The document outlines the importance of fluids, electrolytes, and acid-base balance in human physiology, detailing the types of body fluids and their functions. It emphasizes the role of electrolytes in maintaining homeostasis and describes the mechanisms of fluid and electrolyte movement. Additionally, it covers acid-base balance regulation through various physiological systems and defines the effects of imbalances on health.

1. Fluids, Electrolytes, Acid-
Base Balance
ES Garba

2. Teaching Objectives
Body fluids distribution
The kidneys' role in electrolyte balance
The body's way of compensating for acid-base
imbalances
Major acid-base imbalances.

3. Body Homeostasis
Depend on:
I. Fluid
II. Electrolyte
III. Acid-base balance
Disrupting factors:
I. Surgery
II. Illness
III. Injury

4. Body Fluid Composition
Made up of water containing solutes.
These solutes are necessary for physiologic
functioning.
Solutes include: (AGE)
Electrolytes
Glucose
Amino acids
Other nutrients.

5. Types of Body Fluids
1. Intracellular fluid (ICF)
2. Intravascular fluid (IVF) (plasma, is found within
the blood vessels and the lymphatic system)
3. Interstitial fluid (ISF) is found in the loose tissue
around cells.
4. Extracellular fluid (ECF), found in the spaces
between cells, includes IVF and ISF.

6. Three Different Types of Solutions
Commonly found as :
Isotonic
Hypotonic
Hypertonic.
The body constantly strives to maintain a state
of balance.

7. Transporting nutrients to cells and wastes from cells
Transporting hormones, enzymes, blood platelets, and red
and white blood cells
Facilitating cellular metabolism and proper cellular chemical
functioning
Acting as a solvent for electrolytes and nonelectrolytes
Helping maintain normal body temperature
Facilitating digestion and promoting elimination
Acting as a tissue lubricant
Functions of Water in the Body

8. Osmolality is determined by the number of dissolved
particles, mainly Na, urea and glucose per kilogram of
H2O
Na is the largest contributor of particles
To maintain balance between ICF and ECF, the body
continues to shift Na and H2O between them
ICF is maintained by K+
ECF is maintained by Na+

9. Types of Fluids
Crystalloids:
• 0.9% saline - not “ normal “ !
• 5% dextrose
• 0.18% saline + 0.45% dextrose
• Others
Colloids:
• Blood
• Plasma / albumin
• Synthetics

10. Simple Rules of Fluid Replacement
Replace blood with blood
Replace plasma with colloid
Resuscitate with colloid
Replace ECF depletion with saline
Rehydrate with dextrose

11. How does movement from space to
space occur?
Diffusion
Osmosis
Filtration
Active transport

12. Assessment of Fluid Deficit
Hypotension
Weak rapid pulse
Temperature decreased if hypovolemic, and
increased in dehydration
Weight loss
Skin turgor poor in dehydration and possible
edema in hypovolemic
Concentrated urine and blood

13. Causes of Third-Spacing
Burns
Peritonitis
Bowel obstruction
Massive bleeding into joint or cavity
Liver or renal failure
Lowered plasma proteins
Increased capillary permeability
24

14. Normal Saline (NS)
Expands IV volume
Preferred fluid for immediate response
Risk for fluid overload higher
Does not change ICF volume
Blood products
Compatible with most medications

15. Lactated Ringer’s
Isotonic
More similar to plasma than NS
Has less NaCl
Has K, Ca, PO4
3-, lactate (metabolized to HCO3
-
)
Expands ECF

16. Plasma Expanders
Stay in vascular space and increase osmotic
pressure
Colloids (protein solutions)
o Packed RBCs
o Albumin
o Plasma

17. Electrolytes
Electrolytes are substances that dissociate (break up)
in water into electrically charged particles, called ions.
Adequate amounts of each major electrolyte and a
proper balance of electrolytes are required to maintain
normal physiologic functioning.

18. Electrolytes
Cations: positively charged
Anions: negatively charged

19. Electrolytes
Major cations include sodium, potassium, calcium, and
magnesium.
Major anions include chloride, bicarbonate (HCO3-), and
phosphate.
Normally, the electrical charges of cations balance the
electrical charges of anions, keeping body fluids electrically
neutral.

21. Effects of electrolytes in the body
Affect the body's:
• Water distribution
• Osmolarity, and
• Acid-base balance.

22. Electrolyte Composition
ICF
oPrevalent cation is K+
oPrevalent anion is PO4
3-
ECF
oPrevalent cation is Na+
oPrevalent anion is Cl-

23. Sodium (Na++)
Functions
 Regulates volume of body fluids
 Maintains water balance
 Regulates ECF
 Influences ICF
 Generation and transmission of nerve impulses
 Sodium-Potassium pump

24. Electrolyte balance
K + (Potassium)
• Major intracellular cation
• 150- 160 mEq/ L
• Regulates resting membrane potential
• Regulates fluid, ion balance inside cell
Regulation in kidney through:
• Aldosterone
• Insulin

25. Acid Base Balance
Blood - normal pH of 7.2 – 7.45
< 7.2 = acidosis > 7.45 = alkalosis
3 buffer systems to maintain normal blood pH
Buffers
Removal of CO2 by lungs
Removal of H+ ions by kidneys

26. Acid Base Balance
An acid is a substance that yields hydrogen ions when
dissociated (changed from a complex to a simpler compound)
in solution.
A strong acid dissociates almost completely, releasing a large
number of hydrogen ions.
A base dissociates in water, releasing ions that can combine
with hydrogen ions. Like a strong acid, a strong base
dissociates almost completely, releasing many ions.

27. The hydrogen ion concentration of a fluid determines
whether it's acidic or basic (alkaline).
A neutral solution, such as pure water, dissociates
only slightly.

28. Acid Base Balance
The body produces acids, thus yielding hydrogen
ions, through the following mechanisms:
Protein catabolism yields nonvolatile acids, such as
sulfuric, phosphoric, and uric acids.
Fat oxidation produces acid ketone bodies.

29. Acid Base Balance
Hydrogen (H) ion concentration is commonly expressed as
pH, which indicates the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a
solution:
A pH of 7 indicates neutrality or equal amounts of H and
hydroxyl (OH-) ions.
An acidic solution contains more H ions than OH- ions; its
pH is less than 7.

30. An alkaline solution contains fewer H ions than OH-
ions; its pH exceeds 7.
Overall, as H ion concentration increases, pH goes
down.

31. Maintenance of Acid-Base Balance
 Respiratory System: removal of CO2 by lungs –
stabilizes the ECF, has direct effect on Carbonic
Acid – Bicarbonate Buffer System
 Urinary System: removal of H+ ions by kidneys

32. Summary
Classify fluids.
What regulates fluid shift in the body?
What is acid base balance?
How is acid base balance regulated in the body.

33. Thanks