The document discusses five key metrics to measure the effectiveness of agile engineering practices: 1) How long until you see feedback from a test after changing code, 2) How many one-line code changes can be committed and tested in an hour, 3) How many team members can explain parts of the code, 4) What percentage of team members paired in the last two days, and 5) How many steps it takes to get code into production. These metrics help gauge how well practices like test-driven development and continuous integration are flattening the cost of change curve.