The document provides an overview of the foreign exchange market, including its key participants and characteristics. It describes the types of transactions that occur in the market such as spot transactions, forwards, and swaps. It also discusses important concepts like cross rates, triangular arbitrage, and measuring changes in exchange rates. The foreign exchange market facilitates the international transfer of currencies and helps minimize exposure to exchange rate risk. It is the largest financial market in the world with over $2 trillion in average daily turnover.
The Foreign Exchange, also referred to as the "Forex" or "Spot FX" market, is the largest financial market in the world, with over $1.2 trillion changing hands every single day. This paper is about trading and managing risk in that fast moving market.
Forex Tips by http://www.top-forex-broker.com. You can find some more useful article about forex in http://www.top-forex-broker.com/forex-articles.html
Currency derivatives is a kind of new class of assets available for investment. Please go through this PPT which will give you some idea about currency & Currency derivatives.
The Foreign Exchange, also referred to as the "Forex" or "Spot FX" market, is the largest financial market in the world, with over $1.2 trillion changing hands every single day. This paper is about trading and managing risk in that fast moving market.
Forex Tips by http://www.top-forex-broker.com. You can find some more useful article about forex in http://www.top-forex-broker.com/forex-articles.html
Currency derivatives is a kind of new class of assets available for investment. Please go through this PPT which will give you some idea about currency & Currency derivatives.
The aim of this presentation is to help build a better understanding of Forex trading and guide you through the necessary steps needed to become a responsible and successful trader in the foreign exchange market.
About forex trade – an introduction to forex marketoly1
Introduction about forex trade is about the bird’s view of forex market that is traded internationally. The huge forex market trading volume has grown exponentially over time since it is first established in the early 1970’s. Join the market and be one of the forex traders now.
This PDF Outlines and describes the Forex Industry as well as providing descriptive and informative content that conceptualises the forex business in an structured well understandable content, through this Guide, each individual seeking to establish a Forex Broker Company well have the competitive advantage of the having awareness on how to establish a Brokerage.
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The aim of this presentation is to help build a better understanding of Forex trading and guide you through the necessary steps needed to become a responsible and successful trader in the foreign exchange market.
About forex trade – an introduction to forex marketoly1
Introduction about forex trade is about the bird’s view of forex market that is traded internationally. The huge forex market trading volume has grown exponentially over time since it is first established in the early 1970’s. Join the market and be one of the forex traders now.
This PDF Outlines and describes the Forex Industry as well as providing descriptive and informative content that conceptualises the forex business in an structured well understandable content, through this Guide, each individual seeking to establish a Forex Broker Company well have the competitive advantage of the having awareness on how to establish a Brokerage.
The Following Guide is intended to direct and Guide Individuals who intend to establish their own Forex Brokerage, whether it’s an existing or a new Foreign Exchange (Forex) brokerage, this guide will provide information that is descriptive to which it was generated through research and best practice procedures.
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2. Lecture Outline
Describe the FX market
Identify participants and currencies
Understand spot and forward rates
Calculate & use cross and forward rates
Triangular arbitrage
Changes in exchange rates
www.StudsPlanet.com
3. The foreign exchange market is the mechanism by
which participants:
– transfer purchasing power between countries;
– obtain or provide credit for international trade
transactions, and
– minimize exposure to the risks of exchange rate
changes.
Functions of FX Market
www.StudsPlanet.com
4. Characteristics of FX Market
Largest of all financial markets with average daily
turnover of over $2 trillion!
66% of all foreign exchange transactions involve
cross-border counterparties.
Only ≈11% of daily spot transactions involve non-
financial customers.
London is the largest FX market.
US dollar involved in 87% of all transactions.
www.StudsPlanet.com
6. Increasing Turnover
Daily foreign exchange market turnover in billions of US
dollars
(Bank for International Settlements Triennial Central Bank Survey 2004)www.StudsPlanet.com
8. A Spot transaction in the interbank market
is the purchase of foreign exchange, with
delivery and payment between banks to
take place, normally, on the second
following business day.
