Formal 8 – Interaction Models – describing general properties of systems including undo
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Slides for the Formal Methods in HCI unit of my 2013 online course on HCI https://hcibook.com/hcicourse/2013/unit/09-formal * the PIE model * properties – WYSIWYG * proving things – undo * modelling artistic performance
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http://alandix.com/academic/talks/UCL-more-than-a-moment-2018/
In understanding and designing effective and engaging interaction, we often focus on the moments of interaction the periods of minutes or hours while keystrokes, mouse clicks or finger movements across the screen elicit changing patterns of pixels and bits on computer memory. Yet these moments of actual interaction are part of a larger matrix of days, weeks and years, where periods of direct interaction string together to create larger patterns. This is the territory where user experience design meets service design, and HCI research meets IS. It is familiar to those working in CSCW where asynchronous interactions and workflows naturally take you beyond the system itself into the apparent interstices, that are, in fact, often the activities that interaction is about. The failures at this timescale are often errors of omission rather than commission, the things tardy, forgotten and undone. This is an area beyond the twenty minute user test; where motivation, opportunity and prompts to action, are more important than consistency, feedback and direct usability; where novelty may lie in the assembly of off-the-shelf applications; and success lies in life beyond the screen.
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https://alandix.com/academic/papers/AVI2024-justcounting/
Numbers are part of day-to-day life from household budgeting to making sense of global warming and planning academic projects. But, for many, dealing with numeric information is daunting with multiple step changes in complexity moving from, say simple calculations to spreadsheet use, as well as difficulties managing different sources of complex information. In this paper we present an ecosystem of interconnected prototype tools that explore this space, including TSoW interpreting unfamiliar orders of magnitude; calQ a four-function calculator that shifts seamlessly to micro-spreadsheet; WS2 embedding spreadsheet-like features in web pages; and myData collating and connecting the diverse data sources. Collectively, these tools offer an envisionment to prompt discussion both of the way end-users can more easily deal with numeric information and of the background technical infrastructure necessary for this to happen.
A flexible QR-code infrastructure for heritage
Paper presented at AVICH 2024: Workshop on Advanced Visual Interfaces and Interactions in Cultural Heritage. AVI 2024 at Arenzano (Genoa), Italy, 4th June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/AVI2CH2024-qrarch/
QR codes are often used in outdoor cultural heritage settings. They are an established technology but inflexible, especially if the websites to which they point change their structure, or even disappear. This paper describes a web infrastructure for deploying QR codes that can be remapped dynamically, both as web resources move or change, but also to allow personalized and adaptable content. This is a small change in the underlying technology, but radically change potential applications. It can be used to personalise content to viewer’s preferences such as language choices, but could be used to support bespoke events or applications such as school visits or treasure hunts. The infrastructure has been deployed at the Memorial Gardens in the lost village of Troedrhiwfuwch, to enable the stories of fallen WWI and II service men to be retold for the current generation
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI support
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
AI and the Humanities – provocations – The Arts, Humanities & Responsible AI...
Keynote at The Arts, Humanities & Responsible AI Symposium Aberystwyth University, Wales, 29th June 2024
https://www.alandix.com/academic/talks/AHRAI-2024/
The talk takes an excursion through several frameworks or ways of looking at the way artificial intelligence impacts:
* humanities and social science research
* social justice
* fundamental changes in society
Can AI do good? at 'offtheCanvas' India HCI prelude
Invited talk at 'offtheCanvas' IndiaHCI prelude, 29th June 2024.
https://www.alandix.com/academic/talks/offtheCanvas-IndiaHCI2024/
The world is being changed fundamentally by AI and we are constantly faced with newspaper headlines about its harmful effects. However, there is also the potential to both ameliorate theses harms and use the new abilities of AI to transform society for the good. Can you make the difference?
