The document discusses fingerprint image compression. It notes that wavelet decomposition has been used in various standards, with an early example being the FBI fingerprint image compression standard. It then discusses using wavelet compression customized for fingerprints to allow efficient storage and transmission, noting key requirements and features of an effective compression method.
التلفزيون الرقمي هو برامج تلفزيونية رقمية، مخططة ومنظمة ومنتظمة، تبث عبر قنوات رقمية أو إلكترونية، لتحقيق أهداف تعليمية محددة ترتبط مباشرة ببرامج ومقررات دراسية معينة لدى فئة محددة من المتعلمين أو الدارسين.
ما هي فوائد التلفزيون الرقمي؟
العديد من مشاهدي التلفزيون بدئوا هذه الأيام يتحولون من النظام القديم ذو التقنية التناظرية (الأساسية للتلفزيون والتي عرفت منذ أيام الحرب العالمية الثانية) إلى التقنية الرقمية الحديثة, فحصلوا بذلك على صور أوضح بكثيرة مما كانوا يحصلون عليها بالتلفزيون القديم ذو التقنية التناظرية.
وبالنسبة لمستخدمي هذه الخدمة قد تكون هي أفضل مزية للتلفزيون الرقمي وهذا هو ليس السبب الوحيد, ففي التلفزيون الرقمي الجديد سوف لن يكون هناك أشباح بالتلفزيون الرقمي ولا ثلج متساقط في الصورة كما كان دائما في التلفزيون التناظري القديم وبذلك سيعطي التلفزيون الرقمي الصورة المثالية, كما سيسمح التلفزيون الرقمي بإنتاج وتقديم شاشات أوسع أيضا, وبذلك أصبحت مشاهدة التلفزيون متعة حقيقية كما لو كانت مشاهدة حية في المسرح أو في صالة السينما.
لكن هذا ليس كل فوائد ومزايا البث الرقمي و التلفزيون الرقمي فمن طبيعة هذا النظام الرقمي استخدام موجة أصغر و ذلك يعني بأنه يمكن عصر عدة محطات للبث التلفزيوني على نفس طيف الإذاعي Broadcasting Spectrum، أو سيمكن الكيبل من حمل محطات أكثر ولخدمات أخرى متعددة.
الموجة المخفضة للتلفزيون الرقمي سيسمح للحكومة بتخصيص ترددات البث التلفزيوني السابقة إلى الاستعمالات الأخرى، مثل خدمات الإنترنت اللاسلكي.
مع كل النواحي الإيجابية للنظام الرقمي، هناك نقطة سلبية واحدة ولكنها مهمة، فعلى أية حال بالنسبة للبث الهوائي عبر الأثير سيستلم الناس إشاراتهم على الهواء وسيجدون بأن الصورة المستلمة دائما ستكون مثالية أو ستكون معدومة ولن يجدونها مطلقا, وذلك عند ضعف الإشارة أو يوجد ما يضعفها, ففي التلفزيون المتناظر، من المحتمل
This document discusses using MATLAB and a DSP processor for image processing and computer vision applications. It describes how MATLAB can be used to acquire images, analyze image content, and control actuators. However, image processing requires significant computational resources, so the code is run on a computer connected to a webcam rather than a microcontroller. The Texas Instruments TMS320C6713 DSK platform allows MATLAB codes to be implemented on a DSP processor for these types of applications. Example applications mentioned include medical imaging, object recognition, and robotic vision.
In the beginning, progressive enhancement was simple: HTML layered with CSS layered with JavaScript. That worked fine when there were two browsers, but in today's world of multiple devices and multiple browsers, it's time for a progressive enhancement reboot. At the core is the understanding that the web is not print - the same rules don't apply. As developers and consumers we've been fooled into thinking about print paradigms for too long. In this talk, you'll learn just how different the web is and how the evolution of progressive enhancement can lead to better user experiences as well as happier developers and users.
This deck is a conference-agnostic one, suitable to be shown anywhere without site-specific jokes!
