This document discusses total body water and its distribution between intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF). It covers daily water intake and losses. Key points include: total body water is 50-70% of body weight; ICF is 67% of total body water and ECF is 33%; sodium is the principal cation in ECF while potassium is in ICF; water balance is maintained through urine, insensible losses, and gastrointestinal losses; volume and concentration changes can occur from fluid/electrolyte imbalances; and preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative fluid management aims to correct deficits and maintain balance.
This document discusses total body water and fluid compartments. It notes that total body water makes up 50-70% of body weight and is divided into intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid. Intracellular fluid makes up the largest proportion and contains potassium and magnesium as principal ions. Extracellular fluid contains sodium and chloride as principal ions and exists in both interstitial and intravascular spaces. The document then discusses daily water intake and losses, causes and signs of fluid volume and composition changes, and electrolyte abnormalities involving potassium, calcium, and magnesium. It concludes with sections on preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative fluid therapy.
Electrolytes play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis within the body. They help to regulate heart and neurological function, fluid balance, oxygen delivery, acid–base balance and much more. Electrolyte imbalances can develop by the following mechanisms: excessive ingestion; diminished elimination of an electrolyte; diminished ingestion or excessive elimination of an electrolyte. The most serious electrolyte disturbances involve abnormalities in the levels of sodium, potassium or calcium.
This document provides an overview of fluid and electrolyte physiology, including disturbances. It discusses the functions of body fluids, composition and distribution of fluids between extracellular fluid (ECF) and intracellular fluid (ICF). Mechanisms regulating fluid balance like osmosis, diffusion and active transport are explained. Common electrolyte imbalances involving sodium, potassium, calcium and their causes, clinical features and treatment approaches are summarized.
This document summarizes fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance. It discusses total body fluid volumes and water balance, fluid compartments, intravascular fluid volume, movement of body fluids through filtration, osmosis and diffusion, and factors affecting fluid and electrolyte movement like osmotic pressure and tonicity. It also covers electrolytes in the extracellular fluid, sodium regulation, water regulation, manifestations of fluid and electrolyte imbalances, and acid-base balance.
Electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and chloride are important for many bodily functions including water balance, acid-base balance, nerve and muscle function. The body tightly regulates electrolyte levels in the blood and body fluids through mechanisms like the kidneys and hormones. Imbalances in electrolytes can disrupt these regulatory processes and cause issues ranging from mild symptoms to potentially life-threatening conditions like cardiac arrhythmias. Maintaining proper electrolyte levels is essential for overall health and homeostasis.
This document discusses fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance in the human body. It covers the following key points:
1. Approximately 60% of adult weight consists of fluid that is regulated by various systems like the kidneys and lungs. Fluid is divided into intracellular and extracellular compartments.
2. Electrolytes like sodium, potassium, calcium and chloride are important for various body processes and their levels are regulated. Imbalances can cause issues in different organ systems.
3. The kidneys, lungs, skin and other organs help maintain fluid and electrolyte balance through processes like filtration, diffusion and active transport between compartments. Hormonal factors also play a role in homeostasis.
This document discusses the amount and composition of body fluids, electrolytes, and the regulation of fluid movement and body fluid compartments. It describes how the kidneys, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and other mechanisms help regulate fluid volume and balance. Potential fluid volume imbalances like dehydration, fluid volume deficit, and fluid volume excess are explained. Electrolyte imbalances involving sodium, potassium, calcium, and other electrolytes are also summarized.
This document discusses disorders of fluid and electrolyte balance and acid-base balance. It begins with an overview of body fluid compartments and regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance. Key points covered include sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus imbalances as well as acid-base balance. Fluid management in the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative periods is also addressed.
This document discusses total body water and fluid compartments. It notes that total body water makes up 50-70% of body weight and is divided into intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid. Intracellular fluid makes up the largest proportion and contains potassium and magnesium as principal ions. Extracellular fluid contains sodium and chloride as principal ions and exists in both interstitial and intravascular spaces. The document then discusses daily water intake and losses, causes and signs of fluid volume and composition changes, and electrolyte abnormalities involving potassium, calcium, and magnesium. It concludes with sections on preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative fluid therapy.
