This document discusses firm location and market areas. It begins by recalling the economist's view of cities as spatial agglomerations of people and production. It then discusses why businesses cluster, with factors including agglomeration economies, transportation costs, and production functions. The document outlines how firms compete for land based on rent gradients and locational factors. It also discusses how decentralization affects commuting costs and wage rates. The rank size rule and urban hierarchy are then covered, showing how larger cities serve wider market areas than smaller cities.
Columbus Knowledge thats Sells March 2012 colliersohio
1) The owners of the LeVeque Tower in downtown Columbus are investing up to $22 million to renovate the landmark skyscraper by adding a hotel and apartments.
2) Nationwide Children's Hospital opened a new $6.3 million sports medicine and orthopedic center in Dublin, Ohio, its second facility of this kind in the area.
3) Consumer confidence rose dramatically in February according to The Conference Board's Consumer Confidence Index, reaching its highest level since February 2011.
This document is an annual mid-year report from Summit Realty Group on the Indianapolis metropolitan real estate market in 2012. It highlights several positive developments at Summit Realty Group, including the opening of an on-site fitness room and the addition of a large mural. It also notes that Summit's property management division has become the second largest in the area and recently took on management of several new properties. Additionally, the report provides statistics on population growth, unemployment, and recognition for Indiana and Indianapolis as a business location.
This document summarizes a lecture about housing problems and worrying about housing consumption in relative rather than absolute terms. It argues that housing space inequality has increased over time similar to income inequality. New problems have emerged with a mismatch between household sizes and home sizes, and smaller new homes benefiting smaller households. Current policies may exacerbate inequality and increase problems of low absolute housing consumption that were reduced in the past. Relative measures should be used to assess housing standards and consumption over time.
This document creates a "Homebuilt Housing Zone" in New Orleans to allow homeowners to more easily and cheaply rebuild houses damaged by Hurricane Katrina. It establishes an overlay zone that exempts homeowners from certain building codes, permits, and inspections. Homeowners must agree by contract to hold the city harmless from issues arising from construction and living in the homebuilt houses. The zone is intended as a temporary measure to help address the city's urgent housing needs following the hurricane.
The document summarizes the new housing standards that were introduced in 2015 to simplify and streamline technical housing standards. Key changes include making some standards like access, water efficiency, and security optional building regulations that can be required by planning authorities. A new nationally described space standard was also introduced as a planning standard. Transition periods were outlined for phasing out old standards and phasing in the new ones between 2015 and 2016. Further information on the standards and their implementation is available on GOV.UK.
Housing Research: Academia Informing Profession - بحوث الاسكان بين الاكاديمية...Galala University
Housing Research: Academia Informing Profession - بحوث الاسكان بين الاكاديمية والممارسة المهنية
This lecture stresses the need to integrate the academia and the profession through research and housing studies.
Current findings of housing studies and a model to integrate research as a major component of the design process are introduced.
The lecture presents current research at the Master of Urban Planning and Design Program, Department of Architecture and Urban Planning at Qatar University and opportunities for cooperation with the society and professional community.
There is a growing academic and societal need for the integration of academic activities among themselves and with Society, including private and public sectors.
The document summarizes the Housing Standards Review, which aims to simplify and rationalize housing standards in the UK. It notes that the review was launched in 2012 to reduce costs for housebuilders while maintaining quality, sustainability, safety and accessibility. The review examined existing standards through working groups and is proposing a simplified and nationally consistent set of optional standards focused on space, access, energy, water, and security. It outlines next steps as analyzing the consultation responses and making final decisions in the new year.
Columbus Knowledge thats Sells March 2012 colliersohio
1) The owners of the LeVeque Tower in downtown Columbus are investing up to $22 million to renovate the landmark skyscraper by adding a hotel and apartments.
2) Nationwide Children's Hospital opened a new $6.3 million sports medicine and orthopedic center in Dublin, Ohio, its second facility of this kind in the area.
3) Consumer confidence rose dramatically in February according to The Conference Board's Consumer Confidence Index, reaching its highest level since February 2011.