Wavelet analysis involves representing a signal as a sum of wavelet functions of varying location and scale. Wavelet transforms allow for efficient video compression by removing spatial and temporal redundancies. Without compression, transmitting uncompressed video would require huge storage and bandwidth. Using wavelet compression, a day of video could be stored using the same space as an uncompressed minute. The discrete wavelet transform decomposes a signal into different frequency subbands, making it suitable for scalable and tolerant video compression standards like JPEG2000. Wavelet compression provides better quality at low bit rates compared to DCT techniques like JPEG.
This document is a final project report submitted by Sailendra Sagar Patra and Sandeep Kumar Panda to Biju Patnaik University of Technology in partial fulfillment of their B.Tech degree. The report details their work on developing a fingerprint recognition system based on minutiae matching. It describes the algorithms used for fingerprint enhancement, segmentation, minutiae extraction and matching. Results demonstrating the different steps are also provided and compared.
This document discusses key concepts in telecommunications network planning and traffic engineering. It covers:
- Types of random processes used to model network usage patterns like call arrival rates and durations.
- How traffic engineering balances factors like grade of service, resources, blocking vs. delay systems based on traffic amounts.
- Key metrics like erlangs, traffic intensity, busy hour, traffic volume that are used to quantify network usage and demand.
- Concepts like grade of service, blocking probability, and how they measure network performance during busy periods.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
التلفزيون الرقمي هو برامج تلفزيونية رقمية، مخططة ومنظمة ومنتظمة، تبث عبر قنوات رقمية أو إلكترونية، لتحقيق أهداف تعليمية محددة ترتبط مباشرة ببرامج ومقررات دراسية معينة لدى فئة محددة من المتعلمين أو الدارسين.
ما هي فوائد التلفزيون الرقمي؟
العديد من مشاهدي التلفزيون بدئوا هذه الأيام يتحولون من النظام القديم ذو التقنية التناظرية (الأساسية للتلفزيون والتي عرفت منذ أيام الحرب العالمية الثانية) إلى التقنية الرقمية الحديثة, فحصلوا بذلك على صور أوضح بكثيرة مما كانوا يحصلون عليها بالتلفزيون القديم ذو التقنية التناظرية.
وبالنسبة لمستخدمي هذه الخدمة قد تكون هي أفضل مزية للتلفزيون الرقمي وهذا هو ليس السبب الوحيد, ففي التلفزيون الرقمي الجديد سوف لن يكون هناك أشباح بالتلفزيون الرقمي ولا ثلج متساقط في الصورة كما كان دائما في التلفزيون التناظري القديم وبذلك سيعطي التلفزيون الرقمي الصورة المثالية, كما سيسمح التلفزيون الرقمي بإنتاج وتقديم شاشات أوسع أيضا, وبذلك أصبحت مشاهدة التلفزيون متعة حقيقية كما لو كانت مشاهدة حية في المسرح أو في صالة السينما.
لكن هذا ليس كل فوائد ومزايا البث الرقمي و التلفزيون الرقمي فمن طبيعة هذا النظام الرقمي استخدام موجة أصغر و ذلك يعني بأنه يمكن عصر عدة محطات للبث التلفزيوني على نفس طيف الإذاعي Broadcasting Spectrum، أو سيمكن الكيبل من حمل محطات أكثر ولخدمات أخرى متعددة.
الموجة المخفضة للتلفزيون الرقمي سيسمح للحكومة بتخصيص ترددات البث التلفزيوني السابقة إلى الاستعمالات الأخرى، مثل خدمات الإنترنت اللاسلكي.
مع كل النواحي الإيجابية للنظام الرقمي، هناك نقطة سلبية واحدة ولكنها مهمة، فعلى أية حال بالنسبة للبث الهوائي عبر الأثير سيستلم الناس إشاراتهم على الهواء وسيجدون بأن الصورة المستلمة دائما ستكون مثالية أو ستكون معدومة ولن يجدونها مطلقا, وذلك عند ضعف الإشارة أو يوجد ما يضعفها, ففي التلفزيون المتناظر، من المحتمل
This document discusses using MATLAB and a DSP processor for image processing and computer vision applications. It describes how MATLAB can be used to acquire images, analyze image content, and control actuators. However, image processing requires significant computational resources, so the code is run on a computer connected to a webcam rather than a microcontroller. The Texas Instruments TMS320C6713 DSK platform allows MATLAB codes to be implemented on a DSP processor for these types of applications. Example applications mentioned include medical imaging, object recognition, and robotic vision.