Electrolytes play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis within the body. They help to regulate heart and neurological function, fluid balance, oxygen delivery, acid–base balance and much more. Electrolyte imbalances can develop by the following mechanisms: excessive ingestion; diminished elimination of an electrolyte; diminished ingestion or excessive elimination of an electrolyte. The most serious electrolyte disturbances involve abnormalities in the levels of sodium, potassium or calcium.
This document provides an overview of fluid and electrolyte physiology, including disturbances. It discusses the functions of body fluids, composition and distribution of fluids between extracellular fluid (ECF) and intracellular fluid (ICF). Mechanisms regulating fluid balance like osmosis, diffusion and active transport are explained. Common electrolyte imbalances involving sodium, potassium, calcium and their causes, clinical features and treatment approaches are summarized.
This document summarizes fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance. It discusses total body fluid volumes and water balance, fluid compartments, intravascular fluid volume, movement of body fluids through filtration, osmosis and diffusion, and factors affecting fluid and electrolyte movement like osmotic pressure and tonicity. It also covers electrolytes in the extracellular fluid, sodium regulation, water regulation, manifestations of fluid and electrolyte imbalances, and acid-base balance.
Electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and chloride are important for many bodily functions including water balance, acid-base balance, nerve and muscle function. The body tightly regulates electrolyte levels in the blood and body fluids through mechanisms like the kidneys and hormones. Imbalances in electrolytes can disrupt these regulatory processes and cause issues ranging from mild symptoms to potentially life-threatening conditions like cardiac arrhythmias. Maintaining proper electrolyte levels is essential for overall health and homeostasis.
This document discusses fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance in the human body. It covers the following key points:
1. Approximately 60% of adult weight consists of fluid that is regulated by various systems like the kidneys and lungs. Fluid is divided into intracellular and extracellular compartments.
2. Electrolytes like sodium, potassium, calcium and chloride are important for various body processes and their levels are regulated. Imbalances can cause issues in different organ systems.
3. The kidneys, lungs, skin and other organs help maintain fluid and electrolyte balance through processes like filtration, diffusion and active transport between compartments. Hormonal factors also play a role in homeostasis.
This document discusses the amount and composition of body fluids, electrolytes, and the regulation of fluid movement and body fluid compartments. It describes how the kidneys, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and other mechanisms help regulate fluid volume and balance. Potential fluid volume imbalances like dehydration, fluid volume deficit, and fluid volume excess are explained. Electrolyte imbalances involving sodium, potassium, calcium, and other electrolytes are also summarized.
This document discusses disorders of fluid and electrolyte balance and acid-base balance. It begins with an overview of body fluid compartments and regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance. Key points covered include sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus imbalances as well as acid-base balance. Fluid management in the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative periods is also addressed.
This document discusses fluid and electrolyte imbalance. It begins by explaining the importance of fluid and electrolyte balance for human health and function. It then describes the distribution and movement of body fluids between intracellular and extracellular compartments. Key electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, and calcium are defined. Causes, signs, and treatments of fluid volume excess and deficit as well as electrolyte imbalances like hyponatremia and hypernatremia are summarized.
This document provides an overview of fluid therapy and electrolyte disturbances. It discusses the basic physiology of body fluids, including total body water content and distribution. It then covers various electrolyte abnormalities like hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, hypercalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and hypermagnesemia. It also addresses acid-base balance disturbances and different intravenous fluid options for fluid resuscitation and maintenance.
The document provides information about fluid and electrolyte balance. It discusses the distribution and composition of body fluids, normal fluid exchange, and electrolyte disturbances including hypovolemia, hypervolemia, hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, hypercalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and hypermagnesemia. It also covers parenteral fluid therapy including intravenous fluids, methods of calculating fluid transfusion rates, and management of fluid balance in surgical patients.
