The document discusses for loops, which are iteration statements used to repeat a block of code a specified number of times. A for loop has three parts: initialization, condition, and increment/decrement. It initializes a loop counter variable, checks a condition, and increments/decrements the counter each iteration through the loop block. For loops are commonly used to iterate through arrays or print patterns and have a syntax of "for(initialization; condition; increment_or_decrement)".