In the beginning, progressive enhancement was simple: HTML layered with CSS layered with JavaScript. That worked fine when there were two browsers, but in today's world of multiple devices and multiple browsers, it's time for a progressive enhancement reboot. At the core is the understanding that the web is not print - the same rules don't apply. As developers and consumers we've been fooled into thinking about print paradigms for too long. In this talk, you'll learn just how different the web is and how the evolution of progressive enhancement can lead to better user experiences as well as happier developers and users.
This deck is a conference-agnostic one, suitable to be shown anywhere without site-specific jokes!
Wavelet analysis involves representing a signal as a sum of wavelet functions of varying location and scale. Wavelet transforms allow for efficient video compression by removing spatial and temporal redundancies. Without compression, transmitting uncompressed video would require huge storage and bandwidth. Using wavelet compression, a day of video could be stored using the same space as an uncompressed minute. The discrete wavelet transform decomposes a signal into different frequency subbands, making it suitable for scalable and tolerant video compression standards like JPEG2000. Wavelet compression provides better quality at low bit rates compared to DCT techniques like JPEG.
This document is a final project report submitted by Sailendra Sagar Patra and Sandeep Kumar Panda to Biju Patnaik University of Technology in partial fulfillment of their B.Tech degree. The report details their work on developing a fingerprint recognition system based on minutiae matching. It describes the algorithms used for fingerprint enhancement, segmentation, minutiae extraction and matching. Results demonstrating the different steps are also provided and compared.
This document discusses key concepts in telecommunications network planning and traffic engineering. It covers:
- Types of random processes used to model network usage patterns like call arrival rates and durations.
- How traffic engineering balances factors like grade of service, resources, blocking vs. delay systems based on traffic amounts.
- Key metrics like erlangs, traffic intensity, busy hour, traffic volume that are used to quantify network usage and demand.
- Concepts like grade of service, blocking probability, and how they measure network performance during busy periods.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
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How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
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To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
Creative operations teams expect increased AI use in 2024. Currently, over half of tasks are not AI-enabled, but this is expected to decrease in the coming year. ChatGPT is the most popular AI tool currently. Business leaders are more actively exploring AI benefits than individual contributors. Most respondents do not believe AI will impact workforce size in 2024. However, some inhibitions still exist around AI accuracy and lack of understanding. Creatives primarily want to use AI to save time on mundane tasks and boost productivity.
Organizational culture includes values, norms, systems, symbols, language, assumptions, beliefs, and habits that influence employee behaviors and how people interpret those behaviors. It is important because culture can help or hinder a company's success. Some key aspects of Netflix's culture that help it achieve results include hiring smartly so every position has stars, focusing on attitude over just aptitude, and having a strict policy against peacocks, whiners, and jerks.
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024Neil Kimberley
PepsiCo provided a safe harbor statement noting that any forward-looking statements are based on currently available information and are subject to risks and uncertainties. It also provided information on non-GAAP measures and directing readers to its website for disclosure and reconciliation. The document then discussed PepsiCo's business overview, including that it is a global beverage and convenient food company with iconic brands, $91 billion in net revenue in 2023, and nearly $14 billion in core operating profit. It operates through a divisional structure with a focus on local consumers.
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)contently
This document provides an overview of content methodology best practices. It defines content methodology as establishing objectives, KPIs, and a culture of continuous learning and iteration. An effective methodology focuses on connecting with audiences, creating optimal content, and optimizing processes. It also discusses why a methodology is needed due to the competitive landscape, proliferation of channels, and opportunities for improvement. Components of an effective methodology include defining objectives and KPIs, audience analysis, identifying opportunities, and evaluating resources. The document concludes with recommendations around creating a content plan, testing and optimizing content over 90 days.