This document is an annual mid-year report from Summit Realty Group on the Indianapolis metropolitan real estate market in 2012. It highlights several positive developments at Summit Realty Group, including the opening of an on-site fitness room and the addition of a large mural. It also notes that Summit's property management division has become the second largest in the area and recently took on management of several new properties. Additionally, the report provides statistics on population growth, unemployment, and recognition for Indiana and Indianapolis as a business location.
This document summarizes a lecture about housing problems and worrying about housing consumption in relative rather than absolute terms. It argues that housing space inequality has increased over time similar to income inequality. New problems have emerged with a mismatch between household sizes and home sizes, and smaller new homes benefiting smaller households. Current policies may exacerbate inequality and increase problems of low absolute housing consumption that were reduced in the past. Relative measures should be used to assess housing standards and consumption over time.
This document creates a "Homebuilt Housing Zone" in New Orleans to allow homeowners to more easily and cheaply rebuild houses damaged by Hurricane Katrina. It establishes an overlay zone that exempts homeowners from certain building codes, permits, and inspections. Homeowners must agree by contract to hold the city harmless from issues arising from construction and living in the homebuilt houses. The zone is intended as a temporary measure to help address the city's urgent housing needs following the hurricane.
The document summarizes the new housing standards that were introduced in 2015 to simplify and streamline technical housing standards. Key changes include making some standards like access, water efficiency, and security optional building regulations that can be required by planning authorities. A new nationally described space standard was also introduced as a planning standard. Transition periods were outlined for phasing out old standards and phasing in the new ones between 2015 and 2016. Further information on the standards and their implementation is available on GOV.UK.
Housing Research: Academia Informing Profession - بحوث الاسكان بين الاكاديمية...Galala University
Housing Research: Academia Informing Profession - بحوث الاسكان بين الاكاديمية والممارسة المهنية
This lecture stresses the need to integrate the academia and the profession through research and housing studies.
Current findings of housing studies and a model to integrate research as a major component of the design process are introduced.
The lecture presents current research at the Master of Urban Planning and Design Program, Department of Architecture and Urban Planning at Qatar University and opportunities for cooperation with the society and professional community.
There is a growing academic and societal need for the integration of academic activities among themselves and with Society, including private and public sectors.
The document summarizes the Housing Standards Review, which aims to simplify and rationalize housing standards in the UK. It notes that the review was launched in 2012 to reduce costs for housebuilders while maintaining quality, sustainability, safety and accessibility. The review examined existing standards through working groups and is proposing a simplified and nationally consistent set of optional standards focused on space, access, energy, water, and security. It outlines next steps as analyzing the consultation responses and making final decisions in the new year.
Before the Industrial Revolution, most families lived and worked as farmers with whole families contributing to different tasks. After the revolution, the economy changed and families moved to cities for work. This led them to live in overcrowded, cheaply constructed homes with poor conditions in new urban slums. Later, some factory owners constructed "company towns" near mines and factories with multiple families living in tightly packed buildings lacking proper sanitation, leading to disease outbreaks. The Progressive Era brought reforms to address these social and housing problems.
دراسة مشروع اسكان - تصميم معماري4 - سنة3 HousingIbrahem Qasim
للتحميل: https://mribrahem.github.io/college_research/
اليمن
جامعة العلوم والتكنولوجيا
معماري مستوى ثالث 2013-2014
دراسة مشروع إسكان ل أعضاء هيئة التدريس والهيئة الإدارية بجامعة صنعاء
ضمن متطلبات مادة تصميم معماري 4
إبراهيم الرداعي
770633517
تقديم:
إبراهيم قاسم الرداعي
صالح اليافعي
علي نصر الدين دجرة
مصطفى حسان
مساعد هدنة
إشراف:
د.وائل الأغبري
أ.م محمد الورد
م. عناد الحايطي
أولاً: دراسة موقع المشروع
------------------------------------------
1مقدمة عن جغرافيا اليمن
2موقع المشروع
3الطبوغرافيا
4مجاورات الموقع
5الحركة حول الموقع
5-1 حركة الآليات
5-2 حركة المشاة
6الضوضاء
7زوايا الرؤية
7-1 من الداخل للخارج
7-2 من الخارج للداخل
8التوصيات
9المناخ
9-1 مقدمة عن المناخ في اليمن
9-2 السطوع والإشعاع الشمسي
9-3 درجة الحرارة
9-4 الأمطار
9-5 الرطوبة النسبية
9-6 حركة الشمس
9-7 حركة الرياح
10. الطابع المعماري
10-1 مقدمة عن طابع اليمن
10-2 طابع صنعاء القديم
10-3 طابع صنعاء الحديث
10-4 طابع مجاورات الموقع
10-5 التوصيات
ثانياً : الأمثلة المشابهة
مشروع فلوريا سيتي (كوردستان العراق).