1. The document discusses fluid and electrolyte imbalances, focusing on electrolytes like calcium, potassium, and their levels in the body.
2. Electrolyte imbalances can occur due to kidney dysfunction, dehydration, medication side effects, and other causes. The body maintains fluid balance between intracellular and extracellular fluids.
3. Signs and symptoms of electrolyte imbalances include changes in EKG, symptoms involving muscles and nerves, and other clinical manifestations depending on whether the electrolyte level is high or low. Causes, treatments, and nursing considerations are provided for specific electrolyte imbalance conditions.
THIS SEMINAR GIVES THE BASIC OVERVIEW THAT HOW YOU CAN MANAGE THE PATIENT WHO COMES TO YOU A FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE . AND BASIC MECHANISM OF HOMEOSTASTIS
Body Fluid and Compartments | DR RAI M. AMMAR | ALL MEDICAL DATA
by DR RAI M. AMMAR
www.facebook.com/drraiammar
www.twitter.com/drraiammar
www.instagram.com/drraiammar
www.linkedin.com/in/drraiammar
www.medicall.com.pk/blog/auther/drraiammar/
For Any Book or Notes Visit Our Website:
www.allmedicaldata.wordpress.com
www.drraiammar.blogspot.com
YOUTUBE CHANNEL :
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCu-oR9V3OdFNTJW5yqXWXxA
ANY QUESTION ??
Get in touch with us at Any of the Above Social Media or Email at
drraiammar@gmail.com
allmedicaldata@gmail.com
The document discusses electrolyte disorders and provides information about sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphate, and other electrolytes. It covers fluid compartments in the body, fluid balance, causes and symptoms of hypo- and hypernatremia and hypokalemia. Treatment focuses on correcting underlying causes and adjusting electrolyte levels slowly to avoid complications.
This document provides information on fluid and electrolyte imbalances, including:
- The roles of fluids and electrolytes like sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium in homeostasis and cellular function.
- Details on fluid compartments in the body and the kidneys' role in fluid and electrolyte balance.
- Causes, signs and symptoms, lab tests, and treatment approaches for various electrolyte disorders like hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, and hypercalcemia.
- Locations and functions of calcium and phosphorus in the body. Causes and manifestations of their imbalances are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of body fluids and electrolytes. It discusses daily fluid intake and output, body fluid compartments, blood volume, compositions of extracellular and intracellular fluid, types of fluids used for fluid replacement, and key electrolytes including sodium, potassium, and calcium. For each electrolyte, it covers normal levels, causes and symptoms of hypo- and hyper- conditions, and general treatment approaches. The document contains detailed but concise explanations of fluid and electrolyte physiology.
The document discusses electrolyte disorders and focuses on sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphate. It covers fluid compartments in the body, fluid balance, and specific electrolyte disorders including hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, and their causes, signs/symptoms, diagnoses, and treatments.
1) Fluid and electrolyte management is paramount for surgical patients as changes can occur pre, intra, and post operatively due to various factors.
2) Sodium and potassium disturbances are common and can cause issues in multiple body systems if not properly managed.
3) Treatment for abnormalities involves identifying the cause, restoring fluid and electrolyte deficits or excesses slowly and carefully based on symptoms and monitoring to prevent further complications.
The document discusses fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance in the human body. It covers topics like intracellular and extracellular fluid composition and balance, electrolytes like sodium, potassium, and their regulation. It also discusses acid-base balance, the bicarbonate buffer system, and four major acid-base imbalances - respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, and metabolic alkalosis. Key organs involved in regulation are the lungs and kidneys.
This document provides an overview of fluid and electrolyte physiology and therapy. It discusses the distribution and composition of body water, normal fluid exchange, and electrolyte disturbances including hypovolemia, hypervolemia, hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, hypercalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and hypermagnesemia. It also covers parenteral fluid therapy including intravenous fluids, methods of calculating infusion rates, and fluid management in surgical patients.
