labour essay. Child labour problems and solutions. Free Essay: Problem. 2022-11-15. Child Labour Essay for School Students in English Essay on Child Labour. Essay on child labour paper. Essay on child labour || Child labour essay in english. Jennifer's Child labour essay. Facts and opinions with article of child labour. Abby's Child labour Essay. Causes Of Child Labour Essay | Sitedoct.org. child labour essay - Yahoo Image Search Results | Essay words, Common ....
 Assignment 1 Discussion Question Prosocial Behavior and Altrui.docxbudbarber38650

Assignment 1: Discussion Question: Prosocial Behavior and Altruism
By Saturday, July 11, 2015, respond to the discussion question. Submit your responses to the appropriate Discussion Area. Use the same Discussion Area to comment on your classmates' submissions by Saturday, July 11, 2015, and continue the discussion until Wednesday, July 15, 2015 of the week.
Consider and discuss how the phenomena of prosocial behavior and pure altruism relate to each other and how they differ from each other.
Pure altruism is a specific kind of prosocial behavior where your sole motivation is to help a person in need without seeking benefit for yourself. It is often viewed as a truly selfless form of behavior.
Provide an example each of prosocial behavior and pure altruism.

.
● what is name of the new unit and what topics will Professor Moss c.docxbudbarber38650
● what is name of the new unit and what topics will Professor Moss cover? How does this unit correlate to modern times?
● what problems were apparent in urban America?
● what were the three main streams of immigration up through the 1920s? What are "birds of passage?" How were Japanese and Korean immigrants different than Chinese immigrants? What is meant by "pale of settlement" and "pogrom."
● What is meant by "Americanization" and how did this process occur?
● What were the various forms of popular culture during this era, and why were they important?
● what forms of popular culture did working women enjoy? How did middle-class reformers react to these forms?
● what is meant by "the new woman" and "mothers to society?"
● How did middle-class men generally respond to the changing times? Why were people like Eugene Sandow and Harry Houdini so significant at this time?
● What were some of the examples of nativism at this time?
● What was the Social Gospel and what are settlement houses?
.
…Multiple intelligences describe an individual’s strengths or capac.docxbudbarber38650
“…Multiple intelligences describe an individual’s strengths or capacities; learning styles describe an individual’s traits that relate to where and how one best learns” (Puckett, 2013, sec. 7.3).
This week you’ve read about the importance of getting to know your students in order to create relevant and engaging lesson plans that cater to multiple intelligences and are multimodal.
Assignment Instructions:
A. Using
SurveyMonkey
, create a survey that has:
At least five questions based on Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences
At least five additional questions on individual learning style inventory
A specific targeted student population grade level (elementary/ middle/ high school/adults)
Include the survey link for your peers
B. Post a minimum 150 word introduction to your survey, using at least one research-based article (cited in APA format) explaining how it will:
Evaluate students’ abilities in terms of learning styles/preferences
Assist in the creation of differentiated lesson plans.
.
• World Cultural Perspective Paper Final SubmissionResources.docxbudbarber38650
•
World Cultural Perspective Paper Final Submission
Resources
•
By successfully completing this assignment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and assignment criteria:
•
Competency 1:
Evaluate communication issues and trends of various cultures within the United States.
•
Utilize effective research methods using a variety of applicable sources.
•
Demonstrate an ability to connect suitably selected research information with course content.
•
Competency 2:
Develop cultural self-awareness and other-culture awareness.
•
Investigate the interactive effect that cultural tendencies, issues, and trends of various cultures have on communication.
•
Competency 4:
Analyze how nonverbal communication (body language) affects intercultural communication.
•
Explain how personal interactions are affected by the nonverbal characteristics and differences specific to the U.S. culture.
•
Competency 5:
Communicate effectively in a variety of formats and contexts.
•
Write coherently to support a central idea in appropriate format with correct grammar, usage, and mechanics.
Instructions
This paper is one piece of your course project. Complete the following:
•
Choose a world culture that is unfamiliar to you and is represented domestically in the United States.
•
Use research to collect a variety of resources about the culture. This includes interacting with members of the culture. In particular, focus your research on a small number of social issues surrounding the culture, along with cultural tendencies and trends, and the effect of these things on communication. Types of resources include interviews, media presentations, Web sites, text readings, scholarly articles, and other related materials.
•
In a paper of 500–1,000 words, address these things:
•
Investigate the effect that the tendencies, issues, and trends of the culture have on communication.
•
Explain how characteristics of nonverbal communication and other differences between your selected culture and U.S. culture affect personal interactions between members of the two cultures.
•
Connect the research you gathered to your ideas and explanations.
Refer to the World Cultural Perspective Paper Final Submission Scoring Guide as you develop this assignment.
Assignment Requirements
•
Written Communication:
Written communication is free of errors that detract from the overall message.
•
APA Formatting:
Resources and citations are formatted according to APA style and formatting.
•
Page Requirements:
500–1,000 words.
•
Font and Font Size:
Times New Roman or Arial, 12 point.
Develop your assignment as a Microsoft Word document. Submit your document as an attachment in the assignment area.
Note:
Your instructor may also use the Writing Feedback Tool to provide feedback on your writing.
In the tool, click on the linked resources for helpful writing information.
•
Intercultural Competence Reflection
Resources
Review the situation in the media.
• Write a story; explaining and analyzing how a ce.docxbudbarber38650
•
W
rite a story; explaining and analyzing
how a certain independent variable ( at the individual, group or organization levels) affects a dependent variable (behaviour or attitude),
•
You will freely select your story from “ life” : from college, home, neighborhood, a book , a video/ movie, TV…etc. as long as the story has two clear dependent and independent variables.
•
You will finish with a conclusion that lists both variables and explain their relationship (cause and effect).
•
Assignment words limits 200 words (minimum)
WITH REFRENCES ABOUT THE STORY/ SCENARIO SOURCE !
.
•Use the general topic suggestion to form the thesis statement.docxbudbarber38650
•Use the general topic suggestion to form the
thesis statement
which will be an opinion on the topic. The thesis must have
three
controlling ideas.
•Develop an essay
map or informal outline
•Develop each paragraph using a specific
topic sentence
related to the controls in your thesis; thus, announcing the subject matter of that paragraph.
•Use
transitional devices
throughout the essay and in each paragraph.
•Use any combination of modes to support your arguments.
• Have a well-developed introduction and conclusion.
•Use quotes from the text to support your arguments.
•You must have a title.
•Make a “Work Cited” page with the text as the only source.
Topic:
Reading helps students to develop skills that will make them into a more optimally rounded person. Choose any three skills learned in reading and discuss how each one can help students to be more academically inclined.
the text
“The 1960s: A Decade of Promise and Heartbreak”
By Kenneth T. Walsh
March 9, 2010
US News
It was a decade of extremes, of
transformational
change and
bizarre
contrasts: flower children and
assassins
,
idealism
and
alienation
, rebellion and
backlash
. For many in the
massive
post-World War II baby boom generation, it was both the best of times and the worst of times. (7 words)
There will be many 50-year anniversaries to mark significant events of the 1960s, and a big reason is that what happened in that remarkable era still
resonates
today. At the dawn of that decade of contrasts a half century ago—on Jan. 2 ,1960—a
charismatic
young senator from Massachusetts named John F. Kennedy announced that he was running for president, and he won the nation's highest office the following November. He remains one of the
iconic
figures in U.S. history. On February 1, four determined black men sat at a whites-only lunch counter at a Woolworth's in Greensboro, N.C., and were denied service. Their act of
defiance
triggered a wave of sit-ins for civil rights across the South and brought
unrelenting
national attention to America's original sin of racism. On March 3, Elvis Presley returned to the United States from his Army stint in Germany, resuming his career as a pioneer of rock-and-roll and an icon of the youth culture celebrating freedom and a growing sense of rebellion.(5 words)
By the end of the decade, Kennedy had been
assassinated
, along with his brother Robert and the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. America's cities had become powder kegs as African-Americans, despite historic gains toward legal equality, became more impatient than ever at being second-class citizens. Women began demanding their rights in
unprecedented
numbers. Young people and their parents felt a widening generation gap as seen in their differing perceptions of
patriotism
, drug use, sexuality, and the work ethic. The now familiar culture wars between liberals and conservatives caused angry divisions over law and order, busing, racial preferences, abortion, the Vie.
•The topic is culture adaptation ( adoption )16 slides.docxbudbarber38650
•
The topic is
culture adaptation ( adoption )
16 slides
FIrst part
1- I have to interview 4 people ( Indians Chinese....)
(Experts professors students......)
-What kind or type of culture shock they experienced when they first came to Kuwait?
And whether they tolerated? how do they feel where they tolerated by Kuwaitis ?
- why culture tolerance of a foreign country is required in international marketing.
Based on what you learn those people, you will learn about feelings and their problems and difficulties when they first arrived in foreign countries. And knowing this, now you have to take this knowledge and apply to marketing and answer the questions whether it's difficult to adopt to foreign culture if it's difficult for people it's probably will be very difficult to also introduce those products and adopt those products to foreign culture. So that's why am asking you why culture tolerance in other nations are important and required to International marketing. you have to answer those
The second part of the presentation
You will identify or you will give domestic examples and foreign examples ( culture imperatives + culture electives + culture exclusive) examples of each category what is it about
The last question of the presentation
To Discuss the factor that determined successfully global adaptation
you have to
inculde a video
( 1 min max: 2 min)
Chapter 5 and you may find it in other chapters
This is the book for my course marketing you can get infomation from it :
https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B8pig2KdTaOBSkRzVjJvR1pLUkU/edit
.
•Choose 1 of the department work flow processes, and put together a .docxbudbarber38650
•Choose 1 of the department work flow processes, and put together a thorough 1-paragraph summary to explain to the team the importance of this process and how it works with the EHR. Choose 1 work flow process from the following choices: ◦Appointment scheduling
◦Front desk or check-in
◦Nursing or clinical support
◦Care provider
◦Check-out desk
◦Business office or billing
◦Clinical staff or care provider
•Discuss and describe 3 facility software applications that integrate with the EHR. Examples of software applications are electronic prescribing, speech recognition, master patient index, encoder, picture archiving and communication, personal health record (PHR), decision support, and more.