مشروع نيو سيتي (عدن).
مدينة الصالح السكنية (عدن).
محاور الحديث عن الامثلة المشابهة
نسبة الفلل الى العمارات
عدد الوحدات السكنية والمرافق
الخدمات وتوفرها
طريقة تخطيط الشوارع
كيفية توزيع الكثافات من ناحية الفلل والعمارات
هل حقق المثال الاحتياجات
نسبة الاستعملات
ثالثاً: دراسة الفئة المستهدفة
1 حجم الأسرة.
2 تقسيم سكان المنطقة حسب:
2-1 النوع.
2-2 الفئة العمرية.
3 الوضع الاجتماعي.
4 درجة التزاحم في المسكن (في غرف النوم).
رابعاً: خدمات المشروع
الخدمات التعليمية :
الخدمات الصحية.
الخدمات التجارية.
الخدمات الإدارية والعامة.
الخدمات الثقافية
الخدمات الدينية.
مساحة الخدمات.
المساحات الخضراء.
النماذج السكنية.
خامساً : المعايير
مقارنة بين المعايير اليمنية والعالمية
الخدمات التجارية
الخدمات التعليمية
المجاورة السكنية
البلوكات ا
Hassan Fathy was an Egyptian architect who designed over 160 projects utilizing traditional Egyptian architectural elements and materials like mud bricks. He focused on low-cost construction methods that incorporated passive cooling techniques and trained local people. Some of his notable projects included the Gourna Mosque in Egypt, which featured thick mud brick walls, vaulted roofs, courtyards, and screens to restrict light and ventilation systems like windcatchers and qanats.
Hassan Fathy was an Egyptian architect known for designing housing for the poor using local materials and construction methods. One of his most famous projects was New Gourna Village near Luxor, where he worked with villagers to design multifamily homes of mud brick that incorporated passive cooling techniques. Though the village was never completed, Fathy's work highlighted the importance of considering climate, culture and community involvement in architecture. He left behind over 160 projects demonstrating sustainable design appropriate for developing regions.
The document proposes several low-cost construction techniques to reduce costs compared to conventional construction methods. These include using thinner foundations with rubble masonry, reducing wall thicknesses, employing rat-trap bond for walls, using concrete blocks or soil-cement blocks instead of burnt bricks, and utilizing precast components and alternative materials for doors, windows and shutters. Adopting these techniques could achieve an overall cost savings of 15-25% compared to conventional construction.
The Aranya Low-Cost Housing project in Indore, India provided serviced housing plots and infrastructure for 6,500 low-income families. The project was led by architect Balkrishna Doshi and included mixed income neighborhoods organized around a central spine. It featured a hierarchy of pedestrian-prioritized roads and distributed open spaces to improve accessibility. Climate-responsive design like north-south orientation and shared walls minimized solar heat gain. The "site and service" approach provided basic infrastructure like water, sewer, and electricity to allow residents to construct homes appropriate to their needs.
The document summarizes Charles Correa's incremental housing project in CBD Belapur, India. It describes the project's low-cost housing typologies designed around communal courtyards. Housing was organized into clusters of 7-12 pairs of freestanding homes arranged around shared spaces. This allowed residents to independently modify their own homes over time. While many original structures have been replaced, the hierarchy of community spaces remains intact decades later. The project demonstrated high-density affordable housing built at a human scale with simple materials. However, maintaining common spaces and adapting to changing aspirations have presented challenges over time.
The document provides details about the Srisathya Sai Nigamagam auditorium complex located in Hyderabad, India. It consists of a main auditorium that can seat 1372 people, spacious lobbies, a dining hall, kitchen, and parking area. The auditorium was designed for good acoustics with features like absorptive carpeting, non-focusing balcony fronts, and sound insulation. However, observers note that the exterior jaali walls and untreated roof may allow noise transmission and echoes inside.