This document summarizes key concepts about fluids and electrolytes. It discusses how fluids help maintain body temperature and cell shape while transporting nutrients, gases, and wastes. It describes the different fluid compartments in the body and how fluid moves between compartments via passive diffusion, filtration, and active transport. It also discusses the roles and regulation of important electrolytes like sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium.
Fluid and Electrolyte Management in the Surgical Patient.pptxApolloEdgar
This document discusses fluid and electrolyte management in surgical patients. It covers body fluids, changes that can occur, and therapies. Volume deficits or excesses can develop from GI losses, renal issues, or third spacing. Concentration changes like hyponatremia and hypernatremia must also be addressed. Specific groups like neurological, malnourished, renal failure and cancer patients are more prone to certain electrolyte abnormalities. Careful fluid and electrolyte management is important for postoperative homeostasis and recovery.
Major intra and extra cellular electrolytesTaj Khan
This document discusses major electrolytes in the body including sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, and bicarbonate. It covers their normal levels and roles in intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments. Disturbances to electrolyte balance like hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, and hypercalcemia are summarized including causes, signs, symptoms, and treatment approaches. The document provides an overview of electrolyte physiology and pathologies.
Fluids and electrolytes منتدى تمريض مستشفى غزة الاوروبيegh-nsg
This document discusses fluids and electrolytes in the human body. It covers the functions and distribution of body fluids, fluid exchange between compartments, factors that dictate fluid requirements, and disturbances in fluid balance like edema, cell overhydration, and cell dehydration. It also discusses electrolytes like sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, their functions, and imbalances. Fluid replacement therapy and management of burns are briefly covered.
This document discusses fluid and electrolyte imbalance. It begins by explaining the importance of fluid and electrolyte balance for human health and function. It then describes the distribution and movement of body fluids between intracellular and extracellular compartments. Key electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, and calcium are defined. Causes, signs, and treatments of fluid volume excess and deficit as well as electrolyte imbalances like hyponatremia and hypernatremia are summarized.
This document provides an overview of fluid therapy and electrolyte disturbances. It discusses the basic physiology of body fluids, including total body water content and distribution. It then covers various electrolyte abnormalities like hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, hypercalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and hypermagnesemia. It also addresses acid-base balance disturbances and different intravenous fluid options for fluid resuscitation and maintenance.
The document provides information about fluid and electrolyte balance. It discusses the distribution and composition of body fluids, normal fluid exchange, and electrolyte disturbances including hypovolemia, hypervolemia, hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, hypercalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and hypermagnesemia. It also covers parenteral fluid therapy including intravenous fluids, methods of calculating fluid transfusion rates, and management of fluid balance in surgical patients.
1. The document discusses fluid and electrolyte imbalances, focusing on electrolytes like calcium, potassium, and their levels in the body.
2. Electrolyte imbalances can occur due to kidney dysfunction, dehydration, medication side effects, and other causes. The body maintains fluid balance between intracellular and extracellular fluids.
3. Signs and symptoms of electrolyte imbalances include changes in EKG, symptoms involving muscles and nerves, and other clinical manifestations depending on whether the electrolyte level is high or low. Causes, treatments, and nursing considerations are provided for specific electrolyte imbalance conditions.
THIS SEMINAR GIVES THE BASIC OVERVIEW THAT HOW YOU CAN MANAGE THE PATIENT WHO COMES TO YOU A FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE . AND BASIC MECHANISM OF HOMEOSTASTIS
Body Fluid and Compartments | DR RAI M. AMMAR | ALL MEDICAL DATA
by DR RAI M. AMMAR
www.facebook.com/drraiammar
www.twitter.com/drraiammar
www.instagram.com/drraiammar
www.linkedin.com/in/drraiammar
www.medicall.com.pk/blog/auther/drraiammar/
For Any Book or Notes Visit Our Website:
www.allmedicaldata.wordpress.com
www.drraiammar.blogspot.com
YOUTUBE CHANNEL :
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCu-oR9V3OdFNTJW5yqXWXxA
ANY QUESTION ??