•Prepare a 3-paragraph summary of each application for the implementation team, and discuss any problems that may be encountered during EHR implementation.
•Describe the impact of 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of the EHR so that the implementation team can start to prepare for this discussion with the administrators
650 words
.
‘The problem is not that people remember through photographs, but th.docxbudbarber38650
Sontag argues that while photographs can shock people, they are limited in helping people understand complex issues. Photographs alone do not provide context or narrative to help viewers comprehend what they are seeing. Narratives are better able to help people understand by providing more information and details beyond a single image. This has implications for how contemporary politics and humanitarian organizations use photographs and narrative to educate people and raise awareness.
·
C
hoose an article
o
1000 words
o
Published in 5 years
o
Credible (e.g. Wall Street Journal, Asia Times, Fortune)
·
Write 3 single spaced analysis
o
Relate to Organizational Behavior
o
APA style
o
Name of theory; Definition of the theory; Location of link in the article
o
Explain and make analysis
.
·You have been engaged to prepare the 2015 federal income tax re.docxbudbarber38650
·
You have been engaged to prepare the 2015 federal income tax return for Bob and Melissa Grant.
·
Your tax form submission should include: Form 1040, Schedules A, B, D, E, and Forms 4684 and 8949 as applicable. You will come across many items on the tax return we have not talked about in class; if we have not covered it in class, and it is not included in the information below, you do
not
need to address it on this assignment.
·
Your solution should contain a detailed workpaper that calculates the tax due or refunded with the return and calculated in the form of the tax formula (see Ch. 4 lecture slides). The calculation should be well labeled and EASY to follow. This presentation will be factored into your grade. Do NOT include any references or citations on your workpaper.
·
You may complete the return by hand (
neatly
) or typed using 2015 forms found on Blackboard or the IRS website. You may complete the form using software, one version of which is available in the ACELAB.
o
Note – ACELAB software is for the 2014 tax year; if you choose to use this method, you do not need to override the automatically calculated 2014 information, but your workpaper must detail each line item that will differ between the 2014 form generated and the 2015 forms).
·
Use the following assumptions in preparing the return:
o
The general method of accounting used by the Grants is the cash method.
o
Use all opportunities under law to minimize the 2015 federal income tax.
o
Use whole dollars when preparing the tax return.
o
Do not prepare a state income tax return.
o
Ignore the Line 45 calculation for alternative minimum tax.
o
If required information is missing, use reasonable assumptions to fill in the gaps.
Client memo (5 points)
·
Complete a letter to the client regarding tax planning advice. Identify and explain two reasonable tax planning items the family could use to minimize their tax liability and/or maximize their wealth. All items would be implemented in future years and do not impact the current tax return.
BOB AND MELISSA GRANT
INDIVIDUAL FEDERAL INCOME TAX RETURN
Bob (age 43, SSN #987-45-1234) and Melissa Grant (age 43, SSN #494-37-4893) are married and live in Lexington, Kentucky. The Grants would like to file a joint tax return for the year. The Grants’ mailing address is 95 Hickory Road, Lexington, Kentucky 40502.
The Grants have two children Jared (SSN #412-32-5690), age 18, and Alese (SSN #412-32-6940), age 12. Jared is still in high school and works part time as a waiter and earns about $2,000 a year. The Grant’s also provide financial support to Bob’s aged (85 years) grandfather, Michael Sr., who is widowed and lives alone. Michael Sr.’s Social Security number is 982-21-5543. He has no income and the Grant’s provide 100 percent of his support.
Bob Grant’s Forms W-2 provided the following wages and withholding for the year:
Employer
Gross Wages
Federal Income Tax Withholding
State Income Tax Withholding
National Sto.
·Time Value of MoneyQuestion A·Discuss the significance .docxbudbarber38650
·
Time Value of Money
Question A
·
Discuss the significance of recognizing the time value of money in the long-term impact of the capital budgeting decision.
Question B
·
Discuss how the internal rate of return (IRR) method differs from the net present value (NPV) method. Be sure to include an explanation of what the IRR method is and what the NPV method is.
The initial post by day 5 should be a minimum of 150 words. If you use any source outside of your own thoughts, you should reference that source. Include solid grammar, punctuation, sentence structure, and spelling.
.
·Reviewthe steps of the communication model on in Ch. 2 of Bus.docxbudbarber38650
·
Reviewthe steps of the communication model on in Ch. 2 of
Business Communication
. See Figure 2.1.
·
Identify one personal or business communication scenario.
Describe each step of that communication using your personal or business scenario. Use detailed paragraphs in the boxes provided
Steps of communication model
Personal or business scenario
1.
Sender has an idea.
2.
Sender encodes the idea in a message.
3.
Sender produces the message in a medium.
4.
Sender transmits message through a channel.
5.
Audience receives the message.
6.
Audience decodes the message.
7.
Audience responds to the message.
8.
Audience provides feedback to the sender.
Additional Insight
Identify
two potential barriers that could occur in your communication scenario and then explain how you would overcome them. Write your answer(s) below.
.
·Research Activity Sustainable supply chain can be viewed as.docxbudbarber38650
·
Research Activity
Sustainable supply chain can be viewed as Management of raw materials and services from suppliers to manufacturers/ service provider to customer - with improvement of the social and environmental impacts explicitly considered.
Carry out a literature review on sustainable / green supply chain and prepare:
·
A report (provide an example) -2500-3000 words approximately and
Issues/topics that
you may like
to address/consider are:
1.
Drivers for Sustainable SCM
2.
Analysing the impact of carbon emissions on manufacturing operation, cost and profit by focusing on product life cycle analysis.
Analyse aspects of the product life cycle in terms of; Outlining CO2 emission points and scope, defining CO2 baseline, prioritising measures to reduce or off set emissions and finally planning and initiating actions.
3.
New ways of thinking/information sharing
Seven key solution areas were identified:
·
In- store logistics: includes in-store visibility, shelf-ready products, shopper interaction
·
Collaborative physical logistics: shared transport, shared warehouse, shared infrastructure
·
Reverse logistics: product recycling, packaging recycling, returnable assets
·
Demand fluctuation management: joint planning, execution and monitoring
·
Identification and labelling: through the use of barcodes and RFID tags. Identification is about providing all partners in the value chain with the ability to use the same standardised mechanism to uniquely identify parties/locations, items and events with clear rules about where, how, when and by whom these will be created, used and maintained. Labels currently are the most widely used means to communicate about relevant sustainability and security aspects of a certain product towards consumers
·
Efficient assets: alternative forms of energy, efficient/aerodynamic vehicles, switching modes, green buildings
·
Joint scorecard and business plan: this solution consists of a suite of industry-relevant measurement tools falling into two broad categories: qualitative tools, which are a set of capability metrics designed to measure the extent to which the trading partners (supplier, service provider and retailer) are working collaboratively; and quantitative tools, which include business metrics aimed at measuring the impact of collaboration
4.
Sustainability in the carbon economy
5.
Introducing/developing sustainable KPI
s
to SC, SCOR,GSCF Models
Wal-Mart
may be a good example to look at: when you burn less, you pay less and emit less, and the benefits can ripple further. The big advantages for organisations in becoming sustainable are reducing costs and helping the environment. For example: Wal-Mart sells 25% of detergent sold in the United States, by replacing regular washing detergent with concentrate they will save: 400 million gallons of water, 125 million pounds of cardboard and packaging, 95 million pounds of plastic.
.
·DISCUSSION 1 – VARIOUS THEORIES – Discuss the following in 150-.docxbudbarber38650
·
DISCUSSION 1 – VARIOUS THEORIES – Discuss the following in 150-200 words with in text citations and references:
·
Differentiate between the various dispositional, biological and evolutionary personality theories.
·
DISCUSSION 2 – STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS – Discuss the following in 150-200 words with in text citations and references:
·
Explain the strengths and limitations of dispositional, biological and evolutionary personality theories.
·
DISCUSSION 3 – ANALYZE PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTICS – Discuss the following in 150-200 words with in text citations and references:
·
Analyze individual personality characteristics using dispositional, biological and evolutionary personality theories.
·
DISCUSSION 4 – INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS – Discuss the following in 150-200 words with in text citations and references:
·
Explain interpersonal relations using dispositional and biological or evolutionary personality theories.
·
DISCUSSION 5 – ALLPORTS BELIEF – Discuss the following in 150-200 words with in text citations and references:
·
Do you agree or disagree with Allport's belief that individuals are motivated by present drives, not past events? Why?
.
·
Module 6 Essay Content
:
o
The Module/Week 6 essay requires you to discuss the history and contours of the “original intent” vs. “judicial activism” debate in American jurisprudence.
o
Part 1: Introduce and explain the key arguments supporting the “original intent” perspective and the argument for “judicial activism.”
o
Part 2: Weigh the merits of both sides and provide an assessment of both based upon research and analysis.
·
P
age Length:
At least three (3) pages in addition to the title page, abstract page, and bibliography page
·
Sources/Citations
: At least ten (10) sources, combining course material and outside material, are required. Key ideas from the required reading must be incorporated.
.
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Similar to from the SAGE Social Science Collections. All Rights Reserved..docx (6)
 Assignment 1 Discussion Question Prosocial Behavior and Altrui.docxbudbarber38650

Assignment 1: Discussion Question: Prosocial Behavior and Altruism
By Saturday, July 11, 2015, respond to the discussion question. Submit your responses to the appropriate Discussion Area. Use the same Discussion Area to comment on your classmates' submissions by Saturday, July 11, 2015, and continue the discussion until Wednesday, July 15, 2015 of the week.
Consider and discuss how the phenomena of prosocial behavior and pure altruism relate to each other and how they differ from each other.
Pure altruism is a specific kind of prosocial behavior where your sole motivation is to help a person in need without seeking benefit for yourself. It is often viewed as a truly selfless form of behavior.
Provide an example each of prosocial behavior and pure altruism.

.
