Detailed Presentation on Fraud in Contract
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Edited By: Ayush Patria, Sangam University, Bhilwara
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jurisprudence topic possession detailed ppt which help to learn this topic easily by a minimum time by any person who study law. person easily download this ppt to read and to teach also.
Learning Outcome:
After completion of the lesson students will be able to -
a) comprehend the nature of misrepresentation in contracts
b) distinguish between representation and promise
c) describe the elements of misrepresentation
d) describe the elements of fraud
e) distinguish between misrepresentation and fraud
jurisprudence topic possession detailed ppt which help to learn this topic easily by a minimum time by any person who study law. person easily download this ppt to read and to teach also.
Learning Outcome:
After completion of the lesson students will be able to -
a) comprehend the nature of misrepresentation in contracts
b) distinguish between representation and promise
c) describe the elements of misrepresentation
d) describe the elements of fraud
e) distinguish between misrepresentation and fraud
The Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 provides for the provisions for maintenance. The provisions enumerated under the code are explained herein the slides along with the remedies available for maintenance and against maintenance.
Classification of cause of action / characterisationcarolineelias239
it is the second element in private international law to decide a case having foreign element, after assuming jurisdiction by a court. It is essential to categorize facts of a case & to find out which part of law to be applied - whether tort / contract/ succession/ marital issues etc. Then only a case can be decided.
Any civil wrong is subject matter of Law of torts. Principles of law of torts have been discussed in this presentation for the students in simple ways.
The Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 provides for the provisions for maintenance. The provisions enumerated under the code are explained herein the slides along with the remedies available for maintenance and against maintenance.
Classification of cause of action / characterisationcarolineelias239
it is the second element in private international law to decide a case having foreign element, after assuming jurisdiction by a court. It is essential to categorize facts of a case & to find out which part of law to be applied - whether tort / contract/ succession/ marital issues etc. Then only a case can be decided.
Any civil wrong is subject matter of Law of torts. Principles of law of torts have been discussed in this presentation for the students in simple ways.
Vitiating Elements in Formation of Contract: MisrepresentationPreeti Sikder
Students will be:
a) aware about the elements of misrepresentation
b) able to differentiate misrepresentation from fraud
c) informed about the difference between representation and promise
Detailed Presentation on Special Marriage Act, 1954
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Detailed Presentation on Provisions of Emergency under Constitutional Law.
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Detailed Presentation on Essentials of Contract under the Indian Contract Act, 1872
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Detailed Presentation on Capacity to Contract under Indian Contract Act, 1872
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General Exception under Indian Penal Code Law Laboratory
Detailed Presentation on General Exception under Indian Penal Code, 1860. (Section 76-106)
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Detailed Presentation on First Information Report (F.I.R)
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A detailed presentation on Capacity to Contract under Indian Contract Act, 1872
Made By: ___________
Edited By: Ayush Patria, Sangam University, Bhilwara (Raj.)
(For Law Laboratory)
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A detailed presentation about types of Writs in the Constitution of India.
By: __________________
(For Law Laboratory)
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By: Ayush Patria, Sangam Univerity, Bhilwara
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PRECEDENT AS A SOURCE OF LAW (SAIF JAVED).pptxOmGod1
Precedent, or stare decisis, is a cornerstone of common law systems where past judicial decisions guide future cases, ensuring consistency and predictability in the legal system. Binding precedents from higher courts must be followed by lower courts, while persuasive precedents may influence but are not obligatory. This principle promotes fairness and efficiency, allowing for the evolution of the law as higher courts can overrule outdated decisions. Despite criticisms of rigidity and complexity, precedent ensures similar cases are treated alike, balancing stability with flexibility in judicial decision-making.
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WINDING UP of COMPANY, Modes of DissolutionKHURRAMWALI
Winding up, also known as liquidation, refers to the legal and financial process of dissolving a company. It involves ceasing operations, selling assets, settling debts, and ultimately removing the company from the official business registry.
Here's a breakdown of the key aspects of winding up:
Reasons for Winding Up:
Insolvency: This is the most common reason, where the company cannot pay its debts. Creditors may initiate a compulsory winding up to recover their dues.
Voluntary Closure: The owners may decide to close the company due to reasons like reaching business goals, facing losses, or merging with another company.
Deadlock: If shareholders or directors cannot agree on how to run the company, a court may order a winding up.
Types of Winding Up:
Voluntary Winding Up: This is initiated by the company's shareholders through a resolution passed by a majority vote. There are two main types:
Members' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is solvent (has enough assets to pay off its debts) and shareholders will receive any remaining assets after debts are settled.
Creditors' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is insolvent and creditors will be prioritized in receiving payment from the sale of assets.
Compulsory Winding Up: This is initiated by a court order, typically at the request of creditors, government agencies, or even by the company itself if it's insolvent.
Process of Winding Up:
Appointment of Liquidator: A qualified professional is appointed to oversee the winding-up process. They are responsible for selling assets, paying off debts, and distributing any remaining funds.