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024Albert Qian
The document provides guidance on preparing a job search for 2024. It discusses the state of the job market, focusing on growth in AI and healthcare but also continued layoffs. It recommends figuring out what you want to do by researching interests and skills, then conducting informational interviews. The job search should involve building a personal brand on LinkedIn, actively applying to jobs, tailoring resumes and interviews, maintaining job hunting as a habit, and continuing self-improvement. Once hired, the document advises setting new goals and keeping skills and networking active in case of future opportunities.
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
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Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
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With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
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Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
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During this webinar, Anand Bagmar demonstrates how AI tools such as ChatGPT can be applied to various stages of the software development life cycle (SDLC) using an eCommerce application case study. Find the on-demand recording and more info at https://applitools.info/b59
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* ChatGPT and OpenAI belong to OpenAI, L.L.C.
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...
Fingerprint_compression
1. Wavelet decomposition
has been finding its way
into various standards.
The earliest example
was the FBI fingerprint
image compression
standard.
V0.01(beta)
2. I Introduction
…
N • Fingerprints
Seminar
D … – Origin, properties, importance etc.
E – Sensing, compressing, storage, retrieving etc.
X
– Comparing, transmitting, software, hardware
O etc.
F – Etc. etc. etc.
T • Seminar topic
H – Compression of digital fingerprints for
I efficient storage and transmission.
S
S
E
M
I
N
A
R
FINGERPRINT IMAGE COMPRESSION 2
3. I Introduction
• What’s so unique about storing these images?
N
– It’s the number of files. 7 billion Globally D Its about application
and counting internationally, 200 million and E
specific compression
…
counting in the US alone. What’s so unique about
X
– It’s the mandatory quality.
Example of file size is
O
• Give an example of the size of the data for 1 F
fingerprint in raw format ?
– When a typical fingerprint card is scanned T
at 500 dpi, with eight bits/pixel, it results H
in about 10 Mb of data. I
– And that’s ~2000
S
terabytes of S
storage space E
in the US alone. M
I
N
A
R
FINGERPRINT IMAGE COMPRESSION 3
4. Introduction
• What exactly do we need? I
– Lossy compression method with graceful N
Its about application
D specific compression
degradation E …
– No artifacts in the reconstructed image What’s so unique about
X storing these images?
Example of file size is
O
• What should we use? F
10mb uncompressed
– Carefully designed lossy wavelet What exactly do we need?
compression that is designed to preserve T
minute details H
I
S
• What about the ISO JPEG ?
– ISO JPEG works on every image, here is S
an example E
M
I
N
A
R
FINGERPRINT IMAGE COMPRESSION 4
5. Introduction
• What about the ISO JPEG ? I
– ISO JPEG works on every image, first an N
Its about application
D specific compression
example of zoomed in original image E …
What’s so unique about
X storing these images?
Example of file size is
O 10mb uncompressed
F
What exactly do we need?
T
What should we use?
H
I
Ridge What about the ISO JPEG ?
S
S
Sweat E
pore M
I
N
A
589,824 bytes R
FINGERPRINT IMAGE COMPRESSION 5
6. Introduction
• What about the ISO JPEG ? Cont. I
– ISO JPEG works on every image, here is N
Its about application
D specific compression
an example of zoomed in JPEG image E …
What’s so unique about
X storing these images?
Example of file size is
O 10mb uncompressed
F
What exactly do we need?
T
? What should we use?
H
I
Ridge What about the ISO JPEG ?
S
S
Sweat E
Pore M
I
N
A
JPEG Image: 45,853 bytes, compression
R
ratio 12.9
FINGERPRINT IMAGE COMPRESSION 6
7. Introduction
• What is the solution ? I
– A Discrete wavelet transform & an N
Its about application
D specific compression
– Adaptive scalar quantization of the E …
quantization coefficients & What’s so unique about
X storing these images?
– A two pass Huffman coding of the Example of file size is
quantization indices O 10mb uncompressed
F
– Customizing the above 3 to this What exactly do we need?
application T
What should we use?
H
• What are two features of WSQ? I
What about the ISO JPEG ?
