The document discusses the challenges and innovations in fodder production for sustainable dairy farming, emphasizing that low livestock productivity is largely due to fodder deficits. It outlines strategies for improving forage resources through mixed farming systems and efficient resource utilization while highlighting the increasing global demand for livestock products. The need for a national fodder mission and specific crop management practices are also detailed to enhance feed supply and agricultural profitability.

1. Suheel Ahmad
ICAR-IGFRI, RRS, Srinagar, J & K – 191132
Suheel.Dand@icar.gov.in
suhail114@gmail.com
Ph/Fax: 0194-2305129; 09419018157
7006929670
Advances in Fodder
Production Innovations for
Sustainable Dairy Farming

2. Need for fodder technologies
The livestock sector represents around a third of
agricultural GDP in most countries.
Low productivity of livestock owing to fodder
deficit (accounts for 50-60 %), genetic
improvement, health management
The limited land endowments make it difficult for
the farmer to earmark adequate land for fodder
cultivation.
(Wani et al., 2014; Ahmad et al,
2017)
 The possibility of increased forage production by
bringing additional area under fodder cultivation
are limited and it is therefore, imperative that
continuous efforts are made to augment forage
resource availability through other niche areas.

3. There has been greater demand for
livestock products globally as human
populations increase and their dietary
preferences change.
In the past three decades, production and
consumption of livestock products in
developing countries has grown at 3-5%
p.a.
By 2050, total meat and milk consumption
in developing countries is expected to at
least double.
These trends present both opportunities
and challenges for livestock production
sytems.

4. Agriculture & allied sector share in Total
GDP (%)
17.32
Livestock contribution to Agriculture GDP (%) 25.6
Growth rate of Agriculture sector in 12th Plan (%)
(in first 4 years)
1.60
Growth rate of Livestock in 11th Plan (%) 4.80
Milk production (2015-16) in million tonnes 155.50
Per capita milk availability in India (2015-16) in
gms/day
337.00
Facts of Indian Livestock sector

5. Projected livestock population estimates
(million Adult Cattle Unit, ACU )
** Source: Livestock census published by the Directorate of Economic &
Statistics and Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying

7. ** Source: IGFRI Vision 2050

9. FEED SUPPLY SYSTEM
 Feed and fodder are the major important inputs
representing 50-75% of the total cost of
production in any livestock production
Milk production in India is increasing at a faster
rate
 But feed and fodder resources are depleting due
to increased human population, urbanization and
pressure on land to grow cereal and cash crops
 Have led to qualitative and quantitative
insufficiency of feed and fodder resources.

10. Low productivity of Livestock
Average yield of milk and meat: 20-60% lower
than world average
Responsible Factors:
• Feed & Fodder deficiency - 50.2%
• Breeding & reproduction - 21.1%
• Diseases
• Management
- 7.9%
- 10.5%

12. I) Kharif (15 June to 15 October) /
Summer season (15 February to 15 June)
a. Non legume: Maize (Zea mays), Sorghum
(Sorghum bicolor), Pearlmillet (Pennisetum
typhoids)
b. Legume: Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), Cluster
bean (Cyamopsis tetragonaloba)
II) Rabi season (15 October to 15 February)
a. Non legume: Oats (Avena sativa), Barley
(Hordeum vulgare)
b. Legume: Berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum),
Lucerne (Medicago sativa)
III) Perennial grasses:
N-B hybrid, Guinea grass, Setaria, etc
Important fodder crops

13. MULTIPRONGED APPROACH for INCREASING
FODDER PRODUCTION
Strategies to increase forage production per unit area
Encouraging forage production in mixed farming systems
Exploitation of waste lands, denuded, degraded, marginal
and sub marginal lands for the development of pastures
and agro-forestry systems
Strategies for efficient utilization of available resources, like
crop residues, non-conventional feeds and fodders
Need of a National Fodder Mission

14. ANNUAL FODDER CROPS
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
Varieties: Single cut
(SC)- PC-6, 9, 23, HC-136, 171, 260,
UP Chari-1, 2,
Double cut (DC)- CO-27 &
Multicut (MC)- MP Chari, Meethisudan, Pioneer-988, Hara sona
Seed rate and sowing:
Seed rate- 35-45 kg & sowing time- March-Aug.
Spacing- 25-30 x 10-15 cm