Get in touch with us at Any of the Above Social Media or Email at
drraiammar@gmail.com
allmedicaldata@gmail.com
The document discusses electrolyte disorders and provides information about sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphate, and other electrolytes. It covers fluid compartments in the body, fluid balance, causes and symptoms of hypo- and hypernatremia and hypokalemia. Treatment focuses on correcting underlying causes and adjusting electrolyte levels slowly to avoid complications.
This document provides information on fluid and electrolyte imbalances, including:
- The roles of fluids and electrolytes like sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium in homeostasis and cellular function.
- Details on fluid compartments in the body and the kidneys' role in fluid and electrolyte balance.
- Causes, signs and symptoms, lab tests, and treatment approaches for various electrolyte disorders like hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, and hypercalcemia.
- Locations and functions of calcium and phosphorus in the body. Causes and manifestations of their imbalances are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of body fluids and electrolytes. It discusses daily fluid intake and output, body fluid compartments, blood volume, compositions of extracellular and intracellular fluid, types of fluids used for fluid replacement, and key electrolytes including sodium, potassium, and calcium. For each electrolyte, it covers normal levels, causes and symptoms of hypo- and hyper- conditions, and general treatment approaches. The document contains detailed but concise explanations of fluid and electrolyte physiology.
The document discusses electrolyte disorders and focuses on sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphate. It covers fluid compartments in the body, fluid balance, and specific electrolyte disorders including hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, and their causes, signs/symptoms, diagnoses, and treatments.
1) Fluid and electrolyte management is paramount for surgical patients as changes can occur pre, intra, and post operatively due to various factors.
2) Sodium and potassium disturbances are common and can cause issues in multiple body systems if not properly managed.
3) Treatment for abnormalities involves identifying the cause, restoring fluid and electrolyte deficits or excesses slowly and carefully based on symptoms and monitoring to prevent further complications.
The document discusses fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance in the human body. It covers topics like intracellular and extracellular fluid composition and balance, electrolytes like sodium, potassium, and their regulation. It also discusses acid-base balance, the bicarbonate buffer system, and four major acid-base imbalances - respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, and metabolic alkalosis. Key organs involved in regulation are the lungs and kidneys.
This document provides an overview of fluid and electrolyte physiology and therapy. It discusses the distribution and composition of body water, normal fluid exchange, and electrolyte disturbances including hypovolemia, hypervolemia, hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, hypercalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and hypermagnesemia. It also covers parenteral fluid therapy including intravenous fluids, methods of calculating infusion rates, and fluid management in surgical patients.
This document summarizes key concepts about fluids and electrolytes. It discusses how fluids help maintain body temperature and cell shape while transporting nutrients, gases, and wastes. It describes the different fluid compartments in the body and how fluid moves between compartments via passive diffusion, filtration, and active transport. It also discusses the roles and regulation of important electrolytes like sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium.
Fluid and Electrolyte Management in the Surgical Patient.pptxApolloEdgar
This document discusses fluid and electrolyte management in surgical patients. It covers body fluids, changes that can occur, and therapies. Volume deficits or excesses can develop from GI losses, renal issues, or third spacing. Concentration changes like hyponatremia and hypernatremia must also be addressed. Specific groups like neurological, malnourished, renal failure and cancer patients are more prone to certain electrolyte abnormalities. Careful fluid and electrolyte management is important for postoperative homeostasis and recovery.
Major intra and extra cellular electrolytesTaj Khan
This document discusses major electrolytes in the body including sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, and bicarbonate. It covers their normal levels and roles in intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments. Disturbances to electrolyte balance like hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, and hypercalcemia are summarized including causes, signs, symptoms, and treatment approaches. The document provides an overview of electrolyte physiology and pathologies.
Fluids and electrolytes منتدى تمريض مستشفى غزة الاوروبيegh-nsg
This document discusses fluids and electrolytes in the human body. It covers the functions and distribution of body fluids, fluid exchange between compartments, factors that dictate fluid requirements, and disturbances in fluid balance like edema, cell overhydration, and cell dehydration. It also discusses electrolytes like sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, their functions, and imbalances. Fluid replacement therapy and management of burns are briefly covered.
