Switch case statements are used as a substitute for long if statements when comparing a variable to multiple integral values. They allow the value of a variable to control program flow via a multiway branch. Switch case statements improve clarity over repetitive if/else statements and can potentially increase performance through compiler optimizations. Common looping structures in programming languages include for, while, and do-while loops, which allow code blocks to be repeatedly executed according to conditions.
The document discusses switch case statements and looping in programming. It provides details on:
- Switch case statements provide an alternative to long if-else statements when comparing a variable to multiple integral values. They allow selecting and executing one of many code blocks depending on the value of a variable.
- Common looping structures in C++ programming include for, while, and do-while loops. For loops repeat a specific number of times, while while and do-while loops repeat until a condition is met.
- A for loop example is provided to calculate and output the falling distance of an object over time in seconds using a nested for loop and mathematical formula.
The document discusses various topics in programming including looping, switch case statements, and examples of source code in C++. It provides information on the different types of loops - for, while, and do while loops. It also explains what switch case statements are and provides examples of how they can be used. The document concludes by showing examples of full source code programs in C++ that demonstrate loops, switch cases, and calculating values.
The document discusses different types of loops in programming languages like for, while, and do-while loops. It explains that for loops repeat for a specific number of times, while and do-while loops repeat until a condition is met. Switch statements provide an alternative to long if/else statements and allow branching based on a variable's value. Common control structures like loops and switch statements allow for complex execution paths in programs.
The document discusses different types of loops in programming languages including for, while, and do-while loops. It provides examples of each loop type in C programming code. The for loop repeats a specific number of times, the while loop repeats as long as a condition is true, and the do-while loop repeats at least once and then checks the condition. Switch/case statements provide an alternative to long if/else statements when comparing a variable to multiple values.
Powerpoint presentation final requirement in fnd prgalyssa-castro2326
The document provides examples of switch case statements in C++ programming. The first example displays different functions based on the number input by the user. The second example displays different messages depending on the number between 1-6 entered by the user. The third example displays messages based on the letter 'a', 'b', or 'c' chosen by the user. All examples use a switch case statement to direct program flow and output based on the user's input variable.
JavaScript is a scripting language used for web pages that is loosely based on Java. It is built into modern browsers. This document provides an introduction and overview of JavaScript, including its syntax, data types, variables, operators, and control structures like if/else statements and loops. It describes how to write basic JavaScript scripts and embed them in HTML pages.
The document discusses different types of selection control mechanisms known as switch, case, select or inspect statements that exist in many programming languages to allow the value of a variable to control program execution via a multiway branch. The switch statement improves clarity by reducing repetitive coding and can potentially offer faster execution through compiler optimization. Different programming languages implement switch statements in various ways with differences in features like fall-through behavior and data types used in case values.
Final project powerpoint template (fndprg) (1)jewelyngrace
The document discusses various programming topics including looping, switch case statements, and different types of loops in C++ programming such as for, while, and do while loops. Examples of each loop type are provided written in C++ code.
The document discusses switch case statements and looping in programming. It provides details on:
- Switch case statements provide an alternative to long if-else statements when comparing a variable to multiple integral values. They allow selecting and executing one of many code blocks depending on the value of a variable.
- Common looping structures in C++ programming include for, while, and do-while loops. For loops repeat a specific number of times, while while and do-while loops repeat until a condition is met.
- A for loop example is provided to calculate and output the falling distance of an object over time in seconds using a nested for loop and mathematical formula.
The document discusses various topics in programming including looping, switch case statements, and examples of source code in C++. It provides information on the different types of loops - for, while, and do while loops. It also explains what switch case statements are and provides examples of how they can be used. The document concludes by showing examples of full source code programs in C++ that demonstrate loops, switch cases, and calculating values.
The document discusses different types of loops in programming languages like for, while, and do-while loops. It explains that for loops repeat for a specific number of times, while and do-while loops repeat until a condition is met. Switch statements provide an alternative to long if/else statements and allow branching based on a variable's value. Common control structures like loops and switch statements allow for complex execution paths in programs.
The document discusses different types of loops in programming languages including for, while, and do-while loops. It provides examples of each loop type in C programming code. The for loop repeats a specific number of times, the while loop repeats as long as a condition is true, and the do-while loop repeats at least once and then checks the condition. Switch/case statements provide an alternative to long if/else statements when comparing a variable to multiple values.