S
– Compression factor of about 20
What is the solution ?
(mandatory) S
– It’s a symmetric compression method E What are two features of
that is For WSQ Decoding is the opposite M WSQ?
of encoding I
N
A
R
FINGERPRINT IMAGE COMPRESSION 7
8. Introduction
• WSQ method, example image I
N
Its about application
D specific compression
E …
What’s so unique about
X storing these images?
Example of file size is
O 10mb uncompressed
F
What exactly do we need?
T
What should we use?
H
I
Ridge What about the ISO JPEG ?
S
What is the solution ?
S WSQ, no artifacts
Sweat E
Pore What are two features of
M WSQ?
I
N
A
WSQ image; file size 45621
R
bytes, compression ratio 12.9.
FINGERPRINT IMAGE COMPRESSION 8
9. Introduction
• What are the steps involved in encoding and I
decoding using WSQ? Cont. N
Its about application
D specific compression
– Overview of the 3 main steps E
What’s so unique about
X storing these images?
Example of file size is
O 10mb uncompressed
F
What exactly do we need?
High comp, Very Low loss
T
What should we use?
H Lossy wavelet compression
I
What about the ISO JPEG ?
S Too many artifacts
What is the solution ?
S 3 Main Steps
E What are the steps involved
M in WSQ?
I
N
A
R
FINGERPRINT IMAGE COMPRESSION 9
10. Introduction
• What do the wavelets look like DWT and I
IDWT blocks ? N
Its about application
D specific compression
– Analysis wavelet (left/top) and Analysis E
scaling function (right/bottom) for first X What’s so unique about
storing these images?
generation FBI WSQ
Example of file size is
O 10mb uncompressed
F
What exactly do we need?
High comp, Very Low loss
T
What should we use?
H Lossy wavelet compression
I
What about the ISO JPEG ?
S Too many artifacts
– Synthesis wavelet (left/top) and
What is the solution ?
Synthesis scaling function (right/bottom) S 3 Main Steps
E What are the steps involved
M in WSQ? Block diagram
I seen
What do the wavelets look
N like ? Mexican hats?
A
R
FINGERPRINT IMAGE COMPRESSION 10
11. Introduction
• Working of WSQ Encoder: DWT I
– Example, Source image: N
Its about application
D specific compression
E
What’s so unique about
X storing these images?
Example of file size is
O 10mb uncompressed
F
What exactly do we need?
High comp, Very Low loss
T
What should we use?
H Lossy wavelet compression
I
What about the ISO JPEG ?
S Too many artifacts
What is the solution ?
S 3 Main Steps,DWT,ASQ,HUF
E What are the steps involved
M in WSQ?
I Overview/Blockdiagram
What do the wavelets look
N like ? Signals chosen at
588,636 bytes A random
Working of WSQ ?
R
FINGERPRINT IMAGE COMPRESSION 11
12. Introduction
• Working of WSQ Encoder : DWT I
– Example, Sub-bands: N
Its about application
D specific compression
E
What’s so unique about
X storing these images?
Example of file size is
O 10mb uncompressed
F
What exactly do we need?
High comp, Very Low loss
T
What should we use?
H Lossy wavelet compression
I
What about the ISO JPEG ?
S Too many artifacts
What is the solution ?
S 3 Main Steps,DWT,ASQ,HUF
E What are the steps involved
M in WSQ?
I Overview/Blockdiagram
What do the wavelets look
N like ? Signals chosen at
A random
Working of WSQ
R
FINGERPRINT IMAGE COMPRESSION 12
13. Introduction
• Working of WSQ Encoder : DWT I
– Example, DWT Visual representation: N
Its about application
D specific compression
E
What’s so unique about
X storing these images?
Example of file size is
O 10mb uncompressed
F
What exactly do we need?
High comp, Very Low loss
T
What should we use?
H Lossy wavelet compression
I
What about the ISO JPEG ?
S Too many artifacts
What is the solution ?
S 3 Main Steps,DWT,ASQ,HUF
E What are the steps involved
M in WSQ?