● what is name of the new unit and what topics will Professor Moss c.docxbudbarber38650
● what is name of the new unit and what topics will Professor Moss cover? How does this unit correlate to modern times?
● what problems were apparent in urban America?
● what were the three main streams of immigration up through the 1920s? What are "birds of passage?" How were Japanese and Korean immigrants different than Chinese immigrants? What is meant by "pale of settlement" and "pogrom."
● What is meant by "Americanization" and how did this process occur?
● What were the various forms of popular culture during this era, and why were they important?
● what forms of popular culture did working women enjoy? How did middle-class reformers react to these forms?
● what is meant by "the new woman" and "mothers to society?"
● How did middle-class men generally respond to the changing times? Why were people like Eugene Sandow and Harry Houdini so significant at this time?
● What were some of the examples of nativism at this time?
● What was the Social Gospel and what are settlement houses?
.
…Multiple intelligences describe an individual’s strengths or capac.docxbudbarber38650
“…Multiple intelligences describe an individual’s strengths or capacities; learning styles describe an individual’s traits that relate to where and how one best learns” (Puckett, 2013, sec. 7.3).
This week you’ve read about the importance of getting to know your students in order to create relevant and engaging lesson plans that cater to multiple intelligences and are multimodal.
Assignment Instructions:
A. Using
SurveyMonkey
, create a survey that has:
At least five questions based on Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences
At least five additional questions on individual learning style inventory
A specific targeted student population grade level (elementary/ middle/ high school/adults)
Include the survey link for your peers
B. Post a minimum 150 word introduction to your survey, using at least one research-based article (cited in APA format) explaining how it will:
Evaluate students’ abilities in terms of learning styles/preferences
Assist in the creation of differentiated lesson plans.
.
• World Cultural Perspective Paper Final SubmissionResources.docxbudbarber38650
•
World Cultural Perspective Paper Final Submission
Resources
•
By successfully completing this assignment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and assignment criteria:
•
Competency 1:
Evaluate communication issues and trends of various cultures within the United States.
•
Utilize effective research methods using a variety of applicable sources.
•
Demonstrate an ability to connect suitably selected research information with course content.
•
Competency 2:
Develop cultural self-awareness and other-culture awareness.
•
Investigate the interactive effect that cultural tendencies, issues, and trends of various cultures have on communication.
•
Competency 4:
Analyze how nonverbal communication (body language) affects intercultural communication.
•
Explain how personal interactions are affected by the nonverbal characteristics and differences specific to the U.S. culture.
•
Competency 5:
Communicate effectively in a variety of formats and contexts.
•
Write coherently to support a central idea in appropriate format with correct grammar, usage, and mechanics.
Instructions
This paper is one piece of your course project. Complete the following:
•
Choose a world culture that is unfamiliar to you and is represented domestically in the United States.
•
Use research to collect a variety of resources about the culture. This includes interacting with members of the culture. In particular, focus your research on a small number of social issues surrounding the culture, along with cultural tendencies and trends, and the effect of these things on communication. Types of resources include interviews, media presentations, Web sites, text readings, scholarly articles, and other related materials.
•
In a paper of 500–1,000 words, address these things:
•
Investigate the effect that the tendencies, issues, and trends of the culture have on communication.
•
Explain how characteristics of nonverbal communication and other differences between your selected culture and U.S. culture affect personal interactions between members of the two cultures.
•
Connect the research you gathered to your ideas and explanations.
Refer to the World Cultural Perspective Paper Final Submission Scoring Guide as you develop this assignment.
Assignment Requirements
•
Written Communication:
Written communication is free of errors that detract from the overall message.
•
APA Formatting:
Resources and citations are formatted according to APA style and formatting.
•
Page Requirements:
500–1,000 words.
•
Font and Font Size:
Times New Roman or Arial, 12 point.
Develop your assignment as a Microsoft Word document. Submit your document as an attachment in the assignment area.
Note:
Your instructor may also use the Writing Feedback Tool to provide feedback on your writing.
In the tool, click on the linked resources for helpful writing information.
•
Intercultural Competence Reflection
Resources
Review the situation in the media.
• Write a story; explaining and analyzing how a ce.docxbudbarber38650
•
W
rite a story; explaining and analyzing
how a certain independent variable ( at the individual, group or organization levels) affects a dependent variable (behaviour or attitude),
•
You will freely select your story from “ life” : from college, home, neighborhood, a book , a video/ movie, TV…etc. as long as the story has two clear dependent and independent variables.
•
You will finish with a conclusion that lists both variables and explain their relationship (cause and effect).
•
Assignment words limits 200 words (minimum)
WITH REFRENCES ABOUT THE STORY/ SCENARIO SOURCE !
.
•Use the general topic suggestion to form the thesis statement.docxbudbarber38650
•Use the general topic suggestion to form the
thesis statement
which will be an opinion on the topic. The thesis must have
three
controlling ideas.
•Develop an essay
map or informal outline
•Develop each paragraph using a specific
topic sentence
related to the controls in your thesis; thus, announcing the subject matter of that paragraph.
•Use
transitional devices
throughout the essay and in each paragraph.
•Use any combination of modes to support your arguments.
• Have a well-developed introduction and conclusion.
•Use quotes from the text to support your arguments.
•You must have a title.
•Make a “Work Cited” page with the text as the only source.
Topic:
Reading helps students to develop skills that will make them into a more optimally rounded person. Choose any three skills learned in reading and discuss how each one can help students to be more academically inclined.
the text
“The 1960s: A Decade of Promise and Heartbreak”
By Kenneth T. Walsh
March 9, 2010
US News
It was a decade of extremes, of
transformational
change and
bizarre
contrasts: flower children and
assassins
,
idealism
and
alienation
, rebellion and
backlash
. For many in the
massive
post-World War II baby boom generation, it was both the best of times and the worst of times. (7 words)
There will be many 50-year anniversaries to mark significant events of the 1960s, and a big reason is that what happened in that remarkable era still
resonates
today. At the dawn of that decade of contrasts a half century ago—on Jan. 2 ,1960—a
charismatic
young senator from Massachusetts named John F. Kennedy announced that he was running for president, and he won the nation's highest office the following November. He remains one of the
iconic
figures in U.S. history. On February 1, four determined black men sat at a whites-only lunch counter at a Woolworth's in Greensboro, N.C., and were denied service. Their act of
defiance
triggered a wave of sit-ins for civil rights across the South and brought
unrelenting
national attention to America's original sin of racism. On March 3, Elvis Presley returned to the United States from his Army stint in Germany, resuming his career as a pioneer of rock-and-roll and an icon of the youth culture celebrating freedom and a growing sense of rebellion.(5 words)
By the end of the decade, Kennedy had been
assassinated
, along with his brother Robert and the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. America's cities had become powder kegs as African-Americans, despite historic gains toward legal equality, became more impatient than ever at being second-class citizens. Women began demanding their rights in
unprecedented
numbers. Young people and their parents felt a widening generation gap as seen in their differing perceptions of
patriotism
, drug use, sexuality, and the work ethic. The now familiar culture wars between liberals and conservatives caused angry divisions over law and order, busing, racial preferences, abortion, the Vie.
•The topic is culture adaptation ( adoption )16 slides.docxbudbarber38650
•
The topic is
culture adaptation ( adoption )
16 slides
FIrst part
1- I have to interview 4 people ( Indians Chinese....)
(Experts professors students......)
-What kind or type of culture shock they experienced when they first came to Kuwait?
And whether they tolerated? how do they feel where they tolerated by Kuwaitis ?
- why culture tolerance of a foreign country is required in international marketing.
Based on what you learn those people, you will learn about feelings and their problems and difficulties when they first arrived in foreign countries. And knowing this, now you have to take this knowledge and apply to marketing and answer the questions whether it's difficult to adopt to foreign culture if it's difficult for people it's probably will be very difficult to also introduce those products and adopt those products to foreign culture. So that's why am asking you why culture tolerance in other nations are important and required to International marketing. you have to answer those
The second part of the presentation
You will identify or you will give domestic examples and foreign examples ( culture imperatives + culture electives + culture exclusive) examples of each category what is it about
The last question of the presentation
To Discuss the factor that determined successfully global adaptation
you have to
inculde a video
( 1 min max: 2 min)
Chapter 5 and you may find it in other chapters
This is the book for my course marketing you can get infomation from it :
https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B8pig2KdTaOBSkRzVjJvR1pLUkU/edit
.
•Choose 1 of the department work flow processes, and put together a .docxbudbarber38650
•Choose 1 of the department work flow processes, and put together a thorough 1-paragraph summary to explain to the team the importance of this process and how it works with the EHR. Choose 1 work flow process from the following choices: ◦Appointment scheduling
◦Front desk or check-in
◦Nursing or clinical support
◦Care provider
◦Check-out desk
◦Business office or billing
◦Clinical staff or care provider
•Discuss and describe 3 facility software applications that integrate with the EHR. Examples of software applications are electronic prescribing, speech recognition, master patient index, encoder, picture archiving and communication, personal health record (PHR), decision support, and more.
•Prepare a 3-paragraph summary of each application for the implementation team, and discuss any problems that may be encountered during EHR implementation.
•Describe the impact of 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of the EHR so that the implementation team can start to prepare for this discussion with the administrators
650 words
.
‘The problem is not that people remember through photographs, but th.docxbudbarber38650
Sontag argues that while photographs can shock people, they are limited in helping people understand complex issues. Photographs alone do not provide context or narrative to help viewers comprehend what they are seeing. Narratives are better able to help people understand by providing more information and details beyond a single image. This has implications for how contemporary politics and humanitarian organizations use photographs and narrative to educate people and raise awareness.
·
C
hoose an article
o
1000 words
o
Published in 5 years
o
Credible (e.g. Wall Street Journal, Asia Times, Fortune)
·
Write 3 single spaced analysis
o
Relate to Organizational Behavior
o
APA style
o
Name of theory; Definition of the theory; Location of link in the article
o
Explain and make analysis
.
·You have been engaged to prepare the 2015 federal income tax re.docxbudbarber38650
·
You have been engaged to prepare the 2015 federal income tax return for Bob and Melissa Grant.
