The document provides financial information about Zip Zap Zoom Car Company over several years. It discusses the company's need to invest in upgrading technology and facilities to compete with increasing competition. It presents two views on determining the company's additional debt capacity. Mr. Shortsighted assumes a maximum 10% reduction in sales and 6% reduction in prices during a recession, and calculates the company can service Rs. 100 crore of additional debt. Mr. Longsighted argues a more probabilistic analysis of cash flows is needed that accounts for dividend payments and continued R&D/marketing spending. His analysis finds the company can service an additional Rs. 35 crore of debt while maintaining a 10% dividend with 95% certainty of adequate
Despite some progress in advancing the agenda on aid effectiveness for development results,
trade unions contend that much more needs to be done if the Paris Declaration/Accra agenda for action processes are to move significantly forward in terms of real development effectiveness.
Given the shortcomings of the neo-liberal paradigm that has dominated development policy-making and caused persistent poverty and a huge decent work deficit, trade unions call for a
more comprehensive development paradigm that shifts from aid to development effectiveness.
Development effectiveness is defined by trade unions as the generation of positive social
outcomes in terms of decent work, social protection, social dialogue, respect for human and
trade union rights, gender equality, environmental sustainability, and the enjoyment of decent livelihoods and well being by all. To achieve development effectiveness, trade unions call for the adoption by the Fourth High Level Forum of a Busan Declaration on Development
Effectiveness which should address three major goals:
I) Achieving development effectiveness,
II) Realizing the commitments made on aid effectiveness, and
III) Supporting trade union and CSO’s as development actors in their own right.
Short note on Quality Circle. The concept of quality circle is not confined to education only , it has to be learnt by all executive member. The brief note will help to get an insight on the concept of Quality Circle.
Despite some progress in advancing the agenda on aid effectiveness for development results,
trade unions contend that much more needs to be done if the Paris Declaration/Accra agenda for action processes are to move significantly forward in terms of real development effectiveness.
Given the shortcomings of the neo-liberal paradigm that has dominated development policy-making and caused persistent poverty and a huge decent work deficit, trade unions call for a
more comprehensive development paradigm that shifts from aid to development effectiveness.
Development effectiveness is defined by trade unions as the generation of positive social
outcomes in terms of decent work, social protection, social dialogue, respect for human and
trade union rights, gender equality, environmental sustainability, and the enjoyment of decent livelihoods and well being by all. To achieve development effectiveness, trade unions call for the adoption by the Fourth High Level Forum of a Busan Declaration on Development
Effectiveness which should address three major goals:
I) Achieving development effectiveness,
II) Realizing the commitments made on aid effectiveness, and
III) Supporting trade union and CSO’s as development actors in their own right.
Short note on Quality Circle. The concept of quality circle is not confined to education only , it has to be learnt by all executive member. The brief note will help to get an insight on the concept of Quality Circle.
Hi Friends
This is supa bouy
I am a mentor, Friend for all Management Aspirants, Any query related to anything in Management, Do write me @ supabuoy@gmail.com.
I will try to assist the best way I can.
Cheers to lyf…!!!
Supa Bouy
Its will define a topic that is "Monlighting"
What are types, Strategies, News Regarding Moonlighting.
The most important thing about this topic is, it is most hot topic in these days and people are looking for its solution. Moonlighting is commonly used practice by so many working professionals and most of the people are working in two places to have some extra penny in their pocket.
Hi Friends
This is supa bouy
I am a mentor, Friend for all Management Aspirants, Any query related to anything in Management, Do write me @ supabuoy@gmail.com.
I will try to assist the best way I can.
Cheers to lyf…!!!
Supa Bouy
Its will define a topic that is "Monlighting"
What are types, Strategies, News Regarding Moonlighting.
The most important thing about this topic is, it is most hot topic in these days and people are looking for its solution. Moonlighting is commonly used practice by so many working professionals and most of the people are working in two places to have some extra penny in their pocket.
Valorisez vos évènements grâce aux réseaux sociauxWebpatron
Salons professionnels, ateliers, conférences, réunion de clubs, etc. Chaque évènement professionnel est l'occasion d'augmenter sa notoriété et soigner sa réputation. Lors de cette matinale organisée par la CCI de Rennes le 14 novembre 2013, nous avons passé en revue quelques actions faciles à mettre en oeuvre pour valoriser l'organisation ou la simple participation à des évènements.
