Three strategies should be followed to assure asset longevity: 1) Invest in preventive and predictive maintenance. 2) Control excessive asset consumption and stress. 3) Enhance disaster resilience.

1. Maximize asset
utilization
Enhance
quality
for users
Reduce
O&M costs
Mitigate
externalities
Extend
asset
life
Reinvest with a
life cycle view
1.1
1.2
1.31.4
1.5
1.6
Enablers
2.1
Ensure
funding
Build
capabilities
Reform
governance
2.2
2.3
Figure 1: O&M Best Practice Frame

2. Increase
utility
1.1 Maximize
asset utilization
Enhance peak capacity
and effective throughput
Apply demand
management
Optimize availability/
reduce downtime
1.2. Enhance
Quality for users
Adopt a customer-centric
operating model
Enhance the end-to-end
user experience
Use smart technologies to
refine user performance
Decrease
total cost
1.3. Reduce
O&M costs
Implement lean and
automated processes
Optimize procurement
costs and outsourcing
Rightsize management
and support functions
1.4. Mitigate
Externalities
Arrange comprehensive
sustainability/HSE plans
Embed sustainability/HSE
into routine operations
Cooperate with relevant
stakeholders
Increase
Lifetime
value
1.5. Extend
Asset life
Invest in preventive and
predictive maintenance
Control excessive asset
consumption and stress
Enhance disaster
resilience
1.6. Reinvest with
a life cycle view
Prioritize project options
with whole life cycle CBA
Select contracting mode
for best value for money
Prepare for efficient
project delivery
Enable O&M
Best practice
2.1. Ensure
funding
Dedicate user taxes via
maintenance funds
Apply inclusive
user charges
Capture ancillary
business opportunities
2.2. Build
capabilities
Introduce asset
management planning
Apply data, benchmarks
and tools
Conduct training and
develop talent
2.3. Reform
governance
Corporatize and profes-
sionalize public agencies
Foster cooperation
between agencies
Consider private-sector
participation & competition
Figure 2: Checklist of O&M Best Practices/Critical Success Factors
Note: HSE = Health Safety Environment; CBA = Cost-Benefit Analysis

3. Figure 14: Types of Requirements for Infrastructure Users
Advanced
requirements
Basic
requirements
Essential
requirements
Ancillary Services
Comfort/courtesy/aesthetics
Information
Ease of use
Availability and reliability
Performance
Safety/security
Affordability
Accessibility

4. Three strategies should be followed to assure asset longevity
Asset
condition
New asset
in perfect
condition
Improved asset condition
due to regular maintenance
Slower asset deterioration
due to well-closed usage/loads
Reduced disaster impact
due to enhanced resilience
Lifetime extension
due to intervention
Baseline of asset
deterioration
Asset deterioration
after intervention
Invest in preventive
and predictive
maintenance
Control excessive
asset consumption
and stress
Enhance
disaster
resilience
1 2 3
Figure 21: Overview of Lifetime Extension Strategies

5. Figure 22: Overview of Maintenance Strategies
Scheduled
maintenance
Maintenance based
on fixed time or
usage intervals
Reliability-centred
maintenance
Maintenance based
on steady, intense
condition monitoring
and anticipated failure
impact
Condition-based
maintenance
Maintenance when
required based on
continuous or
occasional monitoring
Maintenance strategy needs to be customized for each asset
Appropriate for components with low
failure risk, but high failure impact
For components with low failure risk
and impact, or where preventive
maintenance is not feasible
Recommended for the most
vulnerable and critical components
Recommended for components
with high failure risk
Vulnerability/Risk
Criticality/Impact
Corrective/reactive
maintenance
No inspection or
maintenance until
breakdown
Low
Low High
High
Different types
of preventive
maintenance

6. Figure 23: Optimization of Maintenance Spending
Maintenance strategy involves trade-offs between preventive
maintenance costs and total breakdown costs
Cost
Asset life and availability
Under-
maintained
Optimal Over-
maintained
Direct breakdown cost +
Indirect breakdown cost.
Total costs
Preventive
Maintenance
costsOptimum
operating
range
The optimal operating range is at higher availability
levels under consideration of the indirect economic
costs of breakdowns (e.g. congestion) relative to
when only direct financial costs (e.g. repair, lost,
revenue) are considered

7. Standards can provide guidance for asset management systems
Figure 31: Example of an Asset Management Framework
Management
review
Asset
management
policy
AM strategy,
objectives
and plans
AM enablers
and controls
Implement-
ation of AM
plans
Performance
assessment
and
improvement
General
requirements
Plan
DoCheck
Act
7 2
3
45
6 1 - AM strategy
- AM objectives
- AM plans
- Contingency planning
- Structure, authority & responsibilities
- Outsourcing of AM activities
- Training, awareness & competence
- Communication, participation & consultation
- AM system documentation
- Information management
- Risk management
- Legal & other requirements
- Management of change
- Life-cycle activities
- Tools, facilities and
equipment
- Performance and
condition monitoring
- Investigation
of failures, incidents,
nonconformities
- Evaluation of
compliance
- Audit
- Improvement actions
- Records
Example:
BSI PAS 55
Note: BSI = British Standards Institution; PAS = Publicly Available Specification; AM = Asset Management
Source: PAS 55-1 Asset Management in The Institute of Asset Management: 2008

8. Governments need to evaluate and benchmark their O&M maturity
Maximize asset utilization
Enhance peak capacity and
effective throughput
Apply demand management
Optimize availability/
reduce downtime
Adopt a customer-centric
operating model
Enhance the end-to-end
user experience
Use smart technologies to
refine user performance
1
2
3
4
5
6
Decrease total cost
Implement lean and
automated processes
Optimize procurement costs
and outsourcing
Rightsize management and
support functions
Arrange comprehensive
sustainability/HSE plans
Embed sustainability/HSE
into routine operations
Cooperate with relevant
stakeholders
7
8
9
10
11
12
Increase lifetime value
Invest in preventive and
predictive maintenance
Control excessive asset
consumption and stress
Enhance disaster resilience
Prioritize project options
with whole life-cycle CBA
Select contracting mode for
best value for money
Prepare for efficient project
delivery
13
14
15
16
17
18
Enable best practices
Dedicate user taxes via
maintenance funds
Apply inclusive user charges
Capture ancillary business
Introduce asset mgmt planning
Apply data, benchmarks & tools
Conduct training & develop
talent
Corporatize public agencies
Foster cooperation of agencies
Consider private-sector
participation and competition
19
20
21
24
25
27
22
23
26
Illustrative
assessment
Note: HSE = Health Safety Environment, CBA = Cost Benefit Analysis
1
O&M Maturity
6
2
5
4
3
7
8 9
10
11
1213
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23 24
25
26
27
High priority
Low priority
Impact
Low
Low
High
High
Figure 36: O&M Evaluation Tool