CDT Away Day Talk: Qualitative–Quantitative reasoning and lightweight numbers
Talk at EPIC CDT Away Day, St Davids Hotel, Cardiff, 11th April 2024.
https://alandix.com/academic/talks/CDT-away-day-April-2024-QQ/
As academics we need to deal with numbers including project management spreadsheets and student marks. In addition, they are part of day-to-day life whether household budgeting or working out how many socks to pack for a journey. Perhaps most crucially, many national and global issues require an understanding of numeric information from climate change to tax rates, and of course the Covid-19 pandemic. If citizens are not able to make sense of this, democracy fails. Of course, many are not only uncertain when dealing with numbers, but suffer more or less extreme maths anxiety. Indeed a recent UK survey found that, “over a third of adults (35%) say that doing maths makes them feel anxious, while one in five are so fearful it even makes them feel physically sick”. Sometimes detailed calculations are necessary, but often the critical skill is qualitative–quantitative reasoning, that is a qualitative understanding of quantitative phenomena. This can after be aided by the ability to use back-of-the-envelope calculations and dealing with lightweight numeric information. This talk discusses these issues and presents some prototype tools to explore the design space for personal numeric information.
This talk is largely the same as the one of the same name given at Ulster University in February. However, the slides have been updated to correct web material misattributed to BBC which was actually Guardian. An eagle-eyed member of the audience spotted that the font in the screenshot was one found in the Guardian online web and not the BBC.
Swan(sea) Song – personal research during my six years at Swansea ... and bey...
Talk at the Computational Foundry, Swansea University, 24th April 2024.
https://alandix.com/academic/talks/Swansea-song-April-2024/
This talk was my last formal act as Director of the Computational Foundry, before retiring from Swansea University at the end of April 2024. It was the last part in a research afternoon of the School of Mathematics and Computer Science, during which there were talks by other members of the school including a wonderful potted history of Maths and CS in the University and the Computational Foundry by John Tucker and Matt Jones.
This talk is a summary (partial) of more personal research through my time at Swansea, some in collaboration with others across the university, some with those external to Swansea, and some more individual. The talk used a number of web-based prototypes and systems that I've developed, many as weekend projects, to look at areas including AI, digital humanities and heritage, qualitative-quantitative reasoning, statistics and maths education, physical prototyping and UX tools. The talk included work inspired by teaching, consultancy and other real-world problems, but almost always also including a strong theoretical dimension. This reflects my personal background, as the son of a carpenter, but where mathematics was my academic 'first love' -- always seeking out ways in which practical making and fundamental knowledge interact. A theme that runs through many of the examples is the way in which many if the things that were completed while at Swansea had roots before, and also things I started here will continue on the future. And now I look forward to the coming years; although my employment at Swansea has ended, I will continue to collaborate with many in the University, both those I have met since being in Swansea and those I know before.
From Family Reminiscence to Scholarly Archive .
, digital economy, human-computer interaction, design thinking, computational thinking
Keynote at Transforming Heritage Research in a Transforming World, the
International Hellenic University, Serres, Greece, 16-17 April 2024.
https://alandix.com/academic/talks/CAA-GR-2024/
Human-Centred Artificial Intelligence – Malta 2024
Rarely a day goes by without an AI story in the news. Sometimes, there is good news, such as the use of AI to discover a new pharmaceutical, but often more dark, about AI bias or the way it may rob us of jobs, privacy or autonomy. The human impact of AI is of two kinds. First, what AI does directly - systems that we use and can design better or worse. Second, how AI shapes society, the way AI can create mismatches of power between large corporations and nation states, and between organisations and individuals. Recent advances in large-langage models in particular may mean that AI is only in the hands of those who can afford massive computational power and technical expertise. However, there are signs of hope, in particular the way that generative AI might enable niches applications that would otherwise be impossible. In education this may allow personalised tuition, bit also changes what needs to be learnt ... not necessarily digital; the ability of LLMs to generalise may offer ways for minority languages to survive; and in health there is the possibility of personalised medicine, and affordable ways to help well-being and mental health.
The future of UX design support tools - talk Paris March 2024
talk to ACM SIGCHI Paris Chapter at Université Paris-Saclay, 19th March 2024.
https://alandix.com/academic/talks/Paris-UX-2024/
From the 1980s graphical interfaces have dominated the way we envisage user interactions. While we know and teach our students about the importance of taking a wider perspective, the vast majority of tools used in practical UX (user experience) design are dominated by screens. In this talk I will explore ways in which future design can step beyond the pixelated surface.