Le Contenu Marketing pour valoriser votre entreprise sur InternetWordMedia
Le contenu marketing pour valoriser pour entreprise sur internet. Support présentation atelier UPE06 par Sébastien Thubet fondateur de WordMedia agence dédiée aux stratégies digitales des entreprises.
Strategies To Overcome Bankruptcy PowerPoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Strategies To Overcome Bankruptcy PowerPoint Presentation Slides is a virtual solution for astute business professionals. Our well-structured PowerPoint theme is suitable to showcase strategies to avoid bankruptcy. Elaborate on the influence of bankruptcy on an organization and illustrate ways to settle outstanding debts. Elucidate the financial health from the last 3 years, current risk areas, and unsettled liabilities to represent the present scenario. Utilize our issues of bankruptcy PPT template deck to present a detailed financial investigation. Portray key financial ratios, income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow statement. Our challenges of insolvency PowerPoint presentation help you in consolidating the impact, and future forecast after implementing strategies on the organization. Employ tabular format to compile methods of communicating with the stakeholders. Describe bankruptcy risk identification and mitigation strategies through this PPT slideshow. Address the bankruptcy process including the filing procedures and consequences. So, hit the button and begin instant personalization. Our Strategies To Overcome Bankruptcy PowerPoint Presentation Slides are explicit and effective. They combine clarity and concise expression. https://bit.ly/386saCu
SBI Equity Savings Fund: A Hybrid Mutual Fund Scheme - Nov 17SBI Mutual Fund
SBI Equity Savings Fund is an open-ended equity scheme which involves low risk hybrid strategies.This fund operates in a tax-efficient manner. SBI Equity Savings Fund aims to generate income by investing in arbitrage opportunities in the cash and derivatives segment of the equity market. It also aims to generate capital appreciation through a moderate exposure in equity. Learn more about SBI Equity Savings Fund at https://www.sbimf.com/en-us/hybrid-schemes/sbi-equity-savings-fund
Financial Management
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SBI Equity Savings Fund: A Hybrid Mutual Fund Scheme - Sep 17SBI Mutual Fund
SBI Equity Savings Fund is an open-ended equity scheme which involves low risk hybrid strategies.This fund operates in a tax-efficient manner. SBI Equity Savings Fund aims to generate income by investing in arbitrage opportunities in the cash and derivatives segment of the equity market. It also aims to generate capital appreciation through a moderate exposure in equity. Learn more about SBI Equity Savings Fund at https://www.sbimf.com/en-us/hybrid-schemes/sbi-equity-savings-fund"
Young Chartered Accountants - New Age CAs, A New Age PowerNeha Sharma
The profession of chartered accountants has enrolled a large number of students in last 7 years and accordingly the number of young bright students who are qualifying as chartered accountants has also grown significantly. This is being seen as a major challenge for the entire profession. We perceive this as a major opportunity not only for the profession, the young chartered accountants, and young C.A. students but also for the entire nation - our motherland INDIA.
Management of Financial Institutions (VV2)
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Explain the concept of financial leverage.
Discuss the alternative measures of financial leverage.
Understand the risk and return implications of financial leverage.
Analyse the combined effect of financial and operating leverage.
Highlight the difference between operating risk and financial risk.
Omnicom Should Be On Value Investor & Activist Investors' Radar ScreenJeff Lawrence
Like many value stocks, Omnicom is materially undervalued relative to its intrinsic value. However, it is also unique because its stable ROIC / EVA has not, historically, been reflected in its relative stock price nor its equity beta.
Resolving these inconsistencies may require a material reduction in its excess cash holdings and/or additional corporate governance reform. It is not inconceivable that an activist investor will be drawn to the company, despite its status as a large cap stock.
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
Financial Assets: Debit vs Equity Securities.pptxWrito-Finance
financial assets represent claim for future benefit or cash. Financial assets are formed by establishing contracts between participants. These financial assets are used for collection of huge amounts of money for business purposes.
Two major Types: Debt Securities and Equity Securities.
Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
• The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
• The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
• The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
• Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
There are no fixed maturity dates in such securities, and asset’s value is determined by company’s performance. There are two major types of equity securities: common stock and preferred stock.
Common Stock: These are simple equity securities and bear no complexities which the preferred stock bears. Holders of such securities or instrument have the voting rights when it comes to select the company’s board of director or the business decisions to be made.
Preferred Stock: Preferred stocks are sometime referred to as hybrid securities, because it contains elements of both debit security and equity security. Preferred stock confers ownership rights to security holder that is why it is equity instrument
<a href="https://www.writofinance.com/equity-securities-features-types-risk/" >Equity securities </a> as a whole is used for capital funding for companies. Companies have multiple expenses to cover. Potential growth of company is required in competitive market. So, these securities are used for capital generation, and then uses it for company’s growth.