15. Nutrient req. (N:P:K, kg/ha):
SC- 60:30:30, DC- 60:60:60 & MC- 70:30:30, 40 kg N after each
cut)
Weed management:
Atrazine (PE) - 0.5 kg ai/ha (Pure crop), Alachlor- 1 kg
ai/ha (Intercrop), 2,4-D (PoE)- 0.75 kg ai/ha (for BLW)
Pest and disease management:
Diseases- Anthracnose, Downy mildew, Grey leaf spot, Maydis leaf
blight, Charcoal rot, Rust, Ergot
Insects- Shoot-fly, Stem borer, Aphids, Sorghum midge, Cut worms,
Leaf roller
Harvesting and yield (q/ha):
SC- at 50% flowering stage (60 DAS)
MC- First cut 40 DAS and subsequent cut at 30 days
Yield- SC- 300-500 & MC- 500-900

16. Pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides)
Varieties: SC- Raj bajra chari-2, CO-8, NDFB-2
DC- Avika bajra-1
MC- Giant bajra, Pro agro-1
Seed rate and sowing:
Seed rate- 10 kg/ha, Sowing-
March-Aug Spacing- 25-30 x 10-15 cm

17. Nutrient req. (N:P:K, kg/ha):
SC- 60:30:30 kg N:P2O5:K2O/ha
MC- 70:30:30 (40 kg N after each cut)
Weed management:
Atrazine (PE) - 0.5 kg ai/ha (Pure crop), Alachlor- 1 kg
ai/ha (Intercrop), 2,4-D (PoE)- 0.75 kg ai/ha (for BLW)
Pest and disease management:
Diseases- Downy mildew, Smut, Rust, Leaf spots
Insects- Shoot-fly, Stem borer, Army worm, Cut worms
Harvesting and yield (q/ha):
stage (60 DAS)
MC- First cut 40 DAS, subsequent cut 30 days
Yield (q/ha)-
SC- 250-350
MC- 400-
600

18. Maize (Zea mays)
Varieties: All india- African tall,
Vijay, moti, jawahar, manjari
Punjab- J-1006
South- APFM-8
NW zone- Pratapmakka chari-6
Seed rate and sowing:
Seed rate- 35-45 kg/ha
Sowing- March- July
Spacing- 25-30x10-15 cm

19. Nutrient req. (N:P:K, kg/ha):
100:40:00
(N- two split application)
10-15 kg Zn/ha
Weed management:
Atrazine (PE) - 0.5 kg ai/ha (Pure crop)
Alachlor- 1 kg ai/ha (Intercrop)
2,4-D (PoE)- 0.75 kg ai/ha (for BLW)
Topramezone @ 33.6 g a.i/ha at 20 DAS
Pest and disease management:
Diseases- Downy mildew, Bacterial
stalk rot, Maydis leaf blight,
Rust, Leaf spots
Insects- Shootfly, Stem borer, Army
worm, Cut worms
Harvesting and yield (q/ha):
Harvest at silk- milk stage

20. Cowpea/Lobia (Vigna unguiculata)
Varieties: All india- UPC-5286, Bundel lobia-1
NWC Zone- IFC-8503, EC-4216, Bundel
lobia-2,
Hill zone- UPC-618, UPC-622, UPC-4200
Seed rate and sowing:
Sowing- March-july
Seed rate- 35-40 kg/ha
Spacing- 30x15 cm

21. Nutrient req. (N:P:K, kg/ha):
25 : 50 : 20
Weed management:
Pendimethalin (PE) @ 0.75 kg ai/ha
Fluchloralin (PPI) @ 0.75 kg ai/ha
Imezethapyr (POE) @
Pest and disease management:
Pest- Gram pod borer, Aphids, Leaf hopper, Pod bugs, Blister beetle
Disease- Anthracnose, Asochyta blight, Brown rust, wilt, Powdery
mildew, Brown blotch
Harvesting and yield (q/ha):
Rainy- 50% flowering (60 DAS)
Summer- 70 DAS
Yield- 250-300

22. Guar /Clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonaloba)
Varieties: All India- FS-227, HFG-110, HFG-156, Bundel guar-1, 2, 3
NW zone- Guara-80
Western Rajasthan- Maru guar
Seed rate and sowing:
Sowing- March-July,
Seed rate- 30-35 kg/ha
Spacing- 30 x15 cm

