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fluidandelectrolytebalance-200604170102.pptx
- 1. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance PreparedBy Ms.M.Rekha,MSc Nursing, Associate Professor
- 3. OBJECTIVES • Describe howfluid and electrolytes are regulated to maintain homeostasis. • Describe fluid and electrolyte and acid base balances. • Describe about the regulation of fluid and electrolyte balances
- 4. Introduction Fluid, electrolyte andacid base balance within the body maintain health and function in all body systems. These balances are maintained by the intake and output of water and electrolytes, their distribution in the body and regulated by the renal and pulmonary system.
- 6. Distribution of body fluids INTRACELLULARFLUID EXTRACELLULAR FLUID Interstitial fluid Intravascular fluid Transcellular fluid
- 7. Intracellular fluid ICF comprisesall fluid within the cells of the body, about 42% of total body weight. Extracellular fluid ECF is all the fluid outside the cell.
- 8. COMPOSITION OF BODYFLUIDS As water moves throughout the body, it contains substances Electrolyte Minerals
- 9. MOVEMENT OF BODYFLUID Each body compartment is separated by a cell wall and capillary membrane. Fluids and solutes move across these membranes by four processes. DIFUSSION OSMOSIS FILTRATION ACTIVE TRANSPORT
- 14. REGULATION OF BODYFLUIDS Fluid intake Fluid output Hormonal influence
- 15. FLUID INTAKE (Thirstmechanism)
- 16. FLUID OUTPUT REGULATION FLUIDGAINS ML FLUID LOSSES ML ORAL FLUIDS 1200 KIDNEYS 1500 SOLID FOODS 1000 SKIN 300 METABOLISM 300 LUNGS 500 GASTROINTESTINAL 200 TOTAL GAINS 2500 TOTAL LOSSES 2500
- 17. HORMONAL INFLUENCES Antidiuretic hormone Renin-Angiotensinaldosterone mechanism Atrial natriuretic peptide
- 19. RENIN ANGIOTENSIN- ALDOSTERONEMECHANISM
- 20. ATRIAL NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE Itis a hormone secreted from atrial cells of the heart in response to atrial stretching and an increase in circulating blood volume. It acts like a diuretic that causes sodium loss and inhibits the thirst mechanism. Inhibits the secretion of ADH and Aldosterone.
- 21. ELECTROLYTES Electrolytes are thesubstances found in ECF dissociate and ICF whose into electrically molecules charged particles known as ions when placed in water.
- 22. DEFINITIONS IONS: Ions areelectrically charged particles CATIONS: Cations are positively charged particles. E.g.- Na , K+, Ca2+ etc. ANIONS: Anions are negatively particles. E.g.- Cl-, PO4, HCO3- ICF- K, Mg, PO4-, (K as a main ion) ECF- Na, Ca, Cl (Na as a main ion) charged
- 23. ACID BASE BALANCE ACID Anycompound which forms H⁺ ions in solution (proton donors) eg: Carbonic acid releases H⁺ ions BASE Any compound which combines with H⁺ ions in solution (proton acceptors) eg: Bicarbonate(HCO3⁻) accepts H+ ions
- 24. ACID-BASE BALANCE • Normalblood pH: 7.35-7.45 • Maintenance of blood pH—Important homeostatic mechanism of the body. • If pH <7.35--------- Acidosis Ph >7.45---------Alkalosis
- 25. RESPIRATORY ACID-BASE CONTROL MECHANISMS Whenchemical buffers alone cannot prevent changes in blood pH, the respiratory system is the second line of defence against changes. Eliminate or Retain CO₂ Change in pH are RAPID Occuring within minutes PCO₂ ∞ VCO₂/VA
- 26. RENAL ACID-BASE CONTROL MECHANISMS Thekidneys are the third line of defence against wide changes in body fluid pH. – movement of bicarbonate – Retention/Excretion of acids – Generating additional buffers Long term regulator of ACID – BASE balance May take hours to days for correction
- 27. RISK FACTORS AFFECTINGFLUID, ELECTROLYTE AND ACID-BASE BALANCE Women Age Gender Environment Chronic disease Trauma Gastrointestinal losses Very young,very old Hot weather Cancer. Cardiovascular disease,congestive heart failure,renal disease,COPD Injuries,burns Gastroentritis,nasogastric suctioning
- 28. MEDICATIONS CAUSE FLUID, ELECTROLYTEAND ACID BASE IMBALANCE Diuretics Steroids Potassium supplements Respiratory center depressants Antibiotics Calcium carbonate Magnesium hydroxide Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
- 29.
- 30. CONCLUSION • Electrolytes areminerals in your body that have an electric charge. They are in your blood, urine, tissues, and other body fluids. Electrolytes are important because they help • Balance the amount of water in your body • Balance your body's acid/base (pH) level • Move nutrients into your cells • Move wastes out of your cells • Make sure that your nerves, muscles, the heart, and the brain work the way they should • Sodium, calcium, potassium, chloride, phosphate, and magnesium are all electrolytes. You get them from the foods you eat and the fluids you drink.
- 31. REFERENCES • Potter andPerry's Fundamentals of Nursing(2017) 2nd Edition, Elsevier Publication,page No.970-981. • Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing (10th Edition),Pearson publication. • Sr Nancy ,Principles & Practice Of Nursing , Nursing Arts Procedures(2006),NR Brothers Publication.