I Overview/Blockdiagram
What do the wavelets look
N like ? Signals chosen at
A random
Working of WSQ
R
FINGERPRINT IMAGE COMPRESSION 13
14. Introduction
• Working of WSQ Encoder : Scalar I
Quantization N
Its about application
D specific compression
• ak(m, n) (i.e., a floating point coefficient E
in position (m, n) in subband k(0-63)) to X What’s so unique about
storing these images?
an index pk(m, n) (an integer)
Example of file size is
• Qk (width) is determined using O 10mb uncompressed
equations that use F
What exactly do we need?
constants(Ak)(corresponding to k) and High comp, Very Low loss
variance(σ) that are in turn determined T
What should we use?
H Lossy wavelet compression
by equations that use transform I
coefficients, heights, widths and S
What about the ISO JPEG ?
Too many artifacts
location of a sub band (k)
What is the solution ?
• Zk(Zero width) is taken as 1.2Qk S 3 Main Steps,DWT,ASQ,HUF
E What are the steps involved
M in WSQ?
I Overview/Blockdiagram
What do the wavelets look
N like ? Signals chosen at
A random
Working of WSQ
R
FINGERPRINT IMAGE COMPRESSION 14
15. I Introduction
N
Its about application
Huffman Group I D specific compression
Huffman
Table I E
Table II What’s so unique about
X storing these images?
Example of file size is
O 10mb uncompressed
FIRST SECOND F
BLOCK BLOCK What exactly do we need?
High comp, Very Low loss
THIRD BLOCK T
What should we use?
H Lossy wavelet compression
SECOND BLOCK I
What about the ISO JPEG ?
S Too many artifacts
What is the solution ?
S 3 Main Steps,DWT,ASQ,HUF
E What are the steps involved
M in WSQ?
Group II I Overview/Blockdiagram
What do the wavelets look
THIRD BLOCK DISCARDED N like ? Signals chosen at
A random
Working of WSQ
R
FINGERPRINT IMAGE COMPRESSION 15
16. I Introduction
Final FBI WSQ compressed image N
Its about application
D specific compression
32,702 bytes; compression ratio 18.0 E
What’s so unique about
X storing these images?
Example of file size is
O 10mb uncompressed
F
What exactly do we need?
High comp, Very Low loss
T
What should we use?
H Lossy wavelet compression
I
What about the ISO JPEG ?
S Too many artifacts
What is the solution ?
S 3 Main Steps,DWT,ASQ,HUF
E What are the steps involved
M in WSQ?
I Overview/Blockdiagram
What do the wavelets look
N like ? Signals chosen at
A random
Working of WSQ ?
R
Example Final Image
FINGERPRINT IMAGE COMPRESSION 16
17. Summary
• The Wavelet Scalar Quantization algorithm (WSQ)
is a compression algorithm used for gray-
scale fingerprint images.
• It is based on wavelet theory and has become a
standard for the exchange and storage of fingerprint
images.
• WSQ was developed by the FBI, the Los Alamos
National Laboratory, and the National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST).
• This compression method is preferred over standard
compression algorithms like JPEG because at the
same compression ratios WSQ doesn't present the
"blocking artifacts" and loss of fine-scale features
that are not acceptable for identification in financial
environments and criminal justice.
Fingerprint image compression 17
18. Suggestions / Tasks
• Some chapters in the book “Advances in
Fingerprint Technology “by Henry C. Lee and R. E.
Gaensslen provide good information on
History, detection, comparison etc. of fingerprints
• Learn more about wavelets the book “Conceptual
Wavelets in DSP” by Lee Fugal provides in depth
theoretical knowledge about wavelet technology
• Try find a wavelet better suited for any specific
application of your choice
Fingerprint image compression 18
One of the Earliest use of wavelets was by the FBI for a fingerprint image compression standard.Before starting Note,these slides are organized into 3 parts.Introduction, summary of the working, conclusion.
Also note the layout of this template. The smaller text boxesdisplays the sub topic of what has been spoken.They are updated with every slide.The bigger text box contains what is being spoken.Of all the various sub-topics in the subject of fingerprints, these slides are an introduction to fingerprint compression.