The date of settlement is referred to as the
value date.
Types of Transactions
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9. An outright forward transaction (usually called just
“forward”) requires delivery at a future value date of a
specified amount of one currency for a specified amount of
another currency.
The exchange rate is established at the time of the
agreement, but payment and delivery are not required until
maturity.
Forward exchange rates are usually quoted for value dates of
one, two, three, six and twelve months.
Buying Forward and Selling Forward describe the same
transaction (the only difference is the order in which
currencies are referenced.)
Types of Transactions
www.StudsPlanet.com
10. A swap transaction in the interbank market is the
simultaneous purchase and sale of a given amount
of foreign exchange for two different value dates.
Both purchase and sale are conducted with the
same counterparty.
Some different types of swaps are:
– spot against forward,
– forward-forward,
– nondeliverable forwards (NDF).
Types of Transactions
www.StudsPlanet.com
12. The foreign exchange market consists of two tiers:
– the interbank or wholesale market (multiples of $1M US or
equivalent in transaction size), and
– the client or retail market (specific, smaller amounts).
Five broad categories of participants operate within
these two tiers: bank and nonbank foreign exchange
dealers, individuals and firms, speculators and
arbitragers, central banks and treasuries, and foreign
exchange brokers.
Market Participants
www.StudsPlanet.com
13. Banks and a few nonbank foreign exchange dealers
operate in both the interbank and client markets.
They profit from buying foreign exchange at a “bid”
price and reselling it at a slightly higher “offer” or
“ask” price.
Dealers in the foreign exchange department of large
international banks often function as “market makers.”
These dealers stand willing at all times to buy and sell
those currencies in which they specialize and thus
maintain an “inventory” position in those currencies.
Market Participants
www.StudsPlanet.com
14. Individuals (such as tourists) and firms (such as
importers, exporters and MNEs) conduct commercial
and investment transactions in the foreign exchange
market.
Their use of the foreign exchange market is necessary
but nevertheless incidental to their underlying
commercial or investment purpose.
Some of the participants use the market to “hedge”
their foreign exchange risk.
Market Participants
www.StudsPlanet.com
15. Speculators and arbitragers seek to profit from
trading in the market itself.
They operate in their own interest, without a need
or obligation to serve clients or ensure a
continuous market.
While dealers seek the bid/ask spread, speculators
seek all the profit from exchange rate changes and
arbitragers try to profit from simultaneous
exchange rate differences in different markets.
Market Participants
www.StudsPlanet.com
16. Central banks and treasuries use the market to acquire or
spend their country’s foreign exchange reserves as well as
to influence the price at which their own currency is traded.
They may act to support the value of their own currency
because of policies adopted at the national level or because
of commitments entered into through membership in joint
agreements such as the European Monetary System.
The motive is not to earn a profit as such, but rather to
influence the foreign exchange value of their currency in a
manner that will benefit the interests of their citizens.
As willing loss takers, central banks and treasuries differ in
motive from all other market participants.
Market Participants
www.StudsPlanet.com
17. Types of Activities
Speculation
An activity that leaves one open to exchange rate
fluctuations where one aims to make a profit.
Hedging
Allows the firm to transfer exchange rate risk inherent in
foreign currency transactions or positions.
Arbitrage – take advantage of inconsistent prices to
make risk-free profits. These profits are unlikely to last
long.
Spatial (or Locational) Arbitrage
Triangular Arbitrage
Covered Interest Arbitrage – Lecture 3
www.StudsPlanet.com
18. Foreign Exchange Rates & Quotations
A foreign exchange rate is the price of one currency
expressed in terms of another currency.