5 Trends in Economic Development You Can't IgnoreGIS Planning
Economic development is changing rapidly and dramatically. It's reshaping our work, how we work with our customers, and even who our customers are. If it feels like you're operating under new rules, it's because you are - and you might not even know what they are. Learn 5 ways our profession is changing and how you can come out on top. For more information visit http://www.gisplanning.com
Cities and corporations how do they intersect on sustainability? Sustainable Brands
This document summarizes a presentation given by Gil Friend, Chief Sustainability Officer of Palo Alto, and Chris Guenther, Research Director of Sustainability, on how cities and corporations can work together on sustainability initiatives. The presentation provided an overview of sustainability efforts already undertaken by Palo Alto, identified priority areas and key levers for future collaboration between cities and companies, and discussed potential barriers and ways to overcome them. It also summarized a report called "Citystates II" which makes the case for greater corporate leadership in driving urban sustainability and provides guidance for companies to work more closely with cities.
Hiring Trends and Jobs of the Future: A Recruiter's PerspectiveLynn Hazan
1) The document discusses trends in hiring and future jobs from the perspective of a recruiter, including recession-proof industries, anticipated economic trends in 2009-2010, and skills needed for the 21st century.
2) Key topics that are expected to see growth include healthcare, technology, the environment/green jobs, and emerging markets.
3) Adaptability and acquiring new skills will be important for workers to transition through economic changes.
8 Challenges Facing Landscape and Irrigation ContractorsAnn Ehinger
Outlines the eight biggest challenges facing landscape and irrigation contractors today. Kenney Outdoor hired an independent research company to take a look at these challenges and trends. This briefing represents over $250,000 worth of white papers, studies, articles, government documents and data gleaned from over 39 different sources.
This document discusses strategies for revitalizing local economies through local ownership and import-substituting development (LOIS) as an alternative to strategies focused on attracting large corporations and prioritizing exports (TINA). It provides examples of communities that have experienced economic growth through LOIS, and outlines how to nurture LOIS through planning, developing local people and partnerships, harnessing local financial resources, increasing local purchasing, and supportive policymaking. The document argues that LOIS can create more jobs and circulating wealth in a community than strategies focused on attracting non-local businesses.
This document summarizes the challenges and opportunities of open data in the UK from the perspective of Ordnance Survey. It discusses why open data is important, provides examples of Ordnance Survey's open data products and initiatives, highlights challenges like ensuring clarity of objectives and sustainable funding models, and concludes that a nuanced, user-focused approach is needed to maximize the value of open data.
Presentation at the conference “Are We in this Together? Innovation Capture and the Role of Public-Private-Partnerships in Providing Health Care Services“
Helsinki, 8 April 2015
2014 business briefing_humancapital_finalGuy Masse
This document discusses how companies are facing challenges in finding and retaining top talent. Real estate can help by providing workspaces that foster collaboration and innovation. Locations that appeal to workers are important as employees demand certain elements in their work experience. Some markets like Austin and Seattle provide high innovation potential at below average costs, making them good options for companies seeking talent. Demographic shifts are also impacting the labor supply, intensifying the competition for workers.
Before the Industrial Revolution, most families lived and worked as farmers with whole families contributing to different tasks. After the revolution, the economy changed and families moved to cities for work. This led them to live in overcrowded, cheaply constructed homes with poor conditions in new urban slums. Later, some factory owners constructed "company towns" near mines and factories with multiple families living in tightly packed buildings lacking proper sanitation, leading to disease outbreaks. The Progressive Era brought reforms to address these social and housing problems.