FBI in the US has been collecting fingerprints in print format since 1924.They have close to 200 million of these and don’t want to get rid of them.Hence there is a need to digitize them.And looking at the example image of one of FBI’s print record, one would think that lossless compression is a must because of the fine details that are present in a fingerprint.But lossless compression produces typical compression ratio’s of 0.5. However compression of just 1bit per pixel is needed for feasible storage.Seeing the total data of 2000 terabytes in the US alone, one can conclude that losslesscompression with high compression ratio is a must.
Most lossy image compression models involve the loss of fine details and this is not acceptable in this case. Since fine details like sweat pores are important points of identification in court. This is were wavelets come into the picture.Now if a lossy wavelet scheme is carefully designed it can satisfy both efficient compression and mild degradation of fine details while keeping the fine details identifiable.But first lets see what goes wrong with the JPEG standard when compressing fingerprints.
In this example you are seeing a zoomed up image of a 500dpi fingerprint image. It is pixelated since its zoomed 4x into the core of the image. Please look at the two typical identification marks. The gap between the black lines, where there is a flesh island is called a ridge. And the tiny white spots are called sweat pores. These details are just a few pixels wide and this means the compression algorithm must retain the quality right down to the original quality. Most of the algorithms throw these high frequency details out. Now lets take a look at the JPEG compression.
Not very attractive for what's supposed to be an archived image quality. The fine details are pretty much history. And the whole image has these blocky pattern superimposed on it. These typical outcomes of the JPEG compression is intolerable, Automated systems fail thereby ruling out its use. Lets take a look at the solution.
WSQ stands for Wavelet / scalar quantization.This is an application specific compression scheme.The encoder consists of 3 blocks a SDWT block, an adaptive scalar quantization block and a Huffman encoder block.The use of SDWT enables the decoding to be the reverse of encoding.Lets look at the same zoomed up example image after applying WSQ
This is the same image compressed using WSQ method. The result is much better quality than JPEG. The compression ratio is 12.9:1 and the fine details are still preserved without the blocking artifacts. The next slides we see the arrangement of these three steps to get an overview.
In the DWT step, the fingerprint image is split into 64 sub bands by a discrete wavelet transform. The DWT outputs a precise floating point output that is truncated at the adaptive scalar quantizer step. This marks the irreversible lossy part of the process.In the 3rd step, the Quantized DWT output is Huffman encoded. This further minimizes the number of bits to be transmitted.For reconstruction the encoding is undone by huffmandecoder,ScalarDequantizer and an IDWT finally. Next slide we look at the wavelets selected by the FBI for this purpose.
Dilations and translations of these wavelet’s are used.The first two images are the analysis wavelet, that is the highpass filter and the analysis scaling function that is the lowpass filter in the WSQ encoder.For putting the signal back, a different wavelet/scaling pair is used, the bottom two images represent the wavelet and scaling function for synthesis.There are actually many different wavelets available and new ones being found all the time, but selecting one for a specific application is still an inexact science and depends on a lot of trial and error. However these are proven performers and hence it is set as the standard. Lets look at the summary of the working.
This is an example uncompressed image of a fingerprint.Step 1 :Wavelet image decomposition: This occurs in the DWT Block. Apply DWT to image rows and columnsThis result in 4 x 4 = 16 sub bands thenApply DWT to 3 of the sixteen sub bandsThe result is 3 more 4x4 = 16 sub bands thenThe last step of step 1 is to decompose the top left to 4 smaller sub bands..The sub bands consist of the following Sub bands, 51-63 information of the image are heavily quantized since they contain no information that are needed to classify and identify fingerprints.Sub-bands 60-63 is discarded as they have no purpose in the given application.Sub-bands 7-18 contain the portion of frequencies that correspond to the ridges in a finger print, here quantization must be very light. The 64 sub bands contain transform or wavelet coefficientscorresponding to each pixel which are floating point numbers. After quantization to a finite set of floating point numbers,they are called quantized wavelet coefficientsThe original image (589824 pixels) has been decomposed into 64 different subbands containing a total of 589824 DWT coefficients. For visualization purposes these 64 subbands are put together in a single large array that's exactly the same size as the original image.