·
Your tax form submission should include: Form 1040, Schedules A, B, D, E, and Forms 4684 and 8949 as applicable. You will come across many items on the tax return we have not talked about in class; if we have not covered it in class, and it is not included in the information below, you do
not
need to address it on this assignment.
·
Your solution should contain a detailed workpaper that calculates the tax due or refunded with the return and calculated in the form of the tax formula (see Ch. 4 lecture slides). The calculation should be well labeled and EASY to follow. This presentation will be factored into your grade. Do NOT include any references or citations on your workpaper.
·
You may complete the return by hand (
neatly
) or typed using 2015 forms found on Blackboard or the IRS website. You may complete the form using software, one version of which is available in the ACELAB.
o
Note – ACELAB software is for the 2014 tax year; if you choose to use this method, you do not need to override the automatically calculated 2014 information, but your workpaper must detail each line item that will differ between the 2014 form generated and the 2015 forms).
·
Use the following assumptions in preparing the return:
o
The general method of accounting used by the Grants is the cash method.
o
Use all opportunities under law to minimize the 2015 federal income tax.
o
Use whole dollars when preparing the tax return.
o
Do not prepare a state income tax return.
o
Ignore the Line 45 calculation for alternative minimum tax.
o
If required information is missing, use reasonable assumptions to fill in the gaps.
Client memo (5 points)
·
Complete a letter to the client regarding tax planning advice. Identify and explain two reasonable tax planning items the family could use to minimize their tax liability and/or maximize their wealth. All items would be implemented in future years and do not impact the current tax return.
BOB AND MELISSA GRANT
INDIVIDUAL FEDERAL INCOME TAX RETURN
Bob (age 43, SSN #987-45-1234) and Melissa Grant (age 43, SSN #494-37-4893) are married and live in Lexington, Kentucky. The Grants would like to file a joint tax return for the year. The Grants’ mailing address is 95 Hickory Road, Lexington, Kentucky 40502.
The Grants have two children Jared (SSN #412-32-5690), age 18, and Alese (SSN #412-32-6940), age 12. Jared is still in high school and works part time as a waiter and earns about $2,000 a year. The Grant’s also provide financial support to Bob’s aged (85 years) grandfather, Michael Sr., who is widowed and lives alone. Michael Sr.’s Social Security number is 982-21-5543. He has no income and the Grant’s provide 100 percent of his support.
Bob Grant’s Forms W-2 provided the following wages and withholding for the year:
Employer
Gross Wages
Federal Income Tax Withholding
State Income Tax Withholding
National Sto.
·Time Value of MoneyQuestion A·Discuss the significance .docxbudbarber38650
·
Time Value of Money
Question A
·
Discuss the significance of recognizing the time value of money in the long-term impact of the capital budgeting decision.
Question B
·
Discuss how the internal rate of return (IRR) method differs from the net present value (NPV) method. Be sure to include an explanation of what the IRR method is and what the NPV method is.
The initial post by day 5 should be a minimum of 150 words. If you use any source outside of your own thoughts, you should reference that source. Include solid grammar, punctuation, sentence structure, and spelling.
.
·Reviewthe steps of the communication model on in Ch. 2 of Bus.docxbudbarber38650
·
Reviewthe steps of the communication model on in Ch. 2 of
Business Communication
. See Figure 2.1.
·
Identify one personal or business communication scenario.
Describe each step of that communication using your personal or business scenario. Use detailed paragraphs in the boxes provided
Steps of communication model
Personal or business scenario
1.
Sender has an idea.
2.
Sender encodes the idea in a message.
3.
Sender produces the message in a medium.
4.
Sender transmits message through a channel.
5.
Audience receives the message.
6.
Audience decodes the message.
7.
Audience responds to the message.
8.
Audience provides feedback to the sender.
Additional Insight
Identify
two potential barriers that could occur in your communication scenario and then explain how you would overcome them. Write your answer(s) below.
.
·Research Activity Sustainable supply chain can be viewed as.docxbudbarber38650
·
Research Activity
Sustainable supply chain can be viewed as Management of raw materials and services from suppliers to manufacturers/ service provider to customer - with improvement of the social and environmental impacts explicitly considered.
Carry out a literature review on sustainable / green supply chain and prepare:
·
A report (provide an example) -2500-3000 words approximately and
Issues/topics that
you may like
to address/consider are:
1.
Drivers for Sustainable SCM
2.
Analysing the impact of carbon emissions on manufacturing operation, cost and profit by focusing on product life cycle analysis.
Analyse aspects of the product life cycle in terms of; Outlining CO2 emission points and scope, defining CO2 baseline, prioritising measures to reduce or off set emissions and finally planning and initiating actions.
3.
New ways of thinking/information sharing
Seven key solution areas were identified:
·
In- store logistics: includes in-store visibility, shelf-ready products, shopper interaction
·
Collaborative physical logistics: shared transport, shared warehouse, shared infrastructure
·
Reverse logistics: product recycling, packaging recycling, returnable assets
·
Demand fluctuation management: joint planning, execution and monitoring
·
Identification and labelling: through the use of barcodes and RFID tags. Identification is about providing all partners in the value chain with the ability to use the same standardised mechanism to uniquely identify parties/locations, items and events with clear rules about where, how, when and by whom these will be created, used and maintained. Labels currently are the most widely used means to communicate about relevant sustainability and security aspects of a certain product towards consumers
·
Efficient assets: alternative forms of energy, efficient/aerodynamic vehicles, switching modes, green buildings
·
Joint scorecard and business plan: this solution consists of a suite of industry-relevant measurement tools falling into two broad categories: qualitative tools, which are a set of capability metrics designed to measure the extent to which the trading partners (supplier, service provider and retailer) are working collaboratively; and quantitative tools, which include business metrics aimed at measuring the impact of collaboration
4.
Sustainability in the carbon economy
5.
Introducing/developing sustainable KPI
s
to SC, SCOR,GSCF Models
Wal-Mart
may be a good example to look at: when you burn less, you pay less and emit less, and the benefits can ripple further. The big advantages for organisations in becoming sustainable are reducing costs and helping the environment. For example: Wal-Mart sells 25% of detergent sold in the United States, by replacing regular washing detergent with concentrate they will save: 400 million gallons of water, 125 million pounds of cardboard and packaging, 95 million pounds of plastic.
.
·DISCUSSION 1 – VARIOUS THEORIES – Discuss the following in 150-.docxbudbarber38650
·
DISCUSSION 1 – VARIOUS THEORIES – Discuss the following in 150-200 words with in text citations and references:
·
Differentiate between the various dispositional, biological and evolutionary personality theories.
·
DISCUSSION 2 – STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS – Discuss the following in 150-200 words with in text citations and references:
·
Explain the strengths and limitations of dispositional, biological and evolutionary personality theories.
·
DISCUSSION 3 – ANALYZE PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTICS – Discuss the following in 150-200 words with in text citations and references:
·
Analyze individual personality characteristics using dispositional, biological and evolutionary personality theories.
·
DISCUSSION 4 – INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS – Discuss the following in 150-200 words with in text citations and references:
·
Explain interpersonal relations using dispositional and biological or evolutionary personality theories.
·
DISCUSSION 5 – ALLPORTS BELIEF – Discuss the following in 150-200 words with in text citations and references:
·
Do you agree or disagree with Allport's belief that individuals are motivated by present drives, not past events? Why?
.
·
Module 6 Essay Content
:
o
The Module/Week 6 essay requires you to discuss the history and contours of the “original intent” vs. “judicial activism” debate in American jurisprudence.
o
Part 1: Introduce and explain the key arguments supporting the “original intent” perspective and the argument for “judicial activism.”
o
Part 2: Weigh the merits of both sides and provide an assessment of both based upon research and analysis.
·
P
age Length:
At least three (3) pages in addition to the title page, abstract page, and bibliography page
·
Sources/Citations
: At least ten (10) sources, combining course material and outside material, are required. Key ideas from the required reading must be incorporated.
.
·Observe a group discussing a topic of interest such as a focus .docxbudbarber38650
·
Observe a group discussing a topic of interest such as a focus group, a community public assembly, a department meeting at your workplace, or local support group
·
Study how the group members interact and impact one another
·
Analyze how the group behaviors and communication patterns influence social facilitation
·
Integrate your findings with evidence-based literature from journal articles, textbook, and additional scholarly sources
Purpose:
To provide you with an opportunity to experience a group setting and analyze how the presence of others substantially influences the behaviors of its members through social facilitation.
Process:
You will participate as a guest at an interest group meeting in your community to gather data for a qualitative research paper. Once you have located an interest group, contact stakeholders and explain the purpose of your inquiry. After you receive permission to participate, you will schedule a date to attend the meeting; at which time you will observe the members and document the following for your analysis:
Part I
·
How were the people arranged in the physical environment (layout of room and seating arrangement)?
·
What is the composition of the group, in terms of number of people, ages, sex, ethnicity, etc.?
·
What are the group purpose, mission, and goals?
·
What is the duration of the group (short, long-term)? Explain.
·
Did the group structure its discussion around an agenda, program, rules of order, etc.?
·
Describe the structure of the group. How is the group organized?
·
Who are the primary facilitators of the group?
·
What subject or issues did the group members examine during the meeting?
·
What types of information did members exchange in their group?
·
What were the group's norms, roles, status hierarchy, or communication patterns?
·
What communication patterns illustrated if the group was unified or fragmented? Explain.
·
Did the members share a sense of identity with one another (characteristics of the group-similarities, interests, philosophy, etc.)?
·
Was there any indication that members might be vulnerable to Groupthink? Why or why not?
·
In your opinion, how did the collective group behaviors influence individual attitudes and the group's effectiveness? Provide your overall analysis.
Part II
Write a 1,200- to 1,500-word paper incorporating your analysis with evidence to substantiate your conclusion.
Explain how your observations relate to research studies on norm formation, group norms, conformity, and/or social influence.
Integrate your findings with literature from the textbook, peer-reviewed journal articles, and additional scholarly sources. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.