A foreign exchange quotation (or quote) is a
statement of willingness to buy or sell at an
announced rate.
http://finance.yahoo.com/currency
www.StudsPlanet.com
19. Bid & Ask Quotes
Foreign currency dealers provide two quotes:
Bid Price: Price at which the dealer is willing to buy
foreign currency from you.
Ask Price: Price at which the dealer is willing to sell
foreign currency to you.
It is always the case that the Ask Price > Bid Price. The
difference is the Bid-Ask spread.
The less traded and more volatile a currency, the greater
is the spread.
www.StudsPlanet.com
20. Direct & Indirect Quotes
Direct Quote: Home currency per unit of Foreign currency
(FC) - e.g. AUD/€ quote is 1.6003 – 1.6499
Indirect Quote: Foreign currency per unit of Home currency
- e.g. €/AUD quote of 0.6061 – 0.6249
Note that in all cases, the reciprocal of a direct quote is an
indirect quote:
Also, you might encounter an exchange rate quotation in
American terms (US$/FC) or European terms (FC/US$).
AUD
EUREUR
AUD 1
=
www.StudsPlanet.com
21. Example
Bid Ask
$/£ 1.4482 1.4484
Bid: Dealer buys £ for $ at the Bid, Client
sells £ for $ (i.e., dealer will buy £1,000,000
for $1,448,200).
Ask: Dealer sells £ for $ at the Ask, Client
buys £ with $ (i.e., dealer will sell £1,000,000
for $1,448,400).
www.StudsPlanet.com
22. Bid – Ask Spread
Banks act as market makers and realise their profits
from the spread:
Bid-Ask Spread = (Ask-Bid)/Ask
Consider the DIRECT quote of $ 1.4482 – 1.4484/£
( ) %38.1100
4484.1
4482.14484.1
% =×
−
=spread
www.StudsPlanet.com
23. Forward Quotes
Forward rates can be quoted as either as an outright quote,
points or as an annualised % forward premium or discount.
www.StudsPlanet.com
24. Forward Quotes – Points
A forward quotation expressed in points is not a foreign
exchange rate as such. It is the difference between the
forward rate and the spot rate.
When the Bid Points > Ask Points, you subtract the
points from the spot rate to get the outright forward
quote.
If the Bid Points < Ask Points, you add the points to
the spot rate to get the outright forward quote
www.StudsPlanet.com
25. For quotations expressed in foreign currency
terms (Indirect quotations) the formula becomes:
f ¥
= Spot – Forward 360
For quotations expressed in home currency terms
(Direct quotations) the formula becomes:
f ¥
= Forward – Spot 360
100
nForward
xx
100
nSpot
xx
Forward Quotes – Percentage
www.StudsPlanet.com
26. Cross Rates
Many currency pairs are inactively traded, so their exchange
rate is determined through their relationship to a widely
traded third currency.
For example, an Australian importer needs Danish currency
to pay for purchases in Copenhagen.
The Australian dollar (symbol A$) is not widely quoted
against the Danish kroner (symbol DKr).
However, both currencies are quoted against the U.S. dollar.
Assume the following quotes:
Australian dollar A$1.5431/US$
Danish kroner DKr7.0575/US$
www.StudsPlanet.com
27. Cross Rates
The Australian importer can buy one U.S. dollar
for A$1.5431 and with that dollar buy
DKr7.0575. The cross-rate calculation would
be:
A$/DKr0.2186
US$DKr7.0575/
S$A$1.5431/U
dollar.kroner/U.SDanish
dollar.dollar/U.SAustralian
==
However, calculating cross-rates is usually
not as easy as this!
www.StudsPlanet.com
28. Cross Rates – Example
We have the following rates:
US$1.4419 – 36 / GBP
US$0.6250 – 67 / CHF
Calculate the CHF / GBP rate!
= CHF 2.3008 – 98 / GBP.
www.StudsPlanet.com
29. Cross Rates – Example
First: How do I get CHF/GBP from the two rates?