This is an example uncompressed image of a fingerprint.Step 1 :Wavelet image decomposition: This occurs in the DWT Block. Apply DWT to image rows and columnsThis result in 4 x 4 = 16 sub bands thenApply DWT to 3 of the sixteen sub bandsThe result is 3 more 4x4 = 16 sub bands thenThe last step of step 1 is to decompose the top left to 4 smaller sub bands..The sub bands consist of the following Sub bands, 51-63 information of the image are heavily quantized since they contain no information that are needed to classify and identify fingerprints.Sub-bands 60-63 is discarded as they have no purpose in the given application.Sub-bands 7-18 contain the portion of frequencies that correspond to the ridges in a finger print, here quantization must be very light. The 64 sub bands contain transform or wavelet coefficientscorresponding to each pixel which are floating point numbers. After quantization to a finite set of floating point numbers,they are called quantized wavelet coefficientsThe original image (589824 pixels) has been decomposed into 64 different subbands containing a total of 589824 DWT coefficients. For visualization purposes these 64 subbands are put together in a single large array that's exactly the same size as the original image.
This is an example uncompressed image of a fingerprint.Step 1 :Wavelet image decomposition: This occurs in the DWT Block. Apply DWT to image rows and columnsThis result in 4 x 4 = 16 sub bands thenApply DWT to 3 of the sixteen sub bandsThe result is 3 more 4x4 = 16 sub bands thenThe last step of step 1 is to decompose the top left to 4 smaller sub bands..The sub bands consist of the following Sub bands, 51-63 information of the image are heavily quantized since they contain no information that are needed to classify and identify fingerprints.Sub-bands 60-63 is discarded as they have no purpose in the given application.Sub-bands 7-18 contain the portion of frequencies that correspond to the ridges in a finger print, here quantization must be very light. The 64 sub bands contain transform or wavelet coefficientscorresponding to each pixel which are floating point numbers. After quantization to a finite set of floating point numbers,they are called quantized wavelet coefficientsThe original image (589824 pixels) has been decomposed into 64 different subbands containing a total of 589824 DWT coefficients. For visualization purposes these 64 subbands are put together in a single large array that's exactly the same size as the original image.
Step 2:WSQ’s scalar quantizer maps a floating point wavelet transform coefficient ak onto a quantization index pk which is an integer at subband k and location m,n. Integer Index can be looked at as a integer pointer that points to a quantization table where a floating point wavelet coefficient lies.The quantization has parameters that vary from subband to subband, since different subbands have different quantization requirements.
After calculating pk, it maps these pkto the 254 codes shown. There are three groups.The first group indicates run length of 1 to 100 zero index's.The second group indicates small index's, in the range [−73, +74]. The third group indicates large indexes of more than 100 zero index's.Step 3: These values 1 to 254 are coded using Huffman codesThe standard adopted by the FBI specifies that 64 subbands be grouped into three blocks and all the subbands in a block use the same Huffman code table. The first block consists of the low- and mid-frequency subbands 0–18. The second block and third block contains high freqsubbands 19–51 and 52–59 respectively.Subbands 60–63 are completely discarded as the information contained is irrelevant to the application.Two Huffman code tables are prepared: one for the first block and the other for the second and third blocks.Huffman code table for a block of subbands is prepared by counting the number of times each of the 254 codes appears in the block. The counts are used to determine the length of each code and to construct the Huffman code tree. It is done in a way similar to the use of the Huffman code by JPEG.
The Wavelet Scalar Quantization algorithm (WSQ) is a compression algorithm used for gray-scale fingerprint images. It is based on wavelet theory and has become a standard for the exchange and storage of fingerprint images. WSQ was developed by the FBI, the Los Alamos National Laboratory, and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).This compression method is preferred over standard compression algorithms like JPEG because at the same compression ratios WSQ doesn't present the "blocking artifacts" and loss of fine-scale features that are not acceptable for identification in financial environments and criminal justice.