Concluding remarks
Both are employed in business. Businesses are often established through debit securities, then what is the need for equity securities. Companies have to cover multiple expenses and expansion of business. They can also use equity instruments for repayment of debits. So, there are multiple uses for securities. As an investor, you need tools for analysis. Investment decisions are made by carefully analyzing the market. For better analysis of the stock market, investors often employ financial analysis of companies.
Currently pi network is not tradable on binance or any other exchange because we are still in the enclosed mainnet.
Right now the only way to sell pi coins is by trading with a verified merchant.
What is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone verified by pi network team and allowed to barter pi coins for goods and services.
Since pi network is not doing any pre-sale The only way exchanges like binance/huobi or crypto whales can get pi is by buying from miners. And a merchant stands in between the exchanges and the miners.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant. I and my friends has traded more than 6000pi coins successfully
Tele-gram
@Pi_vendor_247
Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
Buying/Selling or investing in pi network coins is highly possible through the help of vendors. You can buy from vendors[ buy directly from the pi network miners and resell it]. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Quotidiano Piemontese
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank Introduce New Co-Branded Credit Cardnickysharmasucks
The unveiling of the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card marks a notable milestone in the Indian financial landscape, showcasing a successful partnership between two leading institutions, Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank. This co-branded credit card not only offers users a plethora of benefits but also reflects a commitment to innovation and adaptation. With a focus on providing value-driven and customer-centric solutions, this launch represents more than just a new product—it signifies a step towards redefining the banking experience for millions. Promising convenience, rewards, and a touch of luxury in everyday financial transactions, this collaboration aims to cater to the evolving needs of customers and set new standards in the industry.
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
where can I find a legit pi merchant onlineDOT TECH
Yes. This is very easy what you need is a recommendation from someone who has successfully traded pi coins before with a merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold thousands of pi coins before the open mainnet.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
1. Attempt Only Five Case Study
Case 1: Zip Zap Zoom Car Company
Zip Zap Zoom Company Ltd is into manufacturing cars in the small car (800 cc)
segment. It was set up 15 years back and since its establishment it has seen a
phenomenal growth in both its market and profitability. Its financial statements are
shown in Exhibits 1 and 2 respectively.
The company enjoys the confidence of its shareholders who have been rewarded
with growing dividends year after year. Last year, the company had announced 20 per
cent dividend, which was the highest in the automobile sector. The company has never
defaulted on its loan payments and enjoys a favourable face with its lenders, which
include financial institutions, commercial banks and debenture holders.
The competition in the car industry has increased in the past few years and the
company foresees further intensification of competition with the entry of several foreign
car manufactures many of them being market leaders in their respective countries. The
small car segment especially, will witness entry of foreign majors in the near future, with
latest technology being offered to the Indian customer. The Zip Zap Zoom’s senior
management realizes the need for large scale investment in up gradation of technology
and improvement of manufacturing facilities to pre-empt competition.
Whereas on the one hand, the competition in the car industry has been
intensifying, on the other hand, there has been a slowdown in the Indian economy, which
has not only reduced the demand for cars, but has also led to adoption of price cutting
strategies by various car manufactures. The industry indicators predict that the economy
is gradually slipping into recession.
2. Exhibit 1 Balance sheet as at March 31,200 x
(Amount in Rs. Crore)
Source of Funds
Share capital 350
Reserves and surplus 250 600
Loans :
Debentures (@ 14%) 50
Institutional borrowing (@ 10%) 100
Commercial loans (@ 12%) 250
Total debt 400
Current liabilities 200
1,200
Application of Funds
Fixed Assets
Gross block 1,000
Less : Depreciation 250
Net block 750
Capital WIP 190
Total Fixed Assets 940
Current assets :
Inventory 200
Sundry debtors 40
Cash and bank balance 10
Other current assets 10
Total current assets 260
-1200
Exhibit 2 Profit and Loss Account for the year ended March 31, 200x
(Amount in Rs. Crore)
3. Sales revenue (80,000 units x Rs. 2,50,000) 2,000.0
Operating expenditure :
Variable cost :
Raw material and manufacturing expenses 1,300.0
Variable overheads 100.0
Total
1,400.0
Fixed cost :
R & D 20.0
Marketing and advertising 25.0
Depreciation 250.0
Personnel 70.0
Total
365.0
Total operating expenditure 1,765.0
Operating profits (EBIT)
235.0
Financial expense :
Interest on debentures 7.7
Interest on institutional borrowings 11.0
Interest on commercial loan 33.0 51.7
Earnings before tax (EBT) 183.3
Tax (@ 35%) 64.2
Earnings after tax (EAT) 119.1
Dividends 70.0
Debt redemption (sinking fund obligation)** 40.0
Contribution to reserves and surplus 9.1
* Includes the cost of inventory and work in process (W.P) which is dependent on
demand (sales).