One strand is understanding the physical nature of devices, human bodies, and the environments within which they engage; this is addressed in my 2022 book “TouchIT – Understanding Design in a Physical-Digital World” co-authored with Steve Gill, Jo Hare, and Devina Ramduny-Ellis.
The other strand is work over the last few years with Miriam Sturdee and Anna Carter, collectively entitled InContext, in which we have been exploring next generation UX tools, including investigative workshops and focus groups. While not a major issue, AI was mentioned in these workshops, but they were before the recent rise in awareness fostered by ChatGPT. I will contextualise this building on two other books that I am completing relating to AI and Human–Computer Interaction.
I will demonstrate two tools that explore the space of design beyond the screen. One, ScenarioViewer enables screen-based prototypes, at various levels of fidelity, to be embedded within story-board-like contextual images. The other, PhysProto, allows physical prototypes to be interactively explored remotely using video clips and Physigrams, executable models of the physical behaviour of the device. These are prototypes of prototyping tools, but also provotypes, designed to provoke you to consider for yourself the future of UX design support tools.
Qualitative–Quantitative reasoning and lightweight numbers
Seminar at University of Ulster, 21st February 2024.
https://alandix.com/academic/talks/Ulster-2024-QQ/
As academics we need to deal with numbers including project management spreadsheets and student marks. In addition, they are part of day-to-day life whether household budgeting or working out how many socks to pack for a journey. Perhaps most crucially, many national and global issues require an understanding of numeric information from climate change to tax rates, and of course the Covid-19 pandemic. If citizens are not able to make sense of this, democracy fails.
Of course, many are not only uncertain when dealing with numbers, but suffer more or less extreme maths anxiety. Indeed a recent UK survey found that, “over a third of adults (35%) say that doing maths makes them feel anxious, while one in five are so fearful it even makes them feel physically sick”.
Sometimes detailed calculations are necessary, but often the critical skill is qualitative–quantitative reasoning, that is a qualitative understanding of quantitative phenomena. This can after be aided by the ability to use back-of-the-envelope calculations and dealing with lightweight numeric information.
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Invited talk at Diversifying Knowledge Production in HCI
Invited talk at workshop on Diversifying Knowledge Production in HCI: Exploring Materiality and Novel Formats for Scholarly Expression.
TEI'24, Cork, 11th Feb 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/talks/TEI-workshop-2024/
Exceptional Experiences for Everyone
Invited talk at AMID 2023 – 1st International Workshop on Accessibility and Multimodal Interaction Design Approaches in Museums for People with Impairments, in conjunction with MoileHCI Conference, 26 Sept. 2023.
https://alandix.com/academic/talks/AMID2023-exceptional/
Often accessibility is an afterthought or sticking plaster to fix the holes in an experience that was designed with a central audience in mind: maybe middle-aged, fully abled, well educated. Ideally we would have user experiences designed specifically for different kinds of modalities and in different tyles, not just because of the wide diversity of users, but also because any one user has varying needs and varying abilities at different times. In the context of a large museum or cultural institution this is already challenging, but appears impossible for smaller archives, or local community heritage. Yet if heritage and history is to be accessible this also applies to production, democratising digitisation and empowering marginalised groups.. We need appropriate architectures, tools, technology infrastructure and platforms, that make this not just possible, but simple. In this talk I offer some insights, some examples and many research challenges towards the goal of enabling exceptional experiences for everyone.
Inclusivity and AI: opportunity or threat
Keynote at 9th International Conference on Computing and Informatics (ICOCI 2023), "Nurturing an inclusive digital society for a sustainable nation", 13-14 September 2023, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
https://alandix.com/academic/talks/ICOCI2023-keynote/
AI is transforming many sectors of the economy and our day-today lives. We hear of success stories including medical advances, but also worries that AI will destroy jobs or even be an existential threat to humanity. We also know that for previous waves of technology – mechanical, electronic and digital – the costs and benefits do not fall equally to everyone in society. There are clear dangers that AI will further entrench existing power and deepen the digital divide: both at an individual level and globally. For example, training foundation models, such as GPT-4, requires enormous computational power and massive data sets accessible only to the largest corporations. However, the ways in which these can be used generatively in more niche areas, offers potential for minority languages and individualised learning that was previously only accessible to the rich. Whether the threats of AI or its opportunities dominate is not simply an abstract question, but one that impacts the most disadvantaged around us, and one that, as researchers and practitioners in digital technology, we can affect. If we truly want an inclusive digital society, then we need to make it happen.