23. Nutrient req. (N:P:K, kg/ha):
25 : 50 : 20
Weed management:
Pendimethalin (PE) @ 0.75 kg ai/ha,
Fluchloralin (PPI) @ 0.75 kg ai/ha
Imezethapyr (POE) @
Pest and disease management:
Pest- Gram pod borer,Aphids, Leaf hopper, Pod bugs, Blister beetle
Disease- Anthracnose, Asochyta blight, Brown rust, wilt, Powdery
mildew
Harvesting:
Flowering- pod formation (60-75 DAS)

24. Oat (Jai)
Avena sativa
Varieties: All India- HFO- 114, Kent, UPO-94, UPO-212,
Bundel jai- 851, Bundel jai-2004; Central-west zone-
Bundel jai- 822, 992, 2001-3; Hilly zone- Bundel jai- 99-
1, IGFRI-S-54; Multicut- UPO-94, JHO-86, JHO-851, PO-
3, RO-19
Seed rate and sowing:
Sowing- Oct-Nov
Seed rate- 80-100 (k
Spacing- 25 x 10 c
g/ha)
m

25. Nutrient req. (N:P:K, kg/ha):
SC- 80:40:00, DC: 120:40:00 & MC- 180:60:40
(40 kg N after each cut)
Weed management:
2,4-D (PoE)- 0.5 kg ai/ha (for BLW), Metsulfuron methyl @ 8 gm
ai/ha (broad spectrum), pendimethalin (PE) 0.75 kg a.i/ha
Pest and disease management:
Disease- Root rot, leaf
blotch Pest- Aphid, Thrips
Control- Dimethoate 30 EC
@0.03%
Harvesting:
SC- at 50% flowering
MC- First cut- 60 DAS,
subsequent cuts- 45 days
Yield (q/ha)-
SC- 300-400
DC- 400-500

26. Berseem
Trifolium alexandrinum
Varieties:
All India- Mescavi, Wardan
Central- JB-1, 2, 3, UPB-110, BB-2
Seed rate and sowing:
Sowing- Oct-Nov
Seed rate- 25-30 kg/ha)
Nutrient req. (N:P:K, kg/ha):
25: 80: 40

27. Weed management:
For cuscuta- Pendimethalin (PE) @ 1.5 kg ai/ha
Diquat @ 6-8 kg ai/ha
Pest and disease management:
Diseases- Downy mildew, Rust, Anthracnose, Crown warts , Leaf
spots, , Powdery mildew, Mosaic Insects- Weevil, Hairy caterpillar,
Aphid, Leaf hoppers
Harvesting:
First cut at 50- 55 DAS and subsequent cuts after 25-30 days
Yield (q/ha)-
700-1100

28. Lucerne/Rizka (Medicago sativa)
Varieties: All India- RL-88
North zone- Sirsa, T-9
WC zone- Anand-
2 South zone- CO-
1 Hill zone-
Anand-3
Seed rate and
sowing:
Sowing- Oct-Nov
Seed rate- 20-25 kg/ha
Nutrient req.
(N:P:K, kg/ha):
20: 60: 40

29. Weed management:
Dipping in 10% salt solution for chicory removal.
Pest and disease management:
Diseases- Root rot, Stem rot, Leaf spots.
Insects- Gram caterpillar,
Harvesting:
First cut at 50- 55 DAS and subsequent cuts after 25-30 days

30. PERENNIAL
FORAGES
BN Hybrid (P. glaucum x P. purpureum)
Varieties: All India- NB-21;
South- CO-1, 2, 3, APBN-1; NC zone- IGFRI BN-3
Maharashtra- Yashwant; Punjab- PBN- 83;
Acid soil- IGFRI- 7,
Saline soil- IGFRI- 10
Seed rate and sowing:
Sowing- Feb-Sep
Seed rate- 35000 slips or cuttings/ha
Spacing- 75 x 50 cm

31. Nutrient req. (N:P:K, kg/ha):
60:50:40 (Basal).
30 kg N after each cut.
Weed management:
2,4-D (PoE)- 1 kg ai/ha (for BLW)
Pest and disease management:
Diseases- Downy mildew, Smut, Rust, Leaf spots
Insects- Shootfly, Stem borer, Army worm, Cut worms
Harvesting and yield (q/ha):
First cut at 60- 65 DAS and subsequent cuts after 25-30 days
Yield- 800-2000

32. Guinea grass
Panicum maximum
Varieties: All India (rainfed)-
Bundel guinea-1, 2;
•South- CO-1, 2,
Hamil Central-
Hamil, PGG-14 Hill-
PGG-1, 9
•Seed rate and
sowing:
•Sowing- Feb- July
•Seed- 3-4 kg/ha or 40000