** The loans have to be retired in the next ten years and the firm redeems Rs. 40
crore every year.
The company is faced with the problem of deciding how much to invest in up
gradation of its plans and technology. Capital investment up to a maximum of Rs. 100
crore is required. The problem areas are three-fold.
1 The company cannot forgo the capital investment as that could lead to reduction
in its market share as technological competence in this industry is a must and
customers would shift to manufactures providing latest in car technology.
2 The company does not want to issue new equity shares and its retained earning
are not enough for such a large investment. Thus, the only option is raising debt.
4. 3 The company wants to limit its additional debt to a level that it can service
without taking undue risks. With the looming recession and uncertain market
conditions, the company perceives that additional fixed obligations could become
a cause of financial distress, and thus, wants to determine its additional debt
capacity to meet the investment requirements.
Mr. Shortsighted, the company’s Finance Manager, is given the task of determining
the additional debt that the firm can raise. He thinks that the firm can raise Rs. 100 crore
worth debt and service it even in years of recession. The company can raise debt at 15
per cent from a financial institution. While working out the debt capacity. Mr.
Shortsighted takes the following assumptions for the recession years.
4 A maximum of 10 percent reduction in sales volume will take place.
5 A maximum of 6 percent reduction in sales price of cars will take place.
Mr. Shorsighted prepares a projected income statement which is representative of the
recession years. While doing so, he determines what he thinks are the “irreducible
minimum” expenditures under recessionary conditions. For him, risk of insolvency is the
main concern while designing the capital structure. To support his view, he presents the
income statement as shown in Exhibit 3.
Exhibit 3 projected Profit and Loss account
(Amount in Rs. Crore)
Sales revenue (72,000 units x Rs. 2,35,000) 1,692.0
Operating expenditure
Variable cost :
Raw material and manufacturing expenses 1,170.0
Variable overheads 90.0
Total
1,260.0
Fixed cost :
R & D ---
Marketing and advertising 15.0
Depreciation 187.5
Personnel 70.0
Total
5. 272.5
Total operating expenditure 1,532.5
EBIT
159.5
Financial expenses :
Interest on existing Debentures 7.0
Interest on existing institutional borrowings 10.0
Interest on commercial loan 30.0
Interest on additional debt 15.0
62.0
EBT
97.5
Tax (@ 35%)
34.1
EAT
63.4
Dividends --
Debt redemption (sinking fund obligation) 50.0*
Contribution to reserves and surplus 13.4
* Rs. 40 crore (existing debt) + Rs. 10 crore (additional debt)
Assumptions of Mr. Shorsighted
6 R & D expenditure can be done away with till the economy picks up.
7 Marketing and advertising expenditure can be reduced by 40 per cent.
8 Keeping in mind the investor confidence that the company enjoys, he feels that
the company can forgo paying dividends in the recession period.
He goes with his worked out statement to the Director Finance, Mr. Arthashatra, and
advocates raising Rs. 100 crore of debt to finance the intended capital investment. Mr.
Arthashatra does not feel comfortable with the statements and calls for the company’s
financial analyst, Mr. Longsighted.
Mr. Longsighted carefully analyses Mr. Shortsighted’s assumptions and points out
that insolvency should not be the sole criterion while determining the debt capacity of the
firm. He points out the following :
9 Apart from debt servicing, there are certain expenditures like those on R & D and
marketing that need to be continued to ensure the long-term health of the firm.
10 Certain management policies like those relating to dividend payout, send out
important signals to the investors. The Zip Zap Zoom’s management has been
paying regular dividends and discontinuing this practice (even though just for the
6. recession phase) could raise serious doubts in the investor’s mind about the health
of the firm. The firm should pay at least 10 per cent dividend in the recession
years.
11 Mr. Shortsighted has used the accounting profits to determine the amount
available each year for servicing the debt obligations. This does not give the true
picture. Net cash inflows should be used to determine the amount available for
servicing the debt.