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3. constitutes 50-70 % of total body weight
fat contains little water, the lean individual
has a greater proportion of water to total
body weight thanthe obese person
total body water as a percentageof total
body weight decreases steadily and
significantly with increasing age
4. %of Body Weight %of Total Body Water
Body Water 60 100
ICF 40 67
ECF 20 33
Intravascular 4 8
Interstitial 16 25
5. largest proportion in the skeletal muscle
potassium and magnesium arethe
principal cations
phosphates and proteins the principal
anions
6. interstitial fluid: two types
functional component (90%) - rapidly equilibrating
nonfunctioning components (10%) - slowly
equilibrating
connective tissue water and transcellularwater
called a “third space” or distributionalchange
sodium is the principal cation
chloride and bicarb theprincipal anions
8. daily water gains
normal individual consumes 2500mL
water per day
approximately 2000-2200 mL taken by
mouth…half in Solid food!!!
rest is extracted from food as the product
of oxidation, about 300-500 mL
9. daily water losses
60-150 mL in stools, 1500 mL in urine, and 600 mL as
insensible loss
total losses ~ 2.2 liters
Insensible loss: skin (75%) and lungs(25%)
increased by hypermetabolism, hyperventilation, and fever
250 mL/day per degree offever
unhumidified tracheostomy with hyperventilation=
insensible loss up to 1.5L/day
10. Minimum of 400mLurine per24hrs
required to excrete the products of
protein catabolism
11. daily salt intake varies 3-5 gm asNaCl
kidneys excretes excess salt: can vary from < 1to> 200
mEq/day
Volume and composition of various typesof
gastrointestinal secretions
Gastrointestinal losses usually are isotonic orslightly
hypotonic
should replace by isotonic saltsolution
13. If isotonic salt solution is added to or lost from
the body fluids, only the volume of the ECF is
changed, ICF is relatively unaffected
If water is added to or lost from the ECF, the conc.
of osmotically active particles changes
Water will pass into the intracellular space until
osmolarity is again equal in the two compartments
14. BUN level rises with an ECF deficit ofsufficient
magnitude to reduce GFR
creatinine level may not incr. proportionally in young
people with healthy kidneys
hematocrit increases with an ECF deficit and decreases
with ECF excess
sodium is not reliably related to the volume status of
ECF
a severe volume deficit may exist with a normal,
low, or high serum level
15. ECF volume deficit is most common fluid loss in
surgical patients
most common causes of ECF volume deficit are: GI
losses from vomiting, nasogastric suction,diarrhea,
and fistular drainage
other common causes: soft-tissue injuries and
infections, peritonitis, obstruction,
and burns
16. signs and symptoms of volumedeficit:
CNS: sleepy, apathy – stupor, coma
GI: dec food consumption –N/V
CVS: orthostatic, tachy, collapsed veins
- hypotension
Tissue: dec skin turgor, small tongue –
sunken eyes, atonia
17. Iatrogenic or Secondary to renalinsufficiency,
cirrhosis, or CHF
signs &symptoms of volume excess:
CNS: none
GI: edema of bowel
CVS: elevated CVP, venous distension –
pulmonary edema
Tissue: pitting edema –anasarca
18. Na+ primarily responsible for ECFosmolarity
Hyponatremia and hypernatremia s&s often occurif
changes are severe or occurrapidly
The concentration of most ions within the ECF can be
altered without significant osmolality change, thus
producing only a compositional change
Example: rise of potassium from 4 to 8 mEq/L would
significantly effect the myocardium, but not the effective
osmotic pressure of the ECF
19. acute symptomatic hyponatremia (<130)
hypertension can occur &is probably induced by therise in
intracranial pressure
signs &symptoms:
CNS: twitching, hyperactive reflexes – inc ICP,
convulsions, areflexia
CVS: HTN/brady due to incICP
Tissue: salivation, watery diarrhea
Renal: oliguria - anuria
20. Hyponatremia occurs when water is given to replace
losses of sodium-containing fluids or when water
administration consistently exceeds water losses