دراسة مشروع اسكان - تصميم معماري4 - سنة3 HousingIbrahem Qasim
للتحميل: https://mribrahem.github.io/college_research/
اليمن
جامعة العلوم والتكنولوجيا
معماري مستوى ثالث 2013-2014
دراسة مشروع إسكان ل أعضاء هيئة التدريس والهيئة الإدارية بجامعة صنعاء
ضمن متطلبات مادة تصميم معماري 4
إبراهيم الرداعي
770633517
تقديم:
إبراهيم قاسم الرداعي
صالح اليافعي
علي نصر الدين دجرة
مصطفى حسان
مساعد هدنة
إشراف:
د.وائل الأغبري
أ.م محمد الورد
م. عناد الحايطي
أولاً: دراسة موقع المشروع
------------------------------------------
1مقدمة عن جغرافيا اليمن
2موقع المشروع
3الطبوغرافيا
4مجاورات الموقع
5الحركة حول الموقع
5-1 حركة الآليات
5-2 حركة المشاة
6الضوضاء
7زوايا الرؤية
7-1 من الداخل للخارج
7-2 من الخارج للداخل
8التوصيات
9المناخ
9-1 مقدمة عن المناخ في اليمن
9-2 السطوع والإشعاع الشمسي
9-3 درجة الحرارة
9-4 الأمطار
9-5 الرطوبة النسبية
9-6 حركة الشمس
9-7 حركة الرياح
10. الطابع المعماري
10-1 مقدمة عن طابع اليمن
10-2 طابع صنعاء القديم
10-3 طابع صنعاء الحديث
10-4 طابع مجاورات الموقع
10-5 التوصيات
ثانياً : الأمثلة المشابهة
مشروع فلوريا سيتي (كوردستان العراق).
مشروع نيو سيتي (عدن).
مدينة الصالح السكنية (عدن).
محاور الحديث عن الامثلة المشابهة
نسبة الفلل الى العمارات
عدد الوحدات السكنية والمرافق
الخدمات وتوفرها
طريقة تخطيط الشوارع
كيفية توزيع الكثافات من ناحية الفلل والعمارات
هل حقق المثال الاحتياجات
نسبة الاستعملات
ثالثاً: دراسة الفئة المستهدفة
1 حجم الأسرة.
2 تقسيم سكان المنطقة حسب:
2-1 النوع.
2-2 الفئة العمرية.
3 الوضع الاجتماعي.
4 درجة التزاحم في المسكن (في غرف النوم).
رابعاً: خدمات المشروع
الخدمات التعليمية :
الخدمات الصحية.
الخدمات التجارية.
الخدمات الإدارية والعامة.
الخدمات الثقافية
الخدمات الدينية.
مساحة الخدمات.
المساحات الخضراء.
النماذج السكنية.
خامساً : المعايير
مقارنة بين المعايير اليمنية والعالمية
الخدمات التجارية
الخدمات التعليمية
المجاورة السكنية
البلوكات ا
Hassan Fathy was an Egyptian architect who designed over 160 projects utilizing traditional Egyptian architectural elements and materials like mud bricks. He focused on low-cost construction methods that incorporated passive cooling techniques and trained local people. Some of his notable projects included the Gourna Mosque in Egypt, which featured thick mud brick walls, vaulted roofs, courtyards, and screens to restrict light and ventilation systems like windcatchers and qanats.
Hassan Fathy was an Egyptian architect known for designing housing for the poor using local materials and construction methods. One of his most famous projects was New Gourna Village near Luxor, where he worked with villagers to design multifamily homes of mud brick that incorporated passive cooling techniques. Though the village was never completed, Fathy's work highlighted the importance of considering climate, culture and community involvement in architecture. He left behind over 160 projects demonstrating sustainable design appropriate for developing regions.
The document proposes several low-cost construction techniques to reduce costs compared to conventional construction methods. These include using thinner foundations with rubble masonry, reducing wall thicknesses, employing rat-trap bond for walls, using concrete blocks or soil-cement blocks instead of burnt bricks, and utilizing precast components and alternative materials for doors, windows and shutters. Adopting these techniques could achieve an overall cost savings of 15-25% compared to conventional construction.
The Aranya Low-Cost Housing project in Indore, India provided serviced housing plots and infrastructure for 6,500 low-income families. The project was led by architect Balkrishna Doshi and included mixed income neighborhoods organized around a central spine. It featured a hierarchy of pedestrian-prioritized roads and distributed open spaces to improve accessibility. Climate-responsive design like north-south orientation and shared walls minimized solar heat gain. The "site and service" approach provided basic infrastructure like water, sewer, and electricity to allow residents to construct homes appropriate to their needs.