33. Nutrient req. (N:P:K, kg/ha):
60:50:40 (Basal).
30 kg N after each cut.
Pest and disease management:
Leaf spot
Harvesting and yield (q/ha):
First cut at 60- 65 DAS and subsequent cuts after 25-30 days
Yield- 800-1500

34. Production Technology
(Arable land)

35. Fodder production in Irrigated Arable land
Annual based : Sorghum (multi-
cut)+ Cowpea – Berseem)
Production potential: 172.0 t/ha/year
green fodder (32.3 tDM/ha)
Adoption area: Whole India (except
south India)
Clientele group: Periurban and
milkshed areas
Water requirement: 1820 mm
Livestocks support: 5-6 ACU
B:C Ratio: 1.67

36. Fodder production in Irrigated Arable land
Production potential: 273 t/ha/year
green fodder (44.3t/DM)
Adoption area: Whole India except
south India
Clientele group: Periurban and
milkshed areas
Water requirement: 1090 mm
Livestocks support: 7-8 ACU
B:C Ratio: 2.41
Perennial based : BN hybrid
+ (cowpea - berseem) Mechanized production
system
Manual production system

37. Production potential: Grain-
2.5
t/ha, Green fodder – 17 t/ha
Adoption area: Semi arid
region Clientele group:
Small and
medium farmers
Targeted area: up to 500
mm rainfall (UP, MP,
Maharastra, Gujarat)
Livestock support: 2-3
milch animals
B:C Ratio: 1.57
Annual based: Sorghum (Grain) + cowpea (Fodder)
Fodder production in Rainfed Arable land

38. Perenial based: Subabul + Tri-specific hybrid (Pennisitum purpureum X
P
.
squamulatum X P
. glaucum ) - sorghum (fodder) + pigeon pea (grain)
Production potential: 53.3 t/ha green
fodder grain -0.4 t/ha
Adoption area: Whole India
Clientele group: Small and
medium
farmers
Targeted area: up to 500 mm
rainfall Livestock support: 2-3
milch animals (Green fodder- 30t,
Silage – 15t ) B:C Ratio: 2.59
Fodder production in Rainfed Arable land

39. Production Technology
(Non-Arable land)

40. Pakar based SPS
Morus based SPS
Acacia based SPS
Ficus based SPS
Morus based SPS
Acacia based SPS
Silvipasture systems (SPS)
26th
RAC Meeting 24/07/2021
40
Dry matter production from
trees: 10.2 t ha-1
Dry matter production from
pasture: 26 t ha-1
B-C ratio: 2.85
Soil C sequestration : 13.32
Mg ha-1
Ecorestoration efficiency:
11.65
Dry matter production from
trees: 9.05 t ha-1
Dry matter production from
pasture: 33 t ha-1
B-C ratio: 2.98
Soil C sequestration : 15.63
Mg ha-1
Ecorestoration efficiency:
19.81
Dry matter production from
trees: 7.98 t ha-1
Dry matter production from
pasture: 33 t ha-1
B-C ratio: 3.04
Soil C sequestration : 15.93
Mg ha-1
Ecorestoration efficiency:
23.46

41. Aonla based HPS
Guava based HPS
Aonla based hortipasture system
Guava based hortipasture system
Dry matter production: 7.31 t
ha-1
Fruit production: 8.83 t ha-1
B-C ratio: 2.78
Soil C sequestration : 37.23
Mg ha-1
Dry matter production: 6.0 t
ha-1
Fruit production: 10.46 t ha-1
B-C ratio:3.23
Soil C sequestration : 38.71
Mg ha-1