Cease Trading: The company stops its regular business operations.
Notification of Creditors: Creditors are informed about the winding up and invited to submit their claims.
Sale of Assets: The company's assets are sold to generate cash to pay off creditors.
Payment of Debts: Creditors are paid according to a set order of priority, with secured creditors receiving payment before unsecured creditors.
Distribution to Shareholders: If there are any remaining funds after all debts are settled, they are distributed to shareholders according to their ownership stake.
Dissolution: Once all claims are settled and distributions made, the company is officially dissolved and removed from the business register.
Impact of Winding Up:
Employees: Employees will likely lose their jobs during the winding-up process.
Creditors: Creditors may not recover their debts in full, especially if the company is insolvent.
Shareholders: Shareholders may not receive any payout if the company's debts exceed its assets.
Winding up is a complex legal and financial process that can have significant consequences for all parties involved. It's important to seek professional legal and financial advice when considering winding up a company.
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Get insights into DNA testing and its application in civil and criminal matters. Find out how it contributes to fair and accurate legal proceedings. For more information: https://www.patronslegal.com/criminal-litigation.html
2. DEFINITION OF FRAUD
• It is defined under Section 17 of The Indian Contract Act, 1872.
• Fraud implies and involves any of the following acts committed by a
contracting party or his connivance or his agent with the intention of
deceiving or inciting another party or his agent to enter into the
agreement.
3. • The parties have no duty to speak about facts likely to affect the consent of
the other party to the contract, and mere silence does not amount to fraud
unless the circumstance of the case shows that there is a duty to speak or
silence equivalent to speech.
• For ex - A sells by auction to B a dog, which A knows to be unsound, A
says nothing to B about the dog’s unsoundness. This is not fraud in A.
4. INGREDIENTS OF SECTION 17
Following are the ingredients of Section 17 of The Indian Contract Act,
1872:
(1) The suggestion, as a fact, of that which is not true, by one who does not
believe it to be true;
(2) The active concealment of a fact by one having knowledge or belief of
the fact;
5. 3) A promise made without any intention of performing it;
4) Any other act fitted to deceive;
5) Any such act or omission as the law specially declares to be
fraudulent.
6. FRAUD AND MISREPRESENTATION
• The main difference is that in the FRAUD the person suggesting does not
believe it to be true.
• And in the other case i.e., MISREPRESENATATION he believes it is true.
• Although in both FRAUD and MISREPRESENTATION, it is a
misrepresentation of fact(s) that misleads the promise as against the
promisor.
7. • Common law says, fraud will render the contract voidable at the
option of the party whose consent is so obtained, and it will also
give rise to an action for damages in respect of fraud.
• Fraud is a conduct either by letter or by words.
8. REPRESENTATION
• Representation is a statement of fact, past/present and is distinct
from an opinion statement
• Although in certain circumstances, a statement of opinion may be
considered as a statement of fact.
9. • The misrepresentation that is fraudulent must be material in order
to allow the representative to prevent the agreement.
• It would have affected a reasonable/prudent man in choosing
whether to enter into the agreement or not.
10. • Lillykutty vs. Scrutiny Committee AIR 2005 SC 4313 Case -
Here, a false certificate was obtained in order to take unfair
advantage. It was held that fraud vitiates every solemn act.
CASE LAW
11. • Fraudulent acts are not encouraged by the courts.
• Any action by the authorities or by the people claiming a
right/privilege under the Constitution of India which subverts
the constitutional purpose must be treated as a fraud on the
Constitution.
12. FALSE ASSERTION WITHOUT BELIEF IN ITS TRUTH
• In order to prove fraud, it must be proved that according to the
knowledge of the party, representations made were false. The
statement must be false in substance and in fact. Positive
knowledge of falsehood is not a sole criteria.
13. • Even mere ignorance as to the truth or falsehood of material
assertion, which, however, turns out to be untrue, is deemed
equivalent to the knowledge of its untruth, as also where the
representator suspected that his statement might be inaccurate, or
that he neglected to inquire into its accuracy.
14. CASE LAW
• Jewson & Sons Ltd v Arcos Ltd (1933) 47 Ll.L.Rep. 93 Case. It
was held as follows:
• Giving a false impression and inducing a person to act upon it,
was considered fraud,
• Even if each fact taken by itself would be literally true.
15. RECKLESS STATEMENTS
• Proof of nonattendance of genuine and legitimate conviction is all that is
important to fulfil the presence of fraud, regardless of whether the
misrepresentation is made recklessly or purposely;
• Lack of concern or carelessness with respect to the represented as to truth
or deception of the misrepresentation bears only an instance of
nonappearance of such conviction.
16. • Articulations made without confidence would incorporate
explanations made carelessly. Misrepresentation as to title made
by sellers wildly or with gross negligence can't get away from
the charge of false/fraudulent misrepresentation.