Powerpoint presentation final requirement in fnd prgalyssa-castro2326
The document provides examples of switch case statements in C++ programming. The first example displays different functions based on the number input by the user. The second example displays different messages depending on the number between 1-6 entered by the user. The third example displays messages based on the letter 'a', 'b', or 'c' chosen by the user. All examples use a switch case statement to direct program flow and output based on the user's input variable.
JavaScript is a scripting language used for web pages that is loosely based on Java. It is built into modern browsers. This document provides an introduction and overview of JavaScript, including its syntax, data types, variables, operators, and control structures like if/else statements and loops. It describes how to write basic JavaScript scripts and embed them in HTML pages.
The document discusses different types of selection control mechanisms known as switch, case, select or inspect statements that exist in many programming languages to allow the value of a variable to control program execution via a multiway branch. The switch statement improves clarity by reducing repetitive coding and can potentially offer faster execution through compiler optimization. Different programming languages implement switch statements in various ways with differences in features like fall-through behavior and data types used in case values.
Final project powerpoint template (fndprg) (1)jewelyngrace
The document discusses various programming topics including looping, switch case statements, and different types of loops in C++ programming such as for, while, and do while loops. Examples of each loop type are provided written in C++ code.
The document discusses looping statements in programming which allow a block of code to be repeatedly executed until a certain condition is reached. There are three main types of loops: for loops, while loops, and do-while loops. For loops initialize a variable, specify a condition, and update the variable each iteration. While loops continuously execute the code block as long as the condition is true. Do-while loops are similar to while loops but execute the code block at least once even if the condition is false.
Exceptions provide an object-oriented way to handle runtime errors in C++. When an error occurs, the function throws an exception which is caught in a catch block. The try block encloses code that might throw exceptions. Exceptions allow checking for errors without returning special values and work for errors occurring in constructors. Classes can define their own exception objects to throw on errors.
- A ref cursor is a variable that references the result of a cursor, allowing it to be passed between procedures and functions.
- Ref cursors can be weakly typed, where the returned data type is unknown, or strongly typed by defining the row type being returned.
- Examples show opening a ref cursor, passing it to other procedures to be processed, and closing the cursor once processing is complete. Ref cursor variables point to a single underlying cursor.
The document provides an introduction to programming in C and explains key concepts like variables, input/output, control structures (if/else, for loops, do-while loops), and switch statements through examples. It defines variables as locations for temporarily storing values, describes how the scanf function is used for input and printf for output, and explains how control structures like if/else and loops allow conditional or repeated execution of code. The examples given illustrate how each concept works in a C program.
The document discusses various operators and control structures in C language. It describes operator precedence and associativity. Some key operator types include arithmetic, relational, logical, and bitwise operators. It also covers various control structures like if-else, switch statements, and loops (for, while, do-while). If-else is used to execute code conditionally based on true/false evaluations. Switch allows executing code based on multiple conditions. Loops iterate code for a set number of times or until a condition becomes false.
Final project powerpoint template (fndprg) (1)heoff
The switch statement compares the value of an expression to a list of integer or character constants. For each matching case, the statements within that case will be executed until a break statement is reached. If no cases match, the default statements will be executed. The switch statement provides an alternative to multiple if/else if statements for selecting between multiple options.
Constants refer to fixed values that cannot be altered during program execution. They include integer, floating point, character, and string literals. Constants are defined using the #define preprocessor or const keyword and are treated like regular variables except their values cannot change. Common operators in C include arithmetic, relational, logical, and bitwise operators that perform math, comparison, logic and bit manipulation functions.
This document discusses Perl's conditional and looping statements for controlling program flow. It covers the if, else, elsif conditional statements and how to make simple conditional checks. It also discusses for, foreach, and while looping statements for repeating code blocks. The document emphasizes making conditions readable and using the appropriate comparison operators for strings versus numbers to avoid bugs.
The document discusses the if-else conditional statement in C programming. It provides the syntax and examples of using if-else statements to execute code conditionally based on whether an expression is true or false. This includes if-then statements with and without else blocks, multiway if-else statements, nested if statements, and examples checking the equality of variables and ranges of values.
This document discusses the three main elements of programming in C language: variables, conditions, and loops. It defines common variable types like int, char, float, and double. It explains conditional statements like if-else, switch case, and ternary operator. It also covers loop statements and control statements like break, continue, and goto.
The document discusses different types of looping and conditional statements in programming languages.
1) A switch statement allows program execution to branch to different code blocks based on the value of a variable. It can improve clarity over repetitive if/else statements and may execute faster through compiler optimizations.
2) A for loop repeats a block of code a specified number of times. It is commonly used when the number of iterations is known beforehand.