.
·Identify any program constraints, such as financial resources, .docxbudbarber38650
·
Identify any program constraints, such as financial resources, human capital, and local culture.
·
Analyze the relationships between the policy developers and the policy implementers for the selected program.
Topic is Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) program. 380 words, APA format.
.
·Double-spaced·12-15 pages each chapterThe followi.docxbudbarber38650
·
Double-spaced
·
12-15 pages each chapter
The following is my layout for thesis:
CHAPTER 5
·
Brazil’s current outcomes in government, Financial, environmental, and community aspects.
1.
Variation in Government economic politics
2.
Yearly Financial growth
3.
Environmental risk factors
4.
Changes in community aspects
CHAPTER 6
·
Predictions of Market progression, Industrial variations, and government changes between 2007 to 2017
1.
Predictions for Industrial progression
a)
Financial variations and deviations
b)
Funding distribution for new technologies research and development
2.
Prediction for Brazil’s political outlook
a)
New economic laws and tax exemptions
b)
Changes in Political parties
3.
Predictions for deviations and variations in Brazil’s Market
a)
International growth
b)
Domestic growth
.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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from the SAGE Social Science Collections. All Rights Reserved..docx
1. from the SAGE Social Science Collections. All Rights
Reserved.
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A Theory of Migration
Everett S. Lee
Demography, Vol. 3, No. 1. (1966), pp. 47-57.
Stable URL:
http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0070-
3370%281966%293%3A1%3C47%3AATOM%3E2.0.CO%3B2-
B
Demography is currently published by Population Association
of America.
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A THEORY O F MIGRATION*
EVERETT S. LEE
University of Pennsylvania
RESULIEN
E l concept0 de nzigracib~z abarca u n a serie de factores
sobre l u g a r de origen y de d e s t i n o , obstaculos
5. i n t e r t i n i e n t e s y caracteristicas personales.
E s t e s i m p l e nbarco de t r a b a j o es e m p l e a d o c o
n el f i n de fornbzilar tLna serie de llipbtesis acerca del
c o l t ~ m e ~ zde l a m i g r a c i 6 n b a j o diversas
condiciones, el desarrollo de corrientes y co~ztracorrientes
nzigratorias y l a s caracteristicas de 10s m i g r a n t e s . S i e
m p r e que h a s i d o posible, l a s l ~ i p b t e s i s se p r e
s e n t a n
e n f o r m a tal que p u e d a ~ z comprobarse c o n datos a n
e s o s . P a r a otras l ~ i p b t e s i s 10s datos n o s o n dis-
ponibles actualinente; otras p u e d e n reyuerir
reestructuraci6n e n tkrnzinos de datos d i s p o n i b l e s .
L a s v a r i a c i o ~ z e s e n el volunzen de m i g r a c i b n
estcin r e l a c i o n a d a s c o n l a diversidad de l a s
regiones y
l a poblacibn que l a i ~ a b i t a , c o n el grado de d i f i c z
~ l t a d de 10s obstciculos i n t e r v i n i e n t e s y c o n l a s
Jluctua-
ciones de l a econonzia.
L a relacibn entre corrientes y contracorrientes m i g r a t o r i
a s es a n a l i z a d a e n base a l a s i m i l a r i d a d o
discinzilaridad de origen y d e s t i n o , a1 t i p o de
obstciculos i ~ z t e r v i ~ z i e ~ z t e s y a l a s condiciones
econonzicas.
L a m i g r a c i b n es c o n s i d e r a d a selectiua y el grado
de selecticidad d e p e n d e de u n nzimero de factores 10s
cliales a m e n u d o d u n conbo r e s t ~ l t a d o u n a
seleccibn b i m o d a l .
I t was a remark of Farr's to the effect torted t h a t "After
carefully reading Mr.
that inigration appeared to go on without Ravenstein's fornler
paper, and listening
6. any definite law t h a t led Ravenstein to to the present one, [I
arrived] a t the con-
present his celebrated paper on the laws of clusion that
inigration was rather distin-
migration before the Royal Statistical So- guished for its
lawlessness than for having
ciety on ;larch 17, 1885.l This paper any definite law.'j3 Mr.
Stephen Bourne's
was based upon the British Census of criticisin was less
devastating but logically
1881, but in 1889 Ravenstein returned to niore serious: "that
although Mr. Raven-
the subject with data froin more than stein had spoken of 'Laws
of illigration,'
twenty coui~tries.~ Finding corroboration he had not
forinulated then1 in such a
for his earlier views in this broader investi- categorical order
that they could be criti-
gation, he also entitled his second paper, cized.)j4 Nevertheless,
Ravenstein's pa-
"The Laws of illigration," though he pers have stood the test of
time and re-
noted that i t was a~libitiously headed and main the starting
point for ~vol-k in migra-
~varned that "laws of population, and eco- tion theory.
no~llic laws generally, have not the rigid- As found in the first
paper and extended
ity of physical larvs." A11 irreverent critic, or amended in the
second, Ravenstein's
Mr. K.A. Humphreys, iiniliediately re- laws are sunl~llarized in
his own words be-
low. The first five of these items include
* Presented a t the Annual Meeting of the the laws as they are
usually quoted, while
7. Llississippi Valley Historical Association, Kansas iteins 6 and
7, though taken froin the gen-
City, April 23, 1965 (((Population Studies Center
Series in Studies of Human Resources," No. 1). eral conclusions
of his second paper, are
This paper has benefited greatly from discussions not ordinarily
included. This, however, is
with Professor Surinder K. hlehta. due niore to Ravenstein's
way of number-
1 E. G. Ravenstein, "The Laws of hligration," ing the laws and
to his solnewhat tenta-
Journal of the R o y a l Statistical Society, XLVIII, tive
statenlent of the dominance of the
Part 2 (June, 1885), 1677227. Also Reprint No. econonlic
motive than to his own estimate
S-482 in the "Bobbs-Llerrill Series in the Social
Sciences." of the importance of his conclusions.
2 Ravenstein, ((The L a m of hligration," J o u r - 3
('Discussion on Lfr. Ravenstein's Paper,"
n a l of the R o y a l Statistical Society, L I I (June, J o u r n a
l of the R o y a l Statistical Society, L I I (June,
1889), 241-301. Also Reprint No. S-483 in the 1889), 302.
"Bobbs-LIerrill Series in the Social Sciences." Zbid., p. 303.
1. Migration and distance.-(a) "[Tlhe
great body of our migrants only proceed a
short distance" and "migrants enumerated in
a certain center of absorption -will . . . grow
less [as distance from t h e center increases]"
8. (I, pp. 198-99).5
(b) "lligrants proceeding long distances
generally go by preference to one of the great
centers of commerce and industryJ' (I, p. 199).
2. Migration b y stages.-(a) "[Tlhere takes
place consequently a universal shifting or
displacement of t h e population, which pro-
duces 'currents of migration,' setting in t h e
direction of the great centers of commerce and
industry which absorb t h e migrants" (I, p.
198).
(b) "The inhabitants of t h e country im-
mediately surrounding a ton= of rapid growth
flock into i t ; t h e gaps t h u s left in t h e rural
population are filled u p by migrants from more
remote districts, until t h e attractive force of
one of our rapidly growing cities makes its
influence felt, step by step, t o t h e most remote
corner of t h e kingdom" (I, p. 199).
(c) "The process of dispersion is the inverse
of t h a t of absorption, and exhibits similar
features" (I, p. 199).
3. Stream and counterstreanz.-"Each main
current of migration produces a compensating
counter-current" (I, p. 199). I n modern ter-
minology, stream and counterstream have
been substituted for Ravenstein's current and
counter-current.
4. Urba~z-rural digerences i n propensity to
migrate.-"The natives of towns are less mi-
9. gratory t h a n those of the rural parts of t h e
country" (I, p. 199).
5 . Predon~inance of females among short-
distance n2igrants.-"Females appear to pre-
dominate among short-journey migrants" (11,
p. 288).
6. Tech~zology and n1igration.-['Does mi-
gration increase? I believe so! . . . Wherever
I was able to make a comparison I found t h a t
a n increase in t h e means of locomotion and a
development of manufactures and commerce
have led t o a n increase of migration" (11, p.
288).
7 . Dominance of tit? econo~nic?~zotive.-"Bad
or oppressive laws, heavy taxation, a n unst-
tractive climate, uncongenial social surround-
ings, and even compulsion (slave trade, trans-
portation), all have produced and are still
producing currents of migration, b u t none of
6 In the quotations from Ravenstein, "I" re-
fers to the 1885 paper and "11" to the 1889 paper.
these currents can compare in v o l u m e ~ w i t h
t h a t which arises from t h e desire inherent in
most men to 'better' themselves in material
respects" (11, p. 286).
This century has brought no compa-
rable excursion into nligration theory.
With the developnlent of equilibriunl
analysis, econonlists abandoned the study
of population, and niost sociologists and
10. historians are reluctant to deal with
niasses of statistical data. A crew of de-
niographers has sprung up, but they have
been largely content with enlpirical find-
ings and unwilling to generalize. Indeed,
Vance, in his presidential address to the
Population Association of America, en-
titled "Is Theory for Denlographers?"
contends t h a t demography, for lack of
theory, remains unstructured and raises
the question, "Is there rooin [in demogra-
phy] for the bold and a ~ d a c i o u s ? " ~
I n the three-quarters of a century
which have passed, Ravenstein has been
much quoted and occasionally challenged.
But, while there have been literally thou-
sands of nligration studies in the mean-
time, few additional generalizations have
been advanced. True, there have been
studies of age and migration, sex and mi-
gration, race and migration, distance and
migration, education and migration, the
labor force and migration, and so forth;
but most studies which focused upon the
characteristics of migrants have been con-
ducted with little reference to the volunle
of migration, and few studies have consid-
ered the reasons for migration or the as-
sinlilation of the migrant a t destination.