42. Highest green fodder yield of 45.64 t/ha and dry fodder
yield of 11.41 t/ha was recorded when Phalaris aquatica
was intercropped with almond. The treatment Phalaris +
almond exhibited highest weed control efficiency (79.85
%) and minimum weed count of 10.64m-2.
In mulberry based silvopastoral systems, maximum
forage yield (20.29 t DM ha-1
) was observed under the
tertiary mixture comprising Phalaris + orchard grass +
sainfoin + mulberry which was followed by Phalaris +
sainfoin + mulberry (17.28 t DM ha-1
), whereas minimum
fodder yield (6.24 t DM ha-1
) were observed under the
control treatment (natural vegetation).
In orchard grass, fertilizer dose @ 100 kg N + 60 kg
P2O5 + 40 kg K2O/ha recorded maximum growth
parameters (plant height: 126.67 cm ​
; no. of tillers per m
row length; 512.33; leaf-stem ratio; 1.81), GFY
(29.85 t/ha) and DFY (11.35 t/ha), while seed rate @ 16
kg/ha in 30 cm row spacing recorded higher GFY
(27.83 t/ha).
Forage resource augmentation through horti/silvipastoral
systems
Phalaris + almond based hortipastoral system at RRS
Srinagar (GFY 45-50 tonnes oer hectare)
Mulberry + Sainfoin at RRS Srinagar (GFY 45-50 tonnes per
hectare)

43. • Collaboration: KVK, Chintamani
• Orientation program: One for 40
farmers
• 10 villages of two districts (Kolar
and Chickballapur)
• Fodder crops : Perennial fodder
sorghum (CoFS-29), Bajra Napier
hybrid (DHN-6), Guinea (BG-1,BG-
2)
• Benefits:
– Greed Fodder shortage
reduced from 56.25% to
17.5%
– Dry fodder shortage reduced
from 48% to 15%
Hortipasture: Inter-row spaces in Mango
orchards of farmers

44. Moringa as fodder source
Planting /Sowing June-Sept.
Spacing 30*30 cm / 50*50 cm
Soil and Climate
Requirement
Well drained sandy loamy soil is most suitable.
Adopted to both tropical & subtropical climate
Fertilizer management
(N:P:K kg/ha )
150:60:40
Weed management Pre-emergence application of Pendimethalin @ 1.25
litre/ha
Harvesting Schedule/ Cutting
management
45-60 days
Cutting height (cm) 30-50 cm
Popular varieties PKM-1 & PKM-2
Green fodder yield (q/ha) 800-1000
Nutritional Composition Moringa Napier Fodder Sugarcane
Crude protein (%) 21-23 8-10 10-11
NDF (%) 30-33 68-70 64-76
ADF (%) 19-23 40-46 37-44
Minerals (%) 9-12 10-12 10-12
Cellulose (%) 16-18 37-40 23-38

45. Rainfall
Productivity
SWC measure :
Carrying capacity:
Grazing period :
B:C :
: 300-400 mm
: 5-7 t DM/ha
Staggered trenches
2.0 ACU/ha
Aug to Jan
1: 1.5
Fodder production systems in non arable lands
Hardwickia binata + Anjan based Silvipasture system
Green forage : July-
Nov (2.5 to 3.5 t)
Tree leaves & Grass Hay (2.5
to 3.5 t) : Dec-June

46. Jan. to June
Feb. to April
July to Dec.
(Green fodder)
March- April
(Grazing)
Tree Shrub Grass/legume
Fodder
availability
month
during
Year
Out of total system productivity of 10t/yr
percentage of different component
21%
15%
64%
Fodder availability from three tier silvipasture system
For small ruminants

48. Category of
farmers
No. of holdings
(million)
Total bunds length
(million meter)
Marginal 92.4 11391
Small 24.7 5886
Semi-medium 13.8 4543
Medium 5.9 2832
Large 1.0 834
Total bund length available in India
Marginal Small Semi-medium Medium Large Total
0
50
100
150
200
79.7
41.2 31.8
19.8
5.8
178
Projected Fodder Production Potential
(million tonne)
Category of farmers
Million
tonnes
If 10 % Farm Bunds utilized: Additionally 17.8 mt green fodder
Perennial
grasses viz., NB
hybrid, TSH,
Setaria and Guinea
grass.
 7-11 q green
fodder / 100 m
boundary/ year.

49. Forages on
bunds (Guinea
grass)
1400 to 2350
kg green
fodder/year
over single
grass row of
one hectare
area
Non- Competitive land use

50. NB hybrid on bunds
At Farmers' field

51. Crops and varieties
suitable for saline soils
Crops Varieties Green fodder
yield (t/ha)
Sorghum HC-136, HC-171, SSG-59-3 35-50
Teosinte Improved teosinte, TL-1 30-40
BN hybrid IGFRI-3, IGFRI-6, IGFRI-10, CO-1,
CO-3
70-110
Cowpea EC-4216, UPC-5286 25-35
Lucerne T-9, RL-88 60-80
Oat JHO-851, Kent, JHO-822 35-40
Lathyrus Local 20-25
Karnal grass Selection 25-30
Guinea grass Gutton 45-60
Rhodes grass Selection 20-25
Desmanthus Selection 35-55