The document summarizes Charles Correa's incremental housing project in CBD Belapur, India. It describes the project's low-cost housing typologies designed around communal courtyards. Housing was organized into clusters of 7-12 pairs of freestanding homes arranged around shared spaces. This allowed residents to independently modify their own homes over time. While many original structures have been replaced, the hierarchy of community spaces remains intact decades later. The project demonstrated high-density affordable housing built at a human scale with simple materials. However, maintaining common spaces and adapting to changing aspirations have presented challenges over time.
The document provides details about the Srisathya Sai Nigamagam auditorium complex located in Hyderabad, India. It consists of a main auditorium that can seat 1372 people, spacious lobbies, a dining hall, kitchen, and parking area. The auditorium was designed for good acoustics with features like absorptive carpeting, non-focusing balcony fronts, and sound insulation. However, observers note that the exterior jaali walls and untreated roof may allow noise transmission and echoes inside.
5 Trends in Economic Development You Can't IgnoreGIS Planning
Economic development is changing rapidly and dramatically. It's reshaping our work, how we work with our customers, and even who our customers are. If it feels like you're operating under new rules, it's because you are - and you might not even know what they are. Learn 5 ways our profession is changing and how you can come out on top. For more information visit http://www.gisplanning.com
Cities and corporations how do they intersect on sustainability? Sustainable Brands
This document summarizes a presentation given by Gil Friend, Chief Sustainability Officer of Palo Alto, and Chris Guenther, Research Director of Sustainability, on how cities and corporations can work together on sustainability initiatives. The presentation provided an overview of sustainability efforts already undertaken by Palo Alto, identified priority areas and key levers for future collaboration between cities and companies, and discussed potential barriers and ways to overcome them. It also summarized a report called "Citystates II" which makes the case for greater corporate leadership in driving urban sustainability and provides guidance for companies to work more closely with cities.
Hiring Trends and Jobs of the Future: A Recruiter's PerspectiveLynn Hazan
1) The document discusses trends in hiring and future jobs from the perspective of a recruiter, including recession-proof industries, anticipated economic trends in 2009-2010, and skills needed for the 21st century.
2) Key topics that are expected to see growth include healthcare, technology, the environment/green jobs, and emerging markets.
3) Adaptability and acquiring new skills will be important for workers to transition through economic changes.
8 Challenges Facing Landscape and Irrigation ContractorsAnn Ehinger
Outlines the eight biggest challenges facing landscape and irrigation contractors today. Kenney Outdoor hired an independent research company to take a look at these challenges and trends. This briefing represents over $250,000 worth of white papers, studies, articles, government documents and data gleaned from over 39 different sources.
This document discusses strategies for revitalizing local economies through local ownership and import-substituting development (LOIS) as an alternative to strategies focused on attracting large corporations and prioritizing exports (TINA). It provides examples of communities that have experienced economic growth through LOIS, and outlines how to nurture LOIS through planning, developing local people and partnerships, harnessing local financial resources, increasing local purchasing, and supportive policymaking. The document argues that LOIS can create more jobs and circulating wealth in a community than strategies focused on attracting non-local businesses.
This document summarizes the challenges and opportunities of open data in the UK from the perspective of Ordnance Survey. It discusses why open data is important, provides examples of Ordnance Survey's open data products and initiatives, highlights challenges like ensuring clarity of objectives and sustainable funding models, and concludes that a nuanced, user-focused approach is needed to maximize the value of open data.
Presentation at the conference “Are We in this Together? Innovation Capture and the Role of Public-Private-Partnerships in Providing Health Care Services“
Helsinki, 8 April 2015
2014 business briefing_humancapital_finalGuy Masse
This document discusses how companies are facing challenges in finding and retaining top talent. Real estate can help by providing workspaces that foster collaboration and innovation. Locations that appeal to workers are important as employees demand certain elements in their work experience. Some markets like Austin and Seattle provide high innovation potential at below average costs, making them good options for companies seeking talent. Demographic shifts are also impacting the labor supply, intensifying the competition for workers.