So little developed was the field in the
1930's t h a t Dorothy Thoillas and her as-
sociates concluded that the only generali-
zation that could be made in regard to dif-
ferentials in internal migration was that
lnigrants tended to be young adults or
11. persons in their late teens.' Later Bogue
Rupert B. Vance, "Is Theory for Demogra-
phers*?" Social Forces, XSXI, (October, 1952),
9-13.
1 Dorothy Srvaine Thomas, Research 12femo-
randum on ~TfigrationDiffei.entials (New York:
Social Science Research Council, Bulletin 43,
1938).
and Hagood trenchantly summed up the
current state of knowledge under the
heading "An Approach to a Theory of
Differential A l i g r a t i ~ n , " ~ and Otis Durant
Duncan contributed a valuable essay on
"The Theory and Consequences of Mo-
bility of Farm P o p ~ l a t i o n , " ~ but both
were restricted to the United States and
both were hampered by a lack of data
which has since been partially repaired.
Most essays in migration theory have
dealt with migration and distance and ad-
vance mathematical formulations of the
relationship. Perhaps the best known of
recent theories of migration is Stouffer's
theory of intervening opportunities.1°
Except for Dudley Kirk," Ravenstein
seems to have been the last person to
make a detailed comparison of the volume
of internal migration or the characteristics
of migrants within a goodly number of na-
tions. Generally speaking, considerations
12. of internal migration have been divorced
from considerations of immigration and
emigration, and very short moves, such as
those within counties in the United States
or within Kreise in Germany, have not
been considered along with the longer dis-
tance movement that is labeled migration.
Also, such forced migration as the refugee
movements of World War I1 and its after-
8Donald J. Bogue and Margaret Marman
Hagood, Subregional Migration in the United
States, 1955-1940, Vol. 11: Differential Migration
in the Corn and Cotton Belts (Miami, Ohio: Scripps
Foundation Studies in Population Distribution,
No. 6, 1953), pp. 124-27.
$Otis Durant Duncan, "The Theory and
Consequences of Mobility of Farm Population,"
Oklahoma Agriculture Experiment S t a t i o n Circular
N o . 88 (Stillwater, Okla., May, 1940). Reprinted
in Joseph J. Spengler and Otia Dudley Duncan,
Population Theory and Policy (Glencoe, Ill.: Free
Press, 1956), pp. 417-34.
lo Samuel A. Stouffer, "Intervening Opportu-
nities: A Theory Relating Mobility and Dia-
tance," A m e r i c a n Sociological Review, V (De-
cember, 1940), 845-67, and "Intervening Op-
portunities and Competing Migrants," J o u r n a l
of Regional Science, I1 (1960), 1-26.
"Dudley Kirk, Europe's Population in the
Interwar Y e a r s (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Uni-
versity Presa, 1946).
13. A T h e o r y of M i g r a t i o n 49
math have not been grouped with the so-
called free migration.
It is the purpose of this paper to at-
tempt the development of a general
schema into which a variety of spatial
movements can be placed and, from a
small number of what would seem to be
self-evident propositions, to deduce a
number of conclusions with regard to the
volume of migration, the development of
streams and counterstreams, and the char-
acteristics of migrants. As a starting point
for this analysis, a definition of migration
is introduced which is considerably more
general than that usually applied.
D E F I N I T I O N O F MIGRATION
Migration is defined broadly as a per-
manent or semipermanent change of resi-
dence. No restriction is placed upon the
distance of the move or upon the volun-
tary or involuntary nature of the act, and
no distinction is made between external
and internal migration. Thus, a move
across the hall from one apartment to an-
other is counted as just as much an act of
migration as a move from Bombay, India,
to Cedar Rapids, Iowa, though, of course,
the initiation and consequences of such
moves are vastly different. However, not
all kinds of spatial mobility are included
in this definition. Excluded, for example,
14. are the continual movements of nomads
and migratory workers, for whom there is
no long-term residence, and temporary
moves like those to the mountains for the
summer.
No matter how short or how long, how
easy or how difficult, every act of migra-
tion involves an origin, a destination, and
an intervening set of obstacles. Among the
set of intervening obstacles, we include
the distance of the move as one that is
always present.
FA4CTORS I N T H E ACT O F MIGRATION
The factors which enter into the deci-
sion to migrate and the process of migra-
tion may be summarized under four head-
ings, as follows:
50 DEJIOGRAPHY
1. Factors associated with t h e area of ori-
gin.
2. Factors associated with t h e area of des-
tination.
3. Intervening obstacles.
4. Personal factors.
The first three of these are indicated
schenlatically in Chart 1. I n every area
15. there are countless factors which act to
hold people within the area or attract
people to it, and there are others which
tend to repel them. These are shown in the
diagram as + and - signs. There are
others, shown as O's, to which people are
essentially indifferent. Sonle of these fac-
tors affect niost people in lliuch the same
way, while others affect different people in
different ways. Thus a good cliniate is at-
tractive and a bad climate is repulsive to
nearly everyone; but a good school sys-
ten1 may be counted as a + by a parent
with young children and a - by a house-
owner with no children because of the high
real estate taxes engendered, while an
unniarried nlale without taxable property
is indifferent to the situation.
Clearly the set of +'s and -'s a t both
origin and destination is differently de-
fined for every migrant or prospective mi-
grant. Nevertheless, we may distinguish
classes of people who react in similar
fashion to the same genera1 sets of factors
a t origin and destination. Indeed, since we
can never specify the exact set of factors
which ilnpels of prohibits migration for a
given person, we can, in general, only set
forth a few which seem of special impor-
tance and note the general or average re-
action of a considerable group. Needless
to say, the factors that hold arld attract or
repel people are precisely understood
neither by the social scientist nor the per-
16. sons directly affected. Like Bentham's
calculus of pleasure and pain, the calculus
of +'s and -'s a t origin and destination
is always inexact.
There are, however, iniportant differ-
ences between the factors associated with
the area of origin and those associated
with the area of destination. Persons liv-
ing in an area have an immediate and
often long-term acquaintance with the
area and are usually able to niake consid-
ered and unhurried judgments regarding
them. This is not necessarily true of the
factors associated with the area of destina-
tion. I<nowledge of the area of destination
is seldonl exact, and indeed sonle of the
advantages and disadvantages of an area
can only be perceived by living there.
Thus there is always an element of ig-
norance or even mystery about the area of
destination, and there must always be
CHART I
ORIGIN AND D E S T I N A T I O N F A C T O R S AND
INTERVENING
OBSTACLES IN MIGRATION
Intervening obstacles
O r i g i n D e s t i n a t i o n
S e e t e x t f o r e x p l a n a t i o n
1.
17. A Theory of Jfigration 51
some uncertainty with regard to the re-
ception of a migrant in a new area.
Another i m ~ o r t a n t difference between
the factors associated with area of origin
and area of destination is related to stages
of the life cycle. For many migrants the
area of origin is t h a t in which the forma-
tive years have been spent and for which
the general good health of youth and the
absence of annoying responsibilities create
in retromect an overevaluation of the
positive i e m e n t s in the environment and
an underevaluation of the negative ele-
ments. On the other hand. the difficulties
associated with assimilation in a new en-
vironment may create in the newly ar-
rived a contrary but equally erroneous
evaluation of the positive and negative
factors a t destination.
While migration may result from a
comparison of factors a t origin and des-
tination, a simple calculus of +'s and -'s
does not decide the act of migration. The
balance in favor of the move must be
enough t o overcome the natural inertia "
which always exists. Furthermore, be-
tween every two points there stands a set
of intervening obstacles which may be
slight in some instances and insurmount-
able in others. The most studied of these
18. obstacles is distance, which, while ornni-
present, is by no means the most impor-
tant. Actual physical barriers like the
Berlin Wall may be interposed, or immi-
gration laws may restrict the movement.
Different people are, of course, affected in
different ways by the same set of ob-
stacles. What may be trivial to some
people-the cost of transporting house-
hold goods, for example-may be pro-
hibitive to others.
The effect of a given set of obstacles de-
pends also upon the impedimenta with
which the migrant is encumbered. For -
some migrants these are relatively unim-
portant and the difficulty of surmounting
the intervening obstacles is consequently
minimal; but for others, making the same
move, the impedimenta, among which we
must reckon children and other depend-
ents, greatly increase the difficulties posed
by intervening obstacles.
Finally, there are many personal fac-
tors which affect individual thresholds
and facilitate or retard migration. Some of
these are more or less constant throughout
the life of the individual, while others are
associated with stages in the life cycle and
in particular with the sharp breaks that
denote passage from one stage to another.
I n this connection, we must note t h a t it
is not so much the actual factors a t origin
and destination as the perception of these
19. factors which results in migration. Per-
sonal sensitivities, intelligence, and aware-
ness of conditions elsewhere enter into the
evaluation of the situation a t origin, and
knowledge of the situation a t destination
depends upon personal contacts or upon
sources of information which are not uni-
versally available. I n addition, there are
personalities which are resistant to change
-change of residence as well as other
changes-and there are personalities which
welcome change for the sake of change.
For some individuals, there must be com-
pelling reasons for migration, while for
others little provocation or promise suf-
fices.
The decision to migrate, therefore, is
never completely rational, and for some
persons the rational component is much
less than the irrational. We must expect,
therefore, to find many exceptions to our
generalizations since transient emotions,
mental disorder, and accidental occur-
rences account for a considerable propor-
tion of the total migrations.
Indeed, not all persons who migrate
reach t h a t decision themselves. Children
are carried along by their parents, willy-
nilly, and wives accompany their hus-
bands though it tears them away from en-
vironments they love. There are clearly
stages in the life cycle in which the posi-
tive elements a t origin are overwhelm-
ingly important in limiting migration, and
20. there are times in which such bonds are
slackened with catastrophic suddenness.
Children are bound to the familial resi-
dence by the need for care and subsist-
ence, but, as one grows older, ages are
reached a t which it is customary to cease
one stage of development and begin an-
other. Such times are the cessation of edu-
cation, entrance into the labor force, or
retirement from work. Marriage, too, con-
stitutes such a change in the life cycle, as
does the dissolution of marriage, either
through divorce or the death of a spouse.