CHF/GBP = (US$/GBP)/(US$/CHF)
Second: Bid = go from bottom (GBP) to top (CHF) (use
GBP to buy US$, then US$ to buy CHF)
Third: Ask = go from top (CHF) to bottom (GBP) (use CHF
to buy US$, then US$ to buy GBP)
Fourth: Apply rule from part one to currency rate pairs.
Therefore, CHF 2.3008 – 98 / GBP.
www.StudsPlanet.com
30. Cross Rates – Tips
As you do more cross rate questions you
will start to see patterns emerging.
For example if both rates are something
per USD or USD per something then you
will have to divide the rates somehow and
you will be matching bids with asks.
Or if the rates are in different forms (USD
is in different places) then you will be
multiplying and you will match bid with
bid and ask with ask.
www.StudsPlanet.com
31. Triangular Arbitrage
Cross rates can be used to check on opportunities for
inter-market arbitrage. Suppose the following exchange
rates are available:
Bank of America: Dutch guilders (fl) per U.S. $ fl1.9025/U.S.$
Dominion Bank: Canadian dollars per U.S. $ C$1.2646/U.S.$
ABN Amro Bank: Dutch guilders per Canadian $ fl1.5214/C$
The synthetic cross rate between Dutch
guilders and Canadian dollars is:
/C$fl1.5044
S$C$1.2646/U
1.9025/US$fl
dollarS.dollars/U.Canadian
dollar.S.guilders/UDutch
==
You get more
guilders from
ABN Amro
www.StudsPlanet.com
32. Triangular Arbitrage – Example
Divided by
1.9025 fl/US$
US$525,624
United States
Multiplied by
1.2646 C$/US$
C$664,704
Canada
Multiplied by
1.5214 fl/C$
(Start)(End)
Netherlands
fl1,000,000fl1,011,281
Profit = fl 11,281Profit = fl 11,281
www.StudsPlanet.com
33. • Measuring a change in the foreign currency for
quotations expressed in home currency terms
(direct):
%∆ = Ending rate – Beginning Rate
• Quotations expressed in foreign currency terms
(indirect):
%∆ = Beginning Rate – Ending Rate
Beginning Rate x 100
Ending Rate x 100
Measuring a Change in the Spot Rate
www.StudsPlanet.com
34. Example
The Australian dollar was quoted at A$1.8445/US$ on
Aug 19, 2002, while on March 2, 2004 it was quoted at
A$1.335/US$.
What is the appreciation/depreciation of the US$?
www.StudsPlanet.com
35. Example
Thus, the appreciation/depreciation of the US$, relative
to the A$ from t-1 to t is:
1
1,
1
A$1.335/$ $1.8445
27.6%
$1.8445
t t
t t
t
S S A /$
R
S A /$
−
−
−
− −
= = = −
Thus, the U.S.$ has depreciated
relative to the A$ by 27.6%
www.StudsPlanet.com
36. Example
To calculate the appreciation/depreciation of the
Australian dollar, relative to the US dollar, we want the
denominator currency to be the A$:
At t-1: A$1.8445/US$ = US$0.5422/A$
At t: A$1.335/US$ = US$0.7491/A$
1
1,
1
$0.7491 $0.5422/ $
38.2%
$0.5422/ $
t t
t t
t
S S A
R
S A
−
−
−
− −
= = =
Thus, the A$ has appreciated
relative to the US $ by 38.2%
www.StudsPlanet.com
37. $ depreciation, A$ appreciation not equal
In general, the percentage appreciation in one currency
is not equal to the percentage depreciation in the other
currency. Instead…
1
________________________
1 + RA$ = (1 + RUS$)
www.StudsPlanet.com
Editor's Notes
Swap point/rate (also known as the FORWARD DIFFERENTIAL) – as is the convention with the “Financial Review” is the difference between the OUTRIGHT Forward rate and the spot rate.
C stronger than should be, DG weaker than should be.