Is Your Community Prepared for Economic Development?MBEDC, LLC
The document discusses trends impacting economic development and strategies for communities to stay competitive. It notes that communities must adapt to major economic transitions, changing business needs, and shifts in economic development practices. Further, communities face replacing retiring workers with fewer new workers, budget cuts, and other challenges. The presentation then outlines 10 strategies for communities, including emphasizing collaboration, entrepreneurship, retention and expansion efforts, and fine-tuning marketing and financing tools. It stresses the importance of understanding the community and establishing goals and priorities to guide economic development efforts.
Canadian ma insights report winter 2018Duff & Phelps
Canadian M&A activity remained strong in 2017, with 1,558 companies sold, a 3.9% increase over 2016. The total value of deals was $88 billion, up 9.1% from 2016. While the number of large deals (over $500 million) decreased, their average size increased to $3.2 billion compared to $2.4 billion in 2016. 71.6% of deals involved a Canadian buyer or seller. Looking ahead, continued economic growth in Canada and the US along with low financing costs are expected to support further M&A activity, though US tax reform and NAFTA negotiations may create some uncertainty.
This document discusses social entrepreneurship and social enterprises. It provides statistics on the size and growth of the social enterprise sector in the UK. It explores trends like empowering communities and encouraging social responsibility. It emphasizes the importance of having a clear social purpose beyond profit. Innovation, ownership models, measurement of social impact, and challenges in accessing finance and building capabilities are also covered. The document advocates bringing business skills to help social organizations operate sustainably and maximize their social impact.
1. Land Use, Housing and
Government
Lecture #6:
Firm Location, Market Areas and
Market Competition
Samuel R. Staley, Ph.D.
Fall 2011, Florida State University
2. Recall the economist’s view
of cities…
• “Urban economics is designed as the study
of cities. A city, in turn is defined as a spatial
agglomeration of people. Hence, the spatial
location of production and consumption is
inherent in all urban economic analysis.”
William T. Bogart, The Economics of Cities
and Suburbs, p. 39.
• The economics of cities is the economics of
space and spatial relationships in an
economic context
Dr. Staley, Fall 2012 ECP3617: Housing, Land Use 2
and Government
3. Where
should a
business
locate
within a
region?
Dr. Staley, Fall 2012 ECP3617: Housing, Land Use 3
and Government
4. Why Do Businesses Cluster?
• Economies of scale are not spatial
They are internal to the firm (no other firms benefit)
• Agglomeration economies: Efficiencies and
increases in productivity that result from clustering
activity in a certain area (proximity).
Urbanization economies: Efficiencies and increases and
productivity that result from density, or being in a city.
Localization economies: Efficiencies and increases and
productivity that result from locating near other related
firms.
• Agglomeration economies are external
Firms cluster
• Transportation costs are critical factors
Dr. Staley, Fall 2012 ECP3617: Housing, Land Use 4
and Government
5. Location is Driven by the
Firm’s Production Function
• Natural resources
Weight “losing” firms locate near resource
base
• Production, manufacturing & assembly
Transportation costs for assembly &
production
Logistics
• Labor
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6. Why Do Firms Locate Where
They Do?
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and Government
7. Dr. Staley, Fall 2012 ECP3617: Housing, Land Use 7
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8. Firms Compete for Land
Key is Rent Gradient Hierarchy of Place
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9. What Happens When
Firms Decentralize?
• Commuting costs still
determine location
• Now, wage rates reflect
differences in commuting to
CBD vs. a firm located closer
to the edge
• Firms are no longer
homogenous
• Add a wage gradient to the
land gradient
• Firms now compete for
workers between the
locations
• NOTE: workers bid up land
closer to their employment
based on compensating
differentials in commuting vs.
wage rates.