Many more or less random occurrences
can also greatly reduce the hold of an area
upon a person and increase the attractive-
ness of other areas. Victims of injustice as
well as the perpetrators of crime may be
forced to leave the area in which they are
living. These and other events which af-
fect but a few persons in the total com-
munity may nevertheless bulk large in the
motivation of the migrant group.
This conceptualization of migration as
involving a set of factors a t origin and des-
tination, a set of intervening obstacles,
and a series of personal factors is a simple
one which may perhaps be accepted as
self-evident. I t is now argued that, simple
though this is, it provides a framework for
much of what we know about migration
21. and indicates a number of fields for inves-
tigation. It is used below to formulate a
series of hypotheses about the volume of
migration under varying conditions, the
development of stream and counter-
stream, and the characteristics of mi-
grants.
VOLUME O F MIGRATION
1. The volume of migration within a
given territory varies with the degree of di-
versity of areas included i n that territory.-
If migration, as we have assumed, results
in part from a consideration of positive
and negative factors a t origin and destina-
tion, then a high degree of diversity
among areas should result in high levels of
migration. These we find in countries
which are being opened up for settlement,
as was the United States in the nineteenth
century, eastern Europe during the
twelfth and thirteenth centuries, and Si-
beria in the twentieth century. Under
such conditions, opportunities arise which
are sufficient to attract to them persons
whose dissatisfaction with their places of
origin is little more than minimal. Very
great attractions spring up suddenly, as,
for example, the discovery of gold in Cali-
fornia, of silver in Colorado, and the open-
ing up of Indian Territory for white settle-
ment. The servicing of such a movement,
in terms of providing transportation, pro-
tection, supplies, and the niceties as well as
22. the necessities of life, creates highly spe-
cialized but often very lucrative oppor-
tunities. Thus, pioneers and settlers are
accompanied by soldiers and merchants
and ladies of fortune, who indeed may
push ahead of the wave of settlement to
establish o u t ~ o s t s and nodal points.
The end of the period of setilement does
not necessarily imply a decrease in areal
diversity. On the contrary, the industriali-
zation, which has traditionallv followed
settlekent, is a great creator i f areal di-
versity. In a dynamic economy, new op-
portunities are continually created in
places to which workers must be drawn,
and old enterprises are ruthlessly aban-
doned when they are no longer profitable.
2. The volume of mi~rafion varies with
the diversity of people.-The diversity of
people also affects the volume of migra-
tion. Where there is a greatu sameness
among people-whether in terms of race
or ethnic origin, of education, oi income,
or tradition-we may expect a lesser rate
of migration than where there is great di-
vers&. A diversity of people imilies the
existence of groups t h a t are specially
fitted for given pursuits. Thus, we find
throughout northern Europe, where land
has been reclaimed from the sea or marshes
drained, villages which still bear the
stamps of their Dutch origin. The settle-
ment of the American West would have
been more difficult had it not been for the
23. Jewish merchant who came with or even
preceded the rush of migrants, and the
conditions which attended Irish and Chi-
nese immigration made them especially
responsive to the demands for railroad la-
borers. Indeed, it is a common finding
that immigrant groups specialize in par-
ticular occupations and become scattered
throughout the country wherever the need
for such work is found. Thus, Chinese
laundry operators and Greek restaurant
owners in the United States had their
counterparts in the widely spread German
and Jewish craftsmen of eastern E u r o ~ e .
A diversity of people inevitably implies
t h a t the social statuses of some groups will
become elevated above those of others.
Discrimination among racial or ethnic
groups is the rule rather than the excep-
tion, and the degree of discrimination
varies from place to place, often in as ex-
treme a manner as in the United States.
Though discrimination leads to the estab-
lishment of ghettos, i t also operates to
bring about vast movements of people
from one area to another-witness the re-
cent migration of the An~erican Negro.
Ethnic diversity may disappear as mi-
norities become assimilated, but a major
aim of modern civilization is to inaugurate
other kinds of diversity among people.
24. The aim of prolonged education is to cre-
ate specialists, for many of whom the de-
mand is small in any one place but wide-
spread. For them migration is a con-
comitant of their vocations. Thus, en-
gineers and professors have become peri-
patetic, but so have business executives
and actors.
3. T h e volume of migration i s related to
the d i f i c u l t y of s u r m o u n t i n g the intervening
obstacles.-This hypothesis hardly needs
elaboration. One of the most i m ~ o r t a n t
considerations in the decision to migrate
is the difficulty of the intervening ob-
stacles. To tunnel under the Berlin Wall is
a hazardous task not to be undertaken
lightly; nor was sea passage to the Amer-
icas in the seventeenth and eighteenth
centuries. The removal of immigration re-
strictions within the Common Market
countries has been accompanied by large
migrations of workers from one of these
countries to another. There are manv
other instances in history where the re-
moval of obstacles has set in motion large
flows of migrants, and others in which the
imposition of new obstacles or the height-
ening of old ones has brought about the
sharp diminution of a long continued flow.
4. T h e volume of migration varies w i t h
A Theory of Migration 53
fluctuations in the economy.-Business
25. cycles affect the volume of migration in
many ways, but a crucial consideration is
the manner in which thev affect the com-
parison of positive and negative factors a t
origin and destination. During periods of
economic expansion, new businesses and
industries are created a t a rapid rate, and
old industries begin to recruit workmen
from afar. Such opportunities, however,
are by no means evenly spread, and parts
of the country remain in a state of relative
stagnation. The contrast between the pos-
itive factors a t origin and destination is
therefore heightened, and the negative
factors a t origin seem more distressing.
During depressions, however, some of the
newly created businesses fail and others
cease to expand. A leveling of opportuni-
ties occurs, and sheer familiarity with the
place of residence (which in itself consti-
tutes an element of " , militatessafetv)
against moving t o places where positive
factors no longer so heavily outweigh
those a t home. Many tests of this hypoth-
esis have been made, but among them the
most revealing and confirming are the
studies of Jerome in relation to immigra-
tion to the United States12 and of Thomas
in relation to migration within the United
States.13
5 . U n l e s s severe checks are i m p o s e d , both
volume a n d rate of m i g r a t i o n tend to increase
w i t h time.-The volume of migration
tends to increase with time for a number
of reasons, among them increasing diver-
26. sity of areas, increasing diversity of
people, and the diminution of intervening
obstacles. As indicated above, industriali-
zation and Westernization, the explicit or
implicit goals of most countries, increase
the diversity of areas. I t is also true t h a t
in both developed and developing coun-
12 Harry Jerome, Migration and B u s i n e s s Cy-
cles (New York: National Bureau of Economic
Research Inc., 1926).
13Hope T. Eldridge and Dorothy Swaine
Thomas, Population Redistribution and Economic
Growth, United States, 1870-1950, Vol. 111:
Demographic Analyses a n d Interrelations (Phila-
delphia: American Philosophical Society, 1964),
321 f f .
tries the differences between areas. both
in terms of economics and of amenities,
become heightened. On an international
scale, the economic differences between
advanced and backward countries are in-
creasing rather than diminishing, and
within all countries the differences be-
tween agricultural and urban areas are
becoming more pronounced.
Other factors which tend to bring about
an increase in the volume of migration are
both the increasing differences among
people and the view taken of these differ-
ences. In a primitive or agricultural so-
27. ciety, specialization is limited and the de-
velopment of differences among people
tends to be discouraged. I n an advancing
society, however, specializations multiply,
and there is an increased realization of
both the existence and the need for special
aptitudes or training. Thus, even in an
agricultural area children are trained for
urban pursuits, and an increased variety
of developed aptitudes renders the popu-
lation more susceptible to the appeal of
highly special positive factors in scattered
places.
Increasing technology plays an impor-
tant role in diminishing intervening ob-
stacles. Colnnlunication becomes easier,
and transportation relative to average in-
come becomes cheaper. Even if there were
no change in the balance of factors at
origin and destination, improving tech-
nology alone should result in an increase
in the volume of migration.
Also operating to increase nligration is
migration itself. A person who has once
migrated and who has once broken the
bonds which tie him to the place in which
he has spent his childhood is more likely
to migrate again than is the person who
has never previously migrated. Further-
more, succeeding migration lowers inertia
even more. Once a set of intervening ob-
stacles has been overcome, other sets do
not seem so formidable, and there is an
increasing ability to evaluate the positive
28. and negative factors at origin and destina-
tion.
6. The volume and rate of migration vary
with the state of progress in a country or
area.-As Ravenstein remarked, "Migra-
tion means life and progress; a sedentary
population stagnation."14 The reasons
why this is true are similar to those ad-
vanced above under item 5. I n an eco-
nomically progressive country, the differ-
ences among areas are accentuated by in-
dustrial development and the differences
among people by education. At the same
time, intervening obstacles to migration
within the country are lessened by im-
proving technology and by political de-
sign.
We should, therefore, expect to find
heavy immigration to developed coun-
tries where this is permitted and within
such countries a high rate of internal mi-
gration. On the other hand, in the least
developed countries me should find a
largely immobile population which usually
changes residence only under duress and
then en nlasse rather than through indi-
vidual action. I n the United States, eco-
nolnically the most advanced of nations,
rates of migration are unbelievably high,
one in five persons changing his residence
each year. I n other economically ad-
vanced countries, like Sweden, Canada,
or West Germany, we find this repeated a t
29. a somewhat lower level. We may argue
t h a t a high rate of progress entails a popu-
lation which is continually in a state of
flux, responding quickly to new oppor-
tunities and reacting swiftly to diminish-
ing opportunities.
STREAM AND COUKTERSTREAM
1. Migration tends to take place largely
within well dejined streams.-It is a com-
mon observation that migrants proceed
along well defined routes toward highly
specific destinations. This is true in part
because opportunities tend to be highly lo-
calized and in part because migrants must
usually follow established routes of trans-
portation. Perhaps just as important is
the flow of knowledge back from destina-
l4 Ravenstein, "The Laws of lligration,"
Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, LII (June,
1889),288.