52. Crops and varieties
suitable for sodic soils:
Crops Varieties Green fodder
yield (t/ha)
Sorghum MP chari, PC-6, PC-9, UP chari-
2, UP chari-3
35-40
Pearl millet Giant bajra, RCB-2 35-45
BN hybrid IGFRI-6 80-100
Oat Kent, JHO-822 35-45
Berseem Mescavi, BB-3, Wardan 60-80
Karnal grass - 25-30
Shaftal SH-48 50-70
Guinea grass Gutton 45-60
Rhodes grass - 20-25
Desmanthus - 35-55

53. Forage crops and varieties suitable
for waterlogged soil:
Soil condition Suitable crop
Standing water Almon grass (Echinochloa polyptachya),
Para grass, coix sps., Iseilema laxum,
Chloris gayana, signal grass, karnal grass,
congosignal grass
Shallow water table Teosinte (Zea mexicana), shevary
(Sesbania sesban)
Temporary
water logged soil
drained in rabi season
Sasuna (Medicago denticulata), teera
(Lathyrus sativus), chatarimatri (Vicia
sativa), oats and berseem
Riverine
flood waterlogging
Sorghum (PC-6), Teosinte (TL-6)
Saline water logged Casuriana and Populus

54. COMPONENTS AND ACTIVITIES
 Promotion in farm boundaries in
semiarid region (outreach
programmes of IGFRI- Adarsha
Chara Gram/NICRA sites).
 Regular/Alternate hedge rows in
degraded land use management
systems (Silvipasture
/hortipasture).
 Tissue culture for
fast multiplication.
 Conservation and utilization
for
livestock production
ICARDA- 14 + 3 ACCESSIONS, ITALY-8, BRAZIL- 10
Crude Protein 8.3%
NDF 28.5%
ADF 20.1%
Ash 28.0%
Dry matter
digestibility
52.0%
Protein content: 4.5 - 5.5 %
Moisture content: 88 - 94 %

55. Azolla cultivation in pots and Tanks
Azolla spp. Biomass (g)
(fresh wt.)
Doubling time
(days)
A. filiculoides 4.65 6.3
A. microphylla 5.86 5.4
A. pinnata 2.41 11.1
A. rubra 4.93 6.1
A. mexicana 4.29 6.6
A. caroliniana 4.89 6.1
•Good source of green fodder during lean period
•Good source of protein: 20-22 %
•Fat: 3.0 %
•Carbohydrate: 50 %
•Production cost: Rs. 1 - 1.5 per kg
•Production potential: 400 g/sq.m/day
•Suitability: Round the year in southern states
Summer &monsoon in northern
states

56. Fodder conservation

57. Large scale silage Progressive farmers field
Plastic silage bag Buffalo feeding silage
Fodder Conservation
Operational cost of
silage:
Kaccha pit- Rs.
60-80/q
Pakka pit- Rs.
40-50 /q
Polythene bag- Rs.
300-400/q

58. Lathyrus as fodder
•Protein content: 14-
15 %
•Low ODAP : 0.07 to
0.20 %
Low ODAP varieties:
Nirmal & Ratan
Oxalyl diaminopropionic acid: Neutrotoxin

59. • Promotion in farm
boundaries
• Regular/Alternate
hedge rows in
degraded land
Alternate forage resource – Thorn
less Cactus

60. Fodder Sugarcane
Compone
nt
Value
Crude
Protein
10.95%
NDF 64.96%
ADF 37.07%
Ash 9.66%
Dry
matter
digestibilit
y
65.69%

61. Crude Protein 12.07%
NDF 50.08%
Crude Fiber 1.65%
Ash 5.97%
Dry matter
digestibility
53.69%
Potato haulm – Early
harvest
Potato haulm ( Solanum spp.)

