Financial modeling in Excel for Business Analysts and Consultants
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As a business analysts or a consultant you will have to from time to time create financial models. There are a bit different than business models. In business models you go into details of operations and you focus on getting the links on the KPIs. Those models are usually done for internal purposes, to manage in the right direction the business. Financial models on the other hand are more for external users. You concentrate in them on creating the picture of the business in a standardized, understood by everybody way. You also want to create the financial statements: profit & loss statement, balance sheet statement, cash flow statement. On top of that you use the financial statements for valuation purposes. The most typical situation when, as a business analyst or a consultant, you will have to prepare such a model are connected with selling or purchasing a company. You may be doing it on the sell side or on the buy side. Financial modeling is done as a part of strategy projects, turn around projects, due diligence. I will NOT teach you everything on financial modelling because it is simply not efficient (and frankly you don’t need it). This course is organized around 80/20 rule and I want to teach you the most useful (from business analyst / consultant perspective) ways to go as fast as possible from rough description to working model in Excel that you can make more and more complicated. The aim of this course is that you are able to do a financial model of the business as fast as possible.
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Financial modeling in Excel for Business Analysts and Consultants
- 1. 1 Financial Modeling in Excel for Business Analysts and Consultants Step by step practical guide
- 3. 3 In this presentation I will show you how to create and analyze financial model in Excel
- 4. 4 We will use real life example of company producing hand- made products from clay
- 5. 5 I will show you the steps that will enable you to get from estimation of separate cost and balance sheet position into 3 financial statements Sales M&E External services Taxes & Payments Payroll Taxes Other CAPEX Depreciation – 6 groups Working Capital Debt Equity changes Profit & Loss Balance Sheet Cash Flow
- 6. 6 What we will talk about in this presentation is organized in the following sections Profit and Loss modelling Capex and Depreciation Working Capital Debt AnalysesCash flow modeling Balance sheet modeling Equity
- 7. 7 What I will show in this presentation is a part of extensive on-line course where I show you in details how to do it in Excel and you can download the models in Excel Financial Modeling for Business Analysts and Consultants $45 $15 Click to check my course
- 8. 8 Before we start remember there are 2 types of models that you will be building. In this presentation we will talk only about financial models Financial Model Business model Mainly done for budgeting and valuation Mainly done managing business, searching for opportunities Financial models look very similar Business models are specific to the company, the industry and the business model Used heavily for external purposes: talk with the Supervisor Board, banks, future investors, auditors Used heavily for internal purposes: planning, looking for opportunities, analyzing performance Generates financial statements: P&L, BS, CF Is driven by many KPIs and quantitative elements. Shows in-depth relation between KPIs Has some KPIs and quantitative elements
- 9. 9 If you want to learn more about on-line business models go to the following presentation Business models Practical guide for startups and entrepreneurs presentation
- 10. 10 Let’s start with the first section Profit and Loss modelling Capex and Depreciation Working Capital Debt AnalysesCash flow modeling Balance sheet modeling Equity
- 11. 11 Profit and Loss modelling
- 12. 12 We will start with modelling the cost position of profit and loss statement. Once we are done with it we will link it to profit an loss Sales M&E External services Taxes & Payments Payroll Taxes Other CAPEX Depreciation – 6 groups Working Capital Debt Equity changes Profit & Loss Balance Sheet Cash Flow
- 13. 13 We will use real life example of company producing hand- made products from clay Ceramic dishes Ceramic chimneys Ceramic tubes Ceramic pots
- 15. 15 For every category of sales you should have estimation of quantity sold as well as the average price. You also should have some assumption on growth (both of price as well as quantity sold) Ceramic dishes sales # of dishes sold at the beginning Average price at the beginning % growth in volume in next years % growth of average price in next years
- 16. 16 On the basis of this assumption you should create a separate sheet with sales forecast
- 18. 18 We estimate separately materials and energy in the sheet M&E. First we divide into Fixed and Variable. Variables we estimate as a percentage of sales Materials & Energy Materials Energy Fixed Variable Sales % of sales Fixed Variable Sales % of sales
- 19. 19 On the basis of this assumption you should create a separate sheet with Material and Energy estimation
- 20. 20 The data on sales value and volume should be fed from Sales sheet to M&E sheet (Material and Energy estimation) Sales M&E Sales Value Sales Volume