A Theory of Migration 55
tion to origin and, indeed, the actual re-
cruitment of migrants a t the place of ori-
gin. The overcoming of a set of interven-
ing obstacles by early inigrants lessens the
difficulty of the passage for later migrants,
and in effect pathways are created which
pass over intervening opportunities as
elevated highways pass over the country-
30. side.
Thus the process of settlement tends to
be a leapfrogging operation in which mili-
tary outposts or trading centers become
the focus of migration streams and the
filling-up of the passed over territory is
left to a later stage of development. From
this point of view, the real frontiersmen
are not the farmers but the merchants, the
missionaries, and the military. I t was in
this fashion t h a t German colonization
east of the Elbe was accomplished, and it
-as in this fashion t h a t the American
West mas won.
I n many cases, large movements take
on the form of streams which are highly
specific both in origin and destination.
For example, Italians from Sicily and
southern Italy migrated chiefly to the
Cnited States and within the United
States to a few northern cities, x~hile high
proportions of their courltrymerl from
Lombardy and Tuscany went to South
America and, in particular, to Buenos
Aires. There are many examples of even
more specific streams. Goldstein has
noted that high proportions of Negroes
resident in Norristo~vn, Pennsylvania, in
1950 had co~iie from Saluda, South Caro-
lina, where a snlall contingent of Negroes
had been recruited by the Pennsylvarlia
Railroad as laborers and sent to Norris-
tom-11 during World War I.15At the present
time, a snlall stream of miners is proceed-
31. ing from Appalachia t o copper-mining
centers in the West, and this movement
has been paralleled in the past by the
movement of British mechanics to New
England and British potters to Ohio.
2. For every m a j o r migration stream, a
Sidney Goldstein, P a t f e r n s of iMobility, 1910-
1960: The N o r r i s t o w n S t u d y (Philadelphia: Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania Press, 1958), p. 38.
counterstream deve1ows.-A counterstream
is established for several reasons. One is
that positive factors a t origin may disap-
pear, or be muted, as during a depression,
or there mav be a re-evaluation of the bal-
ance of positive and negative factors a t
origin and destination. The very existence
of a migration stream creates contacts be- -
txx~een origin and destination, and the ac-
quisition of nem7 attributes a t destination,
be they skills or wealth, often makes it
possible to return to the origin on advan-
tageous terms. Xigrants become aware of
opportunities a t origin which were not
previously exploited, or they may use
their contacts in the new area to set UD
businesses in the old. Accolupanyirlg the
returning migrants will be their children
born a t destination, and along with them
will be people indigenous to the area of
destination who have become aware of
opportunities or amerlities a t the place of
origin through streani migrants. Further-
more, not all persons xx~ho migrate intend
32. to remain indefinitely a t the place of des-
tination. For example, Inany Italian im-
migrants to the United States intended to
stay only long enough to make enough
money to be coi~lfortsble in Italy.
3. T h e e f i c i e n c y of the stream ( m t i o of
stream to counterstream or the net redistribu-
t i o n of population e$ected b y the opposite
flows) i s h i g h i f the m a j o r factors in the de-
velopment of a m i g r a t i o n stream were m i n u s
factors at origin.-Again, this point is so
obvious that it hardly needs elaboration.
Few of the Irish who fled famine condi-
tions returned to Ireland, and few Ameri-
can Negroes return to thk South.
4. T h e e f i c i e n c y of stream a n d counter-
stream tends to be low i f o r i g i n and clestina-
t i o n are similar.-In this case, persons
moving in opposing flows move largely for
the same reasons and in effect cancel each
other out.
5. T h e e f i c i e n c y of m i g r a t i o n streams
will be h i g h i f the intervening obstacles are
great.-Migrants who overcolne a consid-
erable set of intervenine: obstacles do so -
for conlpelling reasons, and such migra-
tions are not undertaken lightly. To some
56 DEMOGRAPHY
degree, the set of obstacIes in stream and
33. counterstream is the same. and return mi-
grants are faced with the necessity of
twice negotiating a nearly overm-helming
set of obstacles. For example, migrants
from Pennsylvania to California are de-
terred froni returning by the very ex-
pense of the journey.
6. The eficiency of a migration stream
varies with economic conditions, being high
in prosperous times and low in times of de-
pression.-During boom tinies the usual
areas of destination, t h a t is, the great cen-
ters of coninierce and industry, expand
rapidly, and relatively few persons, either
return lnigrants or others, inake the coun-
termove. In times of depression, homever,
niany nligrants return to the area of ori-
gin, and others move tom-ard the compara-
tively "safer" nonindustrialized areas. In
extreme instances stream and counter-
strealn may be reversed, as mas the case
with nlovelnent to and from rural areas
during the I-orst years of the Great De-
pression. More recently, the mild reces-
sion in 1949 seems to have reversed the
usual net flow from Oklahoma to Cali-
fornia.
C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S O F M I G R A N T S
1. Migration is selective.-This sinlply
states that migrants are not a random
sample of the population a t origin. The
reason why migration is selective is that
persons respond differently to the sets of
34. plus and minus factors a t origin and a t
destination, have different abilities to
overcome the intervening sets of obstacles,
and differ from each other in terms of
the personal factors discussed above. It
would seem impossible, therefore, for mi-
gration not to be selective. The kind of
selection, homever, varies, being positive
in some streams and negative in others.
By positive selection is meant selection
for migrants of high quality and by nega-
tive selection the reverse.
2. Migrants responding primarily to
plus factors at destination tend to be posi-
tively selected.-These persons are under
no necessity to migrate but do so because
they perceive opportunities from afar and
they can weigh the advantages and dis-
advantages a t origin and destination. For
example, highly educated persons who are
already conlfortably situated frequently
migrate because they receive better offers
elsewhere. Professional and nmnagerial
people are also highly mobile, and often
because migration means advancement.
3. Migrants responding primarily to
minus factors at origin tend to be negatively
selected; or, where the minus factors are
overwhelming to entire population groups,
they may not be selected at all.-Examples
of the latter are political expulsions like
that of the Gerinans froin Poland and
East Prussia or the Irish flight which fol-
35. lowed the failure of the ~ o y a t o c r m . On
the whole, however, factors a t origin oper-
ate most stringently against persons I-ho
in some way have failed economically or
socially. Though there are conditions in
marly places which push out the unortho-
dox and the highIy creative, it is more
likely to be the uneducated or the dis-
turbed who are forced to migrate.
4. Taking all migrants together, selection
tends to be bimodal.-For any given origin,
some of the migrants m-ho leave are re-
sponding primarily to plus factors a t des-
tination and therefore tend to be posi-
tivelv selected. while others are respond-
ing & minus fictors and therefore t k l d to
be negatively selected. Therefore, if we
plot characteristics of total migrants
along a continuum ranging from poor to
excellent, me often get a J-shaped or U-
shaped curve. Such curves are found, for
examule. where the characteristic is either . ,
occupational class or education.
5 . The degree of positive selection in-
creases with the dificulty of the intervening
obstacles.-Even though selection is nega-
tive or random a t origin, intervening ob-
stacles serve to weed out sollie of the
weak or the incapable. Thus, the rigors of
the voyage to America in the seventeenth
and eighteenth centuries elinlinated many
of the weak, and the same kind of selec-
tion is apparent among the Gernian refu-
gees from eastern Europe during and after
36. World War 11. It is also commonly noted
t h a t as distance of nligration increases,
the migrants become an increasingly su-
perior group. At the other extreme, we
have the milling-around in restricted
areas of persons who, by any definition,
are less capable; for example, uneducated
slum dwellers often move round and
round within a few-block radius. Such
short distance movements were also char-
acteristic of sharecroppers in the pre-
World War I1 days in the United States.
6. T h e heightened propensity to migrate
at certain stages of the life cycle i s important
in the selection of migrants.-To some de-
gree, migration is a part of the rites de pas-
sage. Thus, persons who enter the labor
force or get married tend to migrate from
their parental home, while persons who
are divorced or widowed also tend to move
away. Since some of these events happen
a t quite well defined ages, they are impor-
t a n t in shaping the curve of age selection.
They are also important in establishing
other types of selection-marital status or
size of family, for example.
7. T h e characteristics of migrants tend to
be intermediate between the characteristics of
the population at origin and the population
at destination.-Persons with different
characteristics react differently to the bal-
37. ance of plus and minus factors a t origin
and destination. Even before they leave,
migrants tend to have taken on some of
the characteristics of the population a t
destination, but they can never com-
pletely lose some which they share with
the population a t origin. I t is because they
are already to some degree like the popu-
lation a t destination that they find certain
positive factors there, and it is because
they are unlike the population a t origin
t h a t certain minus factors there warrant
migration. Many studies have shown this
intermediate relationship. The fertility of
migrants, for example, tends to fall be-
A Theory of Migration 57
tween t h a t of the population a t origin and
the population a t destination, and the ed-
ucation of migrants from rural areas,
while greater than that of nonnligrants a t
origin, is less than that of the population
a t destination. Thus, we have one of the
paradoxes of migration in t h a t the move-
ment of people may tend to lower the
quality of population, as expressed in
terms of some particular characteristic, a t
both origin and destination.
SUMMARY
I n summary, a simple schema for mi-
gration has been elaborated, and from it
certain hypotheses in regard to volume of
38. migration, the establishment of stream
and counterstream, and the characteris-
tics of migrants have been formulated.
The aim has been the construction of a
related set of hypotheses within a general
framework, and work is proceeding to-
ward further development in regard to the
assimilation of migrants and in regard to
the effect upon gaining and losing areas.
Where possible, the hypotheses have
been put in such form t h a t they are im-
mediately testable with current data. For
others the necessary data are not now
available, and others require restatement
in terms of available data. I t is to be ex-
pected t h a t many exceptions will be
found, since migration is a complex phe-
nomenon and the often necessary sim-
plifying condition-all other things being
equal-is impossible to realize. Neverthe-
less, from what is now known about mi-
gration, encouraging agreement is found
with the theory outlined in this paper.
Full testing depends, of course, upon the
amassing of materials from different cul-
tures. Fortunately, recognition of the im-
portance of internal migration in social
and economic development has spurred
research, and more and more countries
publish detailed migration data from their
censuses or population registers.