Hyperglycemia: glucose exerts an osmotic force in the
ECF and causes the transfer of cellular water into the
ECF, resulting in a dilutional hyponatremia
21. The only state in which dry, sticky mucous membranes are
characteristic
sign does not occur with pure ECF deficit alone
signs &symptoms:
CNS: restless, weak - delirium
CVS: tachycardia - hypotension
Tissue: dry/sticky muc membranes – swollentongue
Renal: oliguria
Metabolic: fever – heat stroke
23. normal daily dietary intake of K+ is approx. 50to
100 mEq
majority of K+ is excreted in the urine
98% of the potassium in the body is located in ICF
@150mEq/L and it is the major cation of
intracellular water
intracellular K+ is released into the extracellular
space in response to severe injury or surgical stress,
acidosis, and the catabolicstate
24. signs &symptoms:
CVS: peaked T waves, widened QRS
complex, and depressed ST segments
Disappearance of T waves, heart block,
and diastolic cardiac arrest
GI: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
(hyperfunctional bowel)
25. K+ has an important role in the regulation of acid-base
balance
alkalosis causes increased renal K+/H+ excretion
signs &symptoms:
CVS: flatten T waves, depressed STsegments
GI: paralytic ileus
Muscular: weakness - flaccid paralysis, diminished to
absent tendon reflexes
26. majority of the 1000 to1200g of calcium in the
average-sized adult is found in the bone
Normal daily intake of calcium is 1to 3gm
Most is excreted via the GI tract
half is non-ionized and bound to proteins
ionized portion is responsible forneuromuscular
stability
27. signs &symptoms (serum level < 8):
numbness and tingling of the circumoral region and the
tips of the fingers and toes
hyperactive tendon reflexes, positive Chvostek's sign,
muscle and abdominal cramps, tetany with carpopedal
spasm, convulsions (with severe deficit), and
prolongation of the Q-T interval on the ECG
28. causes:
acute pancreatitis, massive soft-tissue
infections (necrotizing fasciitis), acute
and chronic renal failure, pancreatic
and small-bowel fistulas, and
hypoparathyroidism
29. signs &symptoms:
CNS: easy fatigue, weakness, stupor, and
coma
GI: anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and
weight loss, thirst, polydipsia, and
polyuria
31. total body contentof magnesium 2000 mEq
about half of which is incorporated in bone
distribution of Mg similar to K+, the major
portion being intracellular
normal daily dietary intake of magnesium is
approximately 240 mg
most is excreted in the feces and the remainder in
the urine
33. Symptomatic hypermagnesemia, although rare, is
most commonly seen with severe renal insufficiency
signs &symptoms:
CNS: lethargy and weakness withprogressive loss of
DTR’s – somnolence, coma, death
CVS: increased P-R interval, widened QRS complex, and
elevated T waves (resemble hyperkalemia) – cardiac
arrest
36. Correction of Volume Changes: Volume deficits result
from external loss of fluids or from an internal
redistribution of ECF into a nonfunctional compartment
nonfunctional because it is no longer able to participate in the
normal function of the ECF and may just as well have been lost
externally
Correction of Concentration Changes: If severe
symptomatic hypo or hypernatremia complicates the
volume loss, prompt correction of the concentration
abnormality to the extent that symptoms are relieved is
necessary
37. replace losses &supply amaintenance:
open abdomen losses: 8 cc/kg/hr
NGT &urine output
Blood loss x 3
Replace with isotonic salt solution (LR orNS)
unwise to administer potassium during the first 24 h,
until adequate urine output has been established even a
small quantity of potassium may be detrimental
because of fluid shifts
38. Postoperative fluids:
1Dextrose saline will produce hyponatraemia in a
postoperative patient.
2Alternate bags of saline and dextrose saline with
supplementary potassium give the best balance.
Fluids distribute into:
1Colloid(blood, albumin or gelatine solution ) stays in the
vascular compartment.
2Saline stays in the extracellular compartment.
3-Dextrose eventually goes to all compartment