- 21. 21 Payroll and social security Costs
- 22. 22 Now we move to the Payroll. We divide it into Head Office and Production Payroll Costs Head Office Direct Production # of employees Average salary % growth of salary # of employees Average salary % growth of salary
- 23. 23 Social security are usually estimated in relation to payroll costs. In our case we assume 27% of estimated previously costs Social security costs Payroll Costs= 27% x
- 24. 24 On the basis of this assumption you should create a separate sheet For Payroll and social securities sheet
- 26. 26 We now estimate External services. We divided them into fixed and variable part. Variable is estimated as a percentage of Sales External Services Fixed Variable Bought in Country Imported Sales % Sales
- 27. 27 On the basis of this assumption you should create a separate sheet with External services estimation
- 28. 28 The data on sales value should be fed from Sales sheet to External services sheet Sales External services Sales Value
- 30. 30 When it comes to assets the problem is that they have 3 different components that you have to track. On top of that every asset has to be tracked separately DepreciationGross book value Net book value
- 31. 31 We get the net book value by deducting from gross book value the sum of all depreciation ever done Sum of all Depreciation Gross book value Net book value=_
- 32. 32 We first divide the fixed assets into 6 groups Fixed Assets Land Transportation Intangibles Buildings Equipment and Machinery Others
- 33. 33 Every group has its own sheet where we estimate the gross value, depreciation on net value. Below example for Intangibles. As you can see this has to be done by years in which the asset was bought
- 34. 34 After we are done with each and other type of asset we can summarize the date in the sheet FA Summary
- 35. 35 Below you can see how the data flows from the sheets where we have estimation for each and every group of assets to FA Summary and later on to Balance sheet (BS) and Profit & Loss account (P&L) CAPEX FA Intangibles FA Machinery FA Transp eqmt FA Other FA Summary P&L BS FA Buildings Depreciation Net book value
- 36. 36 More details you can find in my on-line course where you can you will see how to do it in Excel and you can download the models in Excel Financial Modeling for Business Analysts and Consultants $45 $15 Click to check my course
- 38. 38 Companies pay taxes and payments (especially local ones) that go into costs. We assumed them to be fixed
- 39. 39 Other costs and revenues
- 40. 40 We estimate other costs and revenues as a percentage of sales Other costs by type Sales % of Sales Other operating costs Sales % of Sales Other operating revenues Sales % of Sales
- 41. 41 On the basis of this assumption you should create a separate sheet for Other costs and revenues
- 42. 42 Profit & Loss statement
- 43. 43 We get the Profit and Loss sheet projection in a separate sheet by feeding in the data from other sheets
- 44. 44 Let’s go to next section Profit and Loss modelling Capex and Depreciation Working Capital Debt AnalysesCash flow modeling Balance sheet modeling Equity
- 46. 46 Working capital consists of 4 major groups of components Inventory Working Capital Materials WIP Goods Finished Products Receivables Payments in advance for deliveries Trade receivables Other receivables Receivables resulting from taxes, subsidies Short term accruals Liabilities Trade liabilities Prepayments for deliveries Liabilities resulting from taxes, charges Liabilities resulting from salaries Accruals Cash and equivalents
- 47. 47 We will draw data from other profit and loss sheets and on the basis of the data we will calculate the working capital positions that in turn will be fed into Balance and sheet as assets or liabilities P&L Sales External Services Other Working Capital BS - Assets BS - Liabilities M&E Assets Liabilities
- 48. 48 When it comes to assets the problem is that they have 3 different components that you have to track. On top of that every asset has to be tracked separately Turnover rotation in days Basis i.e. sales / operating costs / materials Position of Working capital i.e. inventory / receivables =x 365÷
- 49. 49 On the basis of this assumption you should create a separate sheet for working capital
- 50. 50 More details you can find in my on-line course where you can you will see how to do it in Excel and you can download the models in Excel Financial Modeling for Business Analysts and Consultants $45 $15 Click to check my course
- 51. 51 Let’s go to next section Profit and Loss modelling Capex and Depreciation Working Capital Debt AnalysesCash flow modeling Balance sheet modeling Equity
- 52. 52 Debt
- 53. 53 When it comes to debt we have 2 loans. For the balance sheet statement we have to divide it into short term and long term part Debt Old loan New Loan Short-term part Long-term part Short-term part % Sales
- 54. 54 In a separate sheet we estimate the opening balance and the ending balance of each and one of the loans (on the basis of assumed payment schedule). This allows also to estimate interest paid on the loans
- 55. 55 Let’s go to next section Profit and Loss modelling Capex and Depreciation Working Capital Debt AnalysesCash flow modeling Balance sheet modeling Equity
- 56. 56 Equity
- 57. 57 In a separate sheet we model all the relations with the owners like dividend policies, contribution to be paid, etc.