17. AMBIGUOUS STATEMENTS
• Where the representor makes an ambiguous statement, the person to whom
a representor makes an ambiguous statement must prove that he understood
that statement in the sense that it was in fact false.
• The representor will be guilty of fraud if he intended the statement to be
understood in that sense, and not if he honestly believes it to be true, but
the person relying on it understands it in a different sense.
18. • Once it is held that the representation was fraudulent under this
clause, the exception in section 19 is of no avail, and the
question whether the person alleging fraud had or had not the
means of discovering the truth with ordinary diligence, is
immaterial.
19. ACTIVE CONCEALMENT
• Mere non-disclosure of some immaterial fact(s) would not per se five a right to
termination unless it is further found that the consent has been secured by practicing
some trickery.
• Where the seller sold property already sold by him to a third person, his conduct
amounted to active concealment and fraud, and the buyer could recover the price despite
the agreement that the seller could not be responsible for a defect in title.
20. PROMISE WITHOUT AN INTENTION OF PERFORMING IT
• Under English Law, making a promise without an intention of performing is not fraud.
• To bring a case under this Section, it must be shown that the promisor had no intention
of performing the promise at the time of making it.
• And any subsequent conduct or representation is not considered for this purpose.
21. SILENCE AS FRAUD
• Silence about facts is not fraud per se.
• Unless there is an obligation to speak or if it is equal to
expression, mere silence does not amount to fraud.
• This rule has two prerequisites:
22. ~~ Firstly, suppressing portion of the known facts may mislead the assertion of the
remainder, although literally true as far as it goes. In such a case, the declaration is
substantially incorrect, and fraudulent is the willing rejection that makes it so.
~~ Secondly, commercial use may impose an obligation to disclose specific flaws in
products sold or the like. In such a situation, failure to mention such a defect is equal to
a statement that there is no such defect.
23. DUTY TO SPEAK
• The party is under no duty to disclose facts that are or might be
equally within the means of knowledge of both the parties.
CASE LAW
• Bell v Lever Bros [1932] AC 161
24. It was held that the company agreed to pay large compensation to two
employees, the subsidiary company directors, whose services were being
dispensed with. After paying the money, the company discovered that the
directors had committed breaches of duty, which would have justified their
dismissal without compensation. The House of Lords held that the directors
had not these breaches in mind and were under no duty to disclose them.
25. NO FRAUD
• If the party had the facts before it and is alleging based on it or
had the means to know them, it could not be said to have been
defrauded, even if a false statement has been made. Further, a
contract cannot be merely on a trivial and inconsequential mis-
statement or non-disclosure.
26. CASE LAW
In Janakiamma v Raveendra Menon AIR 1981 Ker 205, where the
plaintiff was aware of the contents of the Will of her father, the
partition of property on the death of the father and mother was not
set aside on the ground of fraud of not disclosing the contents of
the Will; and no fresh partition was ordered.
27. EVIDENCE AND BURDEN OF PROOF
• In number of cases, fraud is not capable of being established by positive
and tangible proof. It is by its very nature secret in its movements.
• It is, therefore, sufficient if the evidence given is such as ay lead to
interference that fraud must have been committed. In most cases,
28. circumstantial evidence is the only resource in dealing with
questions of fraud.
• If this were not allowed, the ends of justice would be constantly,
if not invariably, defeated. At the same time, the interference of
fraud is to be drawn only upon an intentional wrongdoer.
29. EFFECT OF FRAUD
• A contract, consent to which is obtained by fraud, is voidable under
section 19.
• The party deceived has the option to affirm the contract and insist that he
be put in the position in which he would have been if the representations
were true, or he may rescind the contract to the extent it is not performed.
30. • Upon rescission, he is liable to restore the benefit received by him under
section 64 and may recover damages. The measure of damages
recoverable is essentially that applicable to the tort deceit, i.e., all the
actual loss directly flowing from the transaction included by the fraud,
including the heads of consequential loss, and not merely the loss which
was reasonably foreseeable.
31. DAMAGES FOR FRAUD
• In Indranath Banerjee vs. Rooke, where a contract is induced by
fraud, the representee is entitled to claim rescission, or damages
or both. He would have a remedy by way of such suit, even if
restitutio in integrum is not possible.
32. Principles applicable in asserting damages for fraudulent
misrepresentation
1) The defendant is bound to make reparation for all the damage directly
flowing from the transaction;
2) Although such damage not have been foreseeable it must have been
directly caused by the transaction;
33. 3) In assessing search damage, the plaintiff is entitled to recover by way
of damages the full prize faced by him, but he must give credit for any
benefits which he has received as a result of the transaction;
4) As a rule, the benefits received by him into the market value of the
property acquired at the date of the transaction, but the general rule
34. is not to be inflexible applied where to do so would prevent him from
obtaining full compensation for the wrong suffered;
5) The plaintiff is entitled to recover consequential losses caused by the
transaction;
6) The plaintiff must take all reasonable steps to mitigate the loss once
he has discovered the fraud.