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10. The Fully Decentralized City
• Decentralized firms
have important
advantages over
centralized firms
• They can offer lower
wages (and lower
their cost of
production)
• They can better
match the labor force
to needs
• They minimize
commuting costs
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11. Dr. Staley, Fall 2012 ECP3617: Housing, Land Use 11
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12. Share of Employment
in US Urbanized Areas
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13. Changes in US Urban Areas
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and Government
14. Change in US Urban Densities
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15. Market Areas and Urban
Hierarchy
• Conventional economics:
price (P)
quantity (Q)
Qd = A + b(P)
• Now, add a distance term
Quantified by looking at transportation
costs (dr)
Now Qd = A + b(P + dr)
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16. Effects of Transportation Costs
on the Demand Curve
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17. Further Analysis:
Price, Cost & Distance
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18. Dr. Staley, Fall 2012 ECP3617: Housing, Land Use 18
and Government
19. • Derive the
distance demand
curve
• Translate
conventional price
quantity
relationships
• Derive quantity-
distance
relationship
• If price changes,
demand curve
shifts
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20. Multiple Firms, Multiple Market
Areas
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and Government
21. Making
Demand
3-D:
The
Demand
Cone
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22. Examples of market areas
Product/Service Radius (miles)
Soft drinks (soda) 68
Concrete production 144
Ice cream 158
Bolts, nuts, screws 167
Fertilizers 828
Cigarettes 1,108
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23. Economic Function Minimum Population
General merchandise 6,859
Restaurant 460
Candy store 35,000
Health care service 637
General grocery store 2,570
Dentist 426
Drug Store 458
Bank 616
Hospital 1,159
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24. What will increase the size of a
market area?
• Fixed costs increase
requiring higher prices to be competitive
• Costs per trip fall
Allowing customers to travel farther
• Frequency of trips fall
• Density falls
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and Government
25. Other factors that could influence
the size of a market area over time:
• Inflation
• Changes in technology (e.g., big box
retailing)
• Development of other cities & locations
• Propensity for industry clustering
• Interdependencies among people and
businesses
• Location specific attributes
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26. Optimal output for the
Individual Firm
• Profit maximizing
firm
MR = MC
Economic profits
>0
• Output < market
optimum
• Price > market
optimum
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27. The ability to maximize profits will
determine the size of the market area
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28. Market areas will expand until
competition limits further growth
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29. • Monopolistic
competition
Free entry and exit
Homogeneous
product
• Allows normal
profits
Economic profits =
0
• Optimum output
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30. In a perfect market, all areas would
be served
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and Government
31. The size of market areas will be
determined by competition
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32. Determining the Size of
Market Areas
• Basic Parameters
v: frequency of trips (consumption)
k: trip cost per mile
mc: marginal cost of goods to retailers
C: fixed cost for retail facility
F: Buyer density
• Key Variables
P: unit price of a good
D: distance between retail stores
T: market area boundary
S: individual store sales
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33. Market Area Boundary
• P + kT = P0 + k(D-T), or
P + kT = P0 + kD – kT
P + 2kT = P0 + kD
2kT = P0 – P + kD
T = (P0 – P + kD)/2k
• Thus,
↑k≈↓T
↑D≈↑T
↑ P0 or ↑ P ≈ ↑ECP3617: Housing, Land Use
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T 33
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34. Annual sales per store…
• Depends on frequency trips and
density of buyers, so S = 2TvF, or
• S = vF[(P0 – P + kD)/k]
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35. Entry and Store Density
• Long-run Equilibrium:
D = [(C/kvF)1/2;
P = mc + (kC/vF)1/2;
• Thus, goods purchased more frequently (↑v)
increases store density (↓D) and lowers profit
margins (↓P) (neighborhood pharmacy).
• Higher fixed costs will lower store density
(↑D) and increase profit margins (↑P) (mall
stores)
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36. Real World Retail
• On-line retailing
Amazon.com
Ipad
Dell Computer
• Life-style centers
Spending patterns
Income
Versus strip shopping centers
Versus conventional shopping malls
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37. Market Areas and Agglomeration
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38. Hierarchy of
Place
• Some cities serve
larger markets
than others
• Primary services
• Secondary &
tertiary services
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and Government
39. From:
John P.
Blair, Local
Economic
Development
, p. 76
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40. Dr. Staley, Fall 2012 ECP3617: Housing, Land Use 40
and Government
41. Rank Size Rule
• A cities rank in the urban hierarchy may be related
consistently to population
Second rank city is 0.5 * population of largest city
Third city is 1/3 size of the largest city
• Formula: Rank = C/Nb
C = constant
N = population
B = estimated from data on rank & population where b = 1 if the
rank size rule holds
• Study of 29 cities
Two-thirds, 0.80 < b < 1.20
Median = 1.09, slightly higher than the rank size rule implies
• Studies using economic definitions estimate b = 1.02
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