- 58. 58 Let’s go to next section Profit and Loss modelling Capex and Depreciation Working Capital Debt AnalysesCash flow modeling Balance sheet modeling Equity
- 59. 59 Balance sheet
- 60. 60 Once we have the Assets modeled in FA summary as well as the most of the position of the Current Assets in Working Capital we get everything together Balance sheet Total Assets Total Liabilities Fixed assets Current Assets Equity Liabilities
- 61. 61 For the categories we get the date from the separate sheets Balance sheet Total Assets Total Liabilities Fixed assets Current Assets Equity Liabilities FA Summary Working Cap SC Working Cap Debt
- 62. 62 The only thing we are missing is the cash. We did it on purpose and there is a nice way to estimate the cash position and still the model be consistent
- 63. 63 You have to get Assets equal to Liabilities in Balance Sheet. You achieve it by not modelling the cash but by calculating it as a difference between Liabilities and all other assets (except for Cash) FA Summary BS – Assets (w/o Cash) Working Cap Debt P&L (Profit) Working Cap BS – Liabilities SC (Equity) Cash =
- 64. 64 You have to get Assets equal to Liabilities in Balance Sheet. You achieve it by not modelling the cash but by calculating it as a difference between Liabilities and all other assets (except for Cash) Cash = BS – Liabilities BS – Assets (w/o Cash) -
- 65. 65 We get the Balance sheet projection in a separate sheet
- 66. 66 Let’s go to next section Profit and Loss modelling Capex and Depreciation Working Capital Debt AnalysesCash flow modeling Balance sheet modeling Equity
- 67. 67 Cash Flow
- 68. 68 In Cash flow you try to divide the CF into 4 parts Investment CF CF Operating activities CF Financial CF CF to / from shareholders CF
- 69. 69 We will try to get from Net profit to the Cash position Net profit Change in Cash and cash equivalents CF Change in Cash and cash equivalents BS=
- 70. 70 We will estimate CF on 4 different levels FA Summary CF – Operating Activities P&L Deprecation Difference between Interest earned and paid BS Change in inventories, receivables Change in provisions, short-term liabilities, prepayments and accruals Other adjustments CF – before financial activities Disposal of intangible and tangible fixed assets CAPEX Capital expenditure CF – Free cash flows to equity Change in bank and other loans P&L Interest paid and earned CF – Free cash flows to firm SC Shareholder-related payments and contributions Gross dividend paid Investment CF Financial CF CF related to shareholders
- 71. 71 We get the Cash flow projection in a separate sheet
- 72. 72 Let’s go to final section Profit and Loss modelling Capex and Depreciation Working Capital Debt AnalysesCash flow modeling Balance sheet modeling Equity
- 73. 73 Analyses
- 74. 74 So we managed to get integrated model that we can play with and see what can we do further with our company P&L Sales External Services Other CF BS FA Summary M&E Debt Work Cap SC Payroll FA Summary Taxes & Payments CAPEX
- 75. 75 Now you can finally analyze a lot of things using this model Estimate the value of the business Check what change in sales can do to the cash position Check what change in cost can do to profitability of the business Play with financing structure Estimate the boundaries of the business Use it as a tool during due diligence Use the model to get financing for acquiring the business Play with the dividend policy
- 76. 76 More details you can find in my on-line course where you can you will see how to do it in Excel and you can download the models in Excel Financial Modeling for Business Analysts and Consultants $45 $15 Click to check my course
- 77. 77 You can also find useful some tips on Excel Essential Excel for Business Analysts and Consultants A practical guide presentation
- 78. 78 Check also business modeling in Excel Business models Practical guide for startups and entrepreneurs presentation
- 79. 79 I recommend also looking at some techniques to improve your business. Click on the cover below to go to the presentation How to become world class analyst A practical guide presentation
- 80. 80 ….and how to perform market research Market research Practical guide for startups and entrepreneurs presentation
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- 84. 84 Check my presentation on restaurant business model to understand it properly How to open a successful restaurant A practical guide presentation
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