Hidden Figures architectural challenges to expose parameters lost in code
Position paper presented at Engineering Interactive Systems Embedding AI Technologies at EICS 2023, Swansea, Wales, UK. 27 June. 2023.
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/EISEAIT2023-hidden/
Many critical user interaction design decisions are made in the heat of detailed development. These include simple parameter choices or more complex weightings in intelligent algorithms. Many would be appropriate for expert design review, user-preference choices or optimisation by machine learning, but they are buried deep in the code. Although the developer may realise this potential, the location of the decision is far removed in the code from where user feedback occurs, data can be collected and machine learning could be applied. This position paper describes several case studies and use them to frame an architectural challenge for tools and infrastructure to uncover these hidden variables to make them available for machine learning and user inspection.
ChatGPT, Culture and Creativity simulacrum and alterity
Keynote at Creative AI Research Conference 2023
https://alandix.com/academic/talks/CAR2023-keynote/
Over the years many of the ‘red lines’ of artificial intelligence have been crossed: challenges that were deemed to require uniquely human understanding. In 1997, chess fell as Deep Blue defeated Kasparov; then, twenty years later, AlphaGo beat Ke Jie, the world’s top Go player. Arguably, game playing can be considered artificial and formal, not representing the rich nuanced nature of human intelligence embodied in the real world. However, large language models have challenged these assumptions producing dialogue and texts that appear human – passing the Turing test . Furthermore, the text, and poems generated by ChatGPT and images created by DALL-E appear almost creative.
Has the last bastion fallen or is it merely the babbling of ‘stochastic parrots’? Is AI the ultimate charlatan peddling plagiarism or instead the child’s cry that reveals the emperor’s cloths of human creativity are sham? And what does it mean to be creative anyway?
I will attempt, if not to answer these deep questions, at least lay down some pointers. We will test the limits of the myth of the individual innate genius with inspiration gifted by the muses; and explore the way creativity is always embodied in culture and technology. Yet, while artists and philosophers debate, the child draws on.
Why pandemics and climate change are hard to understand and make decision mak...
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Presented by British Computer Society Interaction Group
and Interacting with Computers, 27 February 2023
https://alandix.com/academic/talks/BCS-IwC-Covid-Feb-2023/
This talk draws on diverse psychological, behavioural and numerical literature to understand some of the challenges we all face in making sense of large-scale phenomena and use this to create a roadmap for HCI responses. This body of research points the way toward current challenges and equips us with tools and principles that can help HCI researchers deliver value. The talk is framed by looking at patterns and information that highlight some of the common misunderstandings that arise – not just for politicians and the general public but also for those in the academic community’s heart. This talk does not have all the answers to this, but we hope it provides some and, perhaps more importantly, raises questions that we need to address as scientific and technical communities.
Beyond the Wireframe: tools to design, analyse and prototype physical devices
Keynote at Fifth European Tangible Interaction Studio, ENAC Toulouse. Nov. 7-10 2022.
https://alandix.com/academic/talks/ETIS2022-keynote/
For many years interaction design was driven by the abstractions of WIMP (windows, icons, menus, pointer). The details differ on desktop applications, web pages or smart-phones and the ‘pointer’ has evolved from mice to trackpad and touch-based interactions, however, for many digital applications, the central aspects are unchanged. What is different is that the screens we encounter, as Weiser predicted, are everywhere: embedded in physical appliances such as showers and toasters and situated in office walls and building facades. Furthermore, we are often engaging with digital applications that have no obvious screen or where the screen if present is only a small part of the interaction; these include voice assistants, semi-autonomous vehicles, and smart cities.
