Framing in computer networks encapsulates data into frames for efficient transmission and error detection, involving key concepts from the OSI model. Common methods include Ethernet, Wi-Fi, and PPP, each with specific strengths and weaknesses in terms of reliability, speed, and adaptability. Selecting the right framing method requires evaluating network needs, architecture, and performance trade-offs.

1. Framing Methods in
Computer Networks
Framing is a fundamental process in computer networks that involves
encapsulating data into discrete units called frames for efficient
transmission and error detection. This introduction covers the key
concepts and common framing methods used in various network
technologies.
Submitted To :
Dr. Kuldeep Narayan Tripathi
TANUJ JAIN
0901CD233D05

2. Framing and the OSI Model
1 Physical Layer
Defines the physical specifications for data transmission, such as voltage
levels, signal timing, and cable types.
2 Data Link Layer
Responsible for framing, error detection and correction, and media access
control to ensure reliable data transfer.
3 Network Layer
Handles logical addressing and routing of data packets between network
devices.

3. Common Framing Methods
Ethernet
A widely used framing method
for local area networks
(LANs) based on the IEEE
802.3 standard.
Wi-Fi
The framing method used in
wireless networks, following
the IEEE 802.11 standard.
PPP
Point-to-Point Protocol, a
common framing method for
serial links and dial-up
connections.

4. Framing Structure and Components
1 Preamble
Synchronization pattern to allow the
receiver to detect and lock onto the frame.
2 Addressing
Destination and source addresses to
identify the sender and intended receiver.
3 Control
Flags and sequence numbers for flow
control and error detection.
4 Payload
The actual data being transmitted,
encapsulated within the frame.

5. Error Detection and Correction
Parity Bits
Simple error detection by adding an extra bit
to ensure an even or odd number of 1s.
Checksum
Arithmetic sum of the frame's contents used
to detect errors during transmission.
CRC
Cyclic redundancy check, a more advanced
error detection technique using polynomial
division.
Retransmission
Incorrectly received frames can be requested
for retransmission to ensure data integrity.

6. Framing Methods Compared
Ethernet
Reliable, high-speed, and
widely adopted, but limited to
wired LANs.
Wi-Fi
Flexible wireless connectivity,
but subject to interference
and security challenges.
PPP
Simple and suitable for point-
to-point serial links, but
limited to low data rates.

7. Selecting the Right Framing Method
Network Requirements
Evaluate factors like speed, range, reliability, and cost to identify the most
suitable framing method.
Network Architecture
Consider the network topology, device types, and existing infrastructure to
ensure compatibility.
Performance Trade-offs
Understand the pros and cons of each framing method to make an informed
decision.

8. Conclusion
Key Takeaways
Framing is essential for reliable
data transmission in computer
networks. Understanding the
various framing methods and
their trade-offs is crucial for
designing and implementing
effective network solutions.
Adaptability
The choice of framing method
should be tailored to the
specific requirements and
constraints of the network,
ensuring optimal performance
and compatibility.
Collaboration
Effective network design
involves close collaboration
between network engineers, IT
professionals, and
stakeholders to select the most
appropriate framing method.