62. Model grassland development on degraded
land Original site
Loam to sandy in texture,
0.613% OC
Productivity- Fresh wt. 5
t/ha
Carrying capacity - 0.55
ACU/ha
Range grasses and legumes:
Anjan, Dhaman, Dhawalu, Sen,
Lampa, Phulkara, Stylo, Clitoria,
Siratro
Productivity- Fresh wt. 17
t/ha(1st
year) 29 t/ha (2nd
year)
Carrying capacity - 2 ACU/ha
Improved Grassland
Degraded Grassland

63. Fodder Tree: Ardu (Ailanthus excelsa)
States: Rajasthan, UP, Gujrat, M.P., Haryana, T.N.
Fodder tree species for arid zone
Species name Fresh leaves per
tree (kg)
Prosopis cineraria 18-20
Ailanthus excelsa 18-22
Azadirachta indica 18-20
Ziziphus
nummularia
14-16
Hardwickia binate 14-16
Bauhinia
variegate
20-22
Leucaena
leucocephala
15-20
Suitable Tree species

64. Area Name of tree Fresh
leaves
/ tree
(kg)
Semi
Arid
Acacia spp 14-16
Albizia spp 15-17
Ficus spp 15-20
Lucaena
leucocephala
15-20
Azadiracta indica 18-20
Dalbergia sissoo 15-18
Moringa oleifera 20-22
Important fodder trees and
productivity
Protein content in leaves:
14 - 28%
10 % of total area under each
system
40 - 50 trees /ha under
boundary/bund plantation
100 - 150 trees/ha under tree
Tree based
system
Boundry/bund
plantation
Total
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
9.15
3.81
12.96
Estimate of Tree leaves
production (mt)
Fodder Trees: Opportunities

65. • Machine consisting of feeding chute,
feed rollers, serrated cylinder
assembly, grading unit and power
transmission unit designed and
developed.
• Defluffing capacity for fully dried
Deenanath grass seed and cenchrus
ciliaris grass seed was observed in the
range of 7.0 to 8.5 kg/h with true seed
recovery of 15-20%.
• The machine saves 76 % processing
cost as compared to traditional
manual defluffing.
Defluffing Machine

66. Design and Development of Grass
Seed Pelleting Machine
Front View Side View
Isometric View
 A grass seed pelleting machine has been
designed and developed with the provision of
pelleting chamber, motor, belt and pulley
arrangement, upward/downward movement of
pelleting chamber, water application system and
speed controller/regulator.
 The theoretical capacity of 50 kg/h.
 The machine is under test.

67. 1. ECHU designed and developed.
2. Daily average Temp. and RH range:
June 2021: 27.5-29.70
C, 74-84% with cooling
efficiency 78%.
Oct-Nov 2021: 24.9-290
C and 55-70%.
Jan 2022: 13.5-25.40
C and 43.5-76%.
March 2022: 24.9-27.30
C and 55-72.5%.
3. Biomass yield: 3.0-5.58 kg/kg seed for maize,
highest yield was observed at 300 g/sqft loading
seed rate and 12h soaking time.
Dry matter (%): 13.4-13.72%
Crude protein (%): 13.3-13.81%.
4. Cost Economics: B:C ratio 1.32, Pay Back period:
3.12 yr, Annual income: Rs. 85000/-
Evaporative Cool Hydroponic Unit
(ECHU)

68. Chemical-Mixer
Hopper
Coating Chamber
Control-Panel
Platform
• Designed the machine and
developed Hopper, Seed Metering
Mechanism, Sensor based micro-
controller system.
• Calibrated the seed metering
mechanism for Berseem and
Cowpea Seed.
• The seed rate of metering
mechanism was varied between 0.19
kg/s to 1.17 kg/s for Berseem seeds
and 0.11 kg/s to 1.04 kg/s for
Cowpea seeds at different openings.
• The opening time for seed metering
mechanism to treat 4 kg of seeds
was 16.4 s for Berseem and 24 s for
Cowpea at 1/4th
opening.
• Machine is under fabrication &
testing
Automatic Seed Coating Machine

69. Spent grain mixed TMR for goats
• Brewers’ spent grain mixed balanced TMR
developed for growing goats.
• 7 days Metabolic trial carried out for
developed ration indicates higher Feed intake
of TMR fed group (3.82 kg/100kg body
weight) as compared to the control group
(3.11kg/100kg body weight).
• Dry matter digestibility in TMR fed group and
control group was 69% and 66%, respectively.
• Product is also being commercialized through
ABI Centre of IGFRI, Jhansi.
Spent grain/DDGS
Leucaena Leaf Meal
Maize grain
Groundnut cacke
Mineral mix
0 5 10 15 20 25
20
15
15
12
10
10
10
6
1.5
0.5
Ingredient percent composition
of TMR
kg/100kg (Percent)
Feed
Ingredients

70. THANK YOU