Even where the dominant interaction is focused on a screen, the places where we use them and the physical activities, we are doing fundamentally affect the nature of the interactive experience: using a smartphone while sitting in an armchair and watching television, is very different from thumbing a quick message whilst walking down a busy city road on a rainy night.
In this talk I will describe several design techniques and prototype tools that seek to address the physicality of digital interactions including the physical nature of the device itself and the physical context in which it is placed. This will include ‘soft’ formal methods to describe physical aspects of devices, ways to use video to model physical prototypes during early design and tools to encourage designers to keep the context of use in mind even when working on largely screen-based interactions.
The talk draws on some long-standing work, parts of the recently published book 'TouchIT: Understanding Design in a Physical-Digital World' (co-authored with Steve Gill, Devina Ramduny-Ellis, and Jo Hare) and the InContext project (in collaboration with Miriam Sturdee and Anna Carter). The latter arose from the realisation that despite the vast number of design tools available, nearly all focus entirely on the screen and wireframes. We are asking "what is the Next Generation of UX design tool?" – perhaps you would like to join this conversation.
Forever Cyborgs – a long view on physical-digital interaction
Keynote at the European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics (ECCE 2022), Kaiserslautern, Germany, 7th Oct 2022.
https://alandix.com/academic/talks/ECCE2022-keynote/
From prehistory to the internet age, humans have always lived as part of a technologically mediated world. Knapped flints have given way to touch-screens, cuneiform to CSS, but in both rapid hand-eye coordination and long-term social interactions, our experiences and actions in the world are embedded in a physical, mechanical, symbolic and digital nexus. After far too long in the writing, my co-authors and I are delighted that "TouchIT: Understanding Design in a Physical-Digital World" is finally published – symbolic words, recorded in digital media and printed on physical paper. This book covers established and emergent digital technology, but repeatedly the continuity of current and past technology, physical and digital worlds is evident. The fundamental cognitive resources that enable our digital existence in an age of constant flux are the result of aeons of development in a physical world that we remake and reimagine. In this talk I will explore multiple scales of digital interaction from seconds to years, informed by and illuminating what it means to be a fully embodied and richly reflective human.
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- 1. interaction models talking generally
- 2. interaction models generic models of classes of system mainly to aid understanding of general issues e.g. undo and ‘back’ button
- 3. the PIE model ‘minimal’ model of interactive system focused on external observable aspects of interaction
- 4. PIE model – user input sequence of commands commands include: – keyboard, mouse movement, mouse click call the set of commands C call the sequence P P = seq C
- 5. PIE model – system response the ‘effect’ effect composed of: ephemeral display the final result (e..g printout, changed file) call the set of effects E
- 6. PIE model – the connection given any history of commands (P) there is some current effect call the mapping the interpretation (I) I: P E
- 7. properties – WYSIWYG predict ( D R ) s.t. predict o display = result but really not quite the full meaning result display
- 8. proving things – undo c : c undo ~ null ? but cannot work for c = undo
- 9. lesson undo is no ordinary command! other meta-commands: back/forward in browsers history window later analysis of ‘back’ button and history in hypertext and web browsers … ‘back’ was different in them all!
- 10. … another domain … … artistic performance yes formal methods meets art!! work with Jenn Sheridan Stuart Reeves, Steve Benford, and Claire O’Malley
- 11. Performer ObserverParticipant tripartite interaction who knows what? witting or unwitting
- 12. spheres of influence and perception phenomena directly influenced by A phenomena indirectly influenced by A A phenomena directly perceived by B B phenomena indirectly perceived by B
- 13. spheres of influence and perception A B phenomena directly perceived by B phenomena indirectly influenced by A phenomena indirectly perceived by B phenomena directly influenced by A
- 15. the frame performance? A B … but not sufficient in the frame
- 16. the frame the performer A B unwitting observer … still not quite there …. A B
- 17. the frame audience belief A B A B unwitting performer
- 18. the frame performance A B B A B A B
- 19. Deus Oculi A looks in mirror and sees reflection A B B looks at screen inside small doors both are aware that mirror and screen are within the frame but unaware of the causal link between mirror and screen frame
- 20. Deus Oculi – tableaux of beliefs