12 Net Cash inflows are determined by an interplay of many variables and such a
simplistic view should not be taken while determining the cash flows in recession.
It is not possible to accurately predict the fall in any of the factors such as sales
volume, sales price, marketing expenditure and so on. Probability distribution of
variation of each of the factors that affect net cash inflow should be analyzed.
From this analysis, the probability distribution of variation in net cash inflow
should be analysed (the net cash inflows follow a normal probability distribution).
This will give a true picture of how the company’s cash flows will behave in
recession conditions.
The management recognizes that the alternative suggested by Mr. Longsighted rests
on data, which are complex and require expenditure of time and effort to obtain and
interpret. Considering the importance of capital structure design, the Finance Director
asks Mr. Longsighted to carry out his analysis. Information on the behaviour of cash
flows during the recession periods is taken into account.
The methodology undertaken is as follows :
13 Important factors that affect cash flows (especially contraction of cash flows), like
sales volume, sales price, raw materials expenditure, and so on, are identified and
the analysis is carried out in terms of cash receipts and cash expenditures.
14 Each factor’s behaviour (variation behaviour) in adverse conditions in the past is
studied and future expectations are combined with past data, to describe limits
(maximum favourable), most probable and maximum adverse) for all the factors.
15 Once this information is generated for all the factors affecting the cash flows, Mr.
Longsighted comes up with a range of estimates of the cash flow in future
7. recession periods based on all possible combinations of the several factors. He
also estimates the probability of occurrence of each estimate of cash flow.
Assuming a normal distribution of the expected behaviour, the mean expected
value of net cash inflow in adverse conditions came out to be Rs. 220.27 crore with
standard deviation of Rs. 110 crore.
Keeping in mind the looming recession and the uncertainty of the recession
behaviour, Mr. Arthashastra feels that the firm should factor a risk of cash inadequacy of
around 5 per cent even in the most adverse industry conditions. Thus, the firm should
take up only that amount of additional debt that it can service 95 per cent of the times,
while maintaining cash adequacy.
To maintain an annual dividend of 10 per cent, an additional Rs. 35 crore has to
be kept aside. Hence, the expected available net cash inflow is Rs. 185.27 crore (i.e. Rs.
220.27 – Rs. 35 crore)
Question:
Analyse the debt capacity of the company.
8. CASE – 2 GREAVES LIMITED
Started as trading firm in 1922, Greaves Limited has diversified into manufacturing and
marketing of high technology engineering products and systems. The company’s mission
is “manufacture and market a wide range of high quality products, services and systems
of world class technology to the total satisfaction of customers in domestic and overseas
market.”
Over the years Greaves has brought to India state of the art technologies in
various engineering fields by setting up manufacturing units and subsidiary and associate
companies. The sales of Greaves Limited has increased from Rs 214 crore in 1990 to Rs
801 crore in 1997. The sales of Greaves Limited has increased from Rs 214 crore in 1990
to Rs 801 crore in 1997. Profits before interest and tax (PBIT) of the company increased
from Rs 15 crore to Rs 83 crore in 1997. The market price of the company’s share has
shown ups and downs during 1990 to 1997. How has the company performed? The
following question need answer to fully understand the performance of the company:
Exhibit 1
GREAVES LTD.
Profit and Loss Account ending on 31 March (Rupees in crore)
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
13. Bonus equity capital 8.51 8.51 8.51 8.51 0
8.70
8.51
8.51 93.35
8.31
23.25
23.25
Exhibit 3
GREAVES LTD.
Share Price Data
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Closing share price (Rs)
Yearly high share price (Rs)
Yearly low share price (Rs)
Market capitalization (Rs crore
EPS (Rs)
Book value (Rs)
27.19
29.25
26.78
65.06
4.79
35.64
34.7
4
45.2
8
21.6
1
67.7
7
6.82
37.2
2
121.2
7
121.2
7
34.36
236.5
6
9.73
42.54
66.67
126.33
48.34
274.84
1.93
57.75
78.34
90.00
42.67
346.35
2.66
40.61
71.67
100.01
68.34
316.87
7.16
64.98
47.5
90.00
45.00
210.02
5.03
45.35
48.25
85.00
43.75
213.3
4
9.01
50.73
Questions
16 How profitable are its operations? What are the trends in it? How has growth
affected the profitability of the company?
17 What factors have contributed to the operating performance of Greaves Limited?
What is the role of profitability margin, asset utilisation, and non-operating
income?
18 How has Greaves performed in terms of return on equity? What is the
contribution of return on investment, the way of the business has been financed
over the period?