3) If/else statements allow executing one block of code if a condition is true, and optionally executing another block if the condition is false. Else if blocks can test multiple conditions.
This page contains examples and source code on decision making in C programming (to choose a particular statement among many statements) and loops ( to perform repeated task ). To understand all the examples on this page, you should have knowledge of following topics:
if...else Statement
for Loop
while Loop
break and Continue Statement
switch...case
PL/SQL is Oracle Corporation's procedural extension for SQL and the Oracle relational database. PL/SQL is available in Oracle Database, Times Ten in-memory database, and IBM DB 2. Oracle Corporation usually extends PL/SQL functionality with each successive release of the Oracle Database.
Decision making statements in C programmingRabin BK
The document discusses various decision making statements in C programming language, including if, if-else, if-else if-else, nested if, switch, ternary operator (? :) and goto statements. It provides syntax and examples of each statement type. Key decision making statements covered are if, if-else, if-else if-else for multi-way decisions, switch as a multi-way decision statement, and the ternary operator for two-way decisions. References and queries sections are also included.
This document provides an overview of the C programming language, covering topics such as the basic structure and skeleton of a C program, header files, the main function, running and compiling a C program, comments, variables, data types, constants, input/output operations and functions, programming errors, and keywords. It discusses the basic building blocks of a C program and how it is compiled and run, as well as fundamental concepts like variables, data types, operators, and functions.
This document discusses C programming concepts including data types, variables, operators, conditional statements, loops, and functions. It contains code examples to find the size of different data types, if/else statements, for/while loops, break/continue statements, and switch statements. The key points covered are:
- Using the sizeof operator to determine the size of int, float, double, char, and other variable types.
- If/else and if/else ladder conditional statements for comparing values.
- For, while, and do-while loop structures for iteration.
- Break and continue statements for early loop termination or skipping iterations.
- Switch statement for multiple conditional comparisons using case labels.
This document discusses loops in C programming. It describes for, while, and do-while loops. The for loop allows code to be executed a specific number of times, specified with an initialization, condition, and increment statement. The while loop repeats code as long as a condition is true. The do-while loop is similar to the while loop, but the code is executed once before checking the condition. The document also discusses counter-controlled and sentinel-controlled loops, and provides examples of each loop type.
This document provides shortcuts and commands for the TextMate text editor organized by programming language or file type, including general commands, source code, HTML, JavaScript, CSS, PHP, Apache, and XML. It lists shortcuts for common editing tasks like commenting, indentation, searching, and navigation as well as shortcuts for inserting common code snippets.
Este documento resume la historia de las inversiones extranjeras en México. Detalla que antes de la revolución, Estados Unidos y Reino Unido eran los principales inversionistas, enfocándose en industrias ferroviarias, mineras y petroleras. La Constitución de 1917 estableció el derecho de México sobre sus recursos naturales. En las décadas siguientes, el gobierno mexicano promovió el nacionalismo y redujo la influencia extranjera sobre la economía. Más adelante, en las décadas de 1970 y 1980, México
Gagan International manufactures and supplies a wide range of industrial products including oil expeller spare parts, gears, valves, knives, cage bars, and machined components. The company has extensive experience in the engineering goods industry and can produce bulk orders on tight deadlines with a focus on quality and meeting client needs.
The document discusses looping statements in programming which allow a block of code to be repeatedly executed until a certain condition is reached. There are three main types of loops: for loops, while loops, and do-while loops. For loops initialize a variable, specify a condition, and update the variable each iteration. While loops continuously execute the code block as long as the condition is true. Do-while loops are similar to while loops but execute the code block at least once even if the condition is false.
Exceptions provide an object-oriented way to handle runtime errors in C++. When an error occurs, the function throws an exception which is caught in a catch block. The try block encloses code that might throw exceptions. Exceptions allow checking for errors without returning special values and work for errors occurring in constructors. Classes can define their own exception objects to throw on errors.
- A ref cursor is a variable that references the result of a cursor, allowing it to be passed between procedures and functions.
- Ref cursors can be weakly typed, where the returned data type is unknown, or strongly typed by defining the row type being returned.
- Examples show opening a ref cursor, passing it to other procedures to be processed, and closing the cursor once processing is complete. Ref cursor variables point to a single underlying cursor.
The document provides an introduction to programming in C and explains key concepts like variables, input/output, control structures (if/else, for loops, do-while loops), and switch statements through examples. It defines variables as locations for temporarily storing values, describes how the scanf function is used for input and printf for output, and explains how control structures like if/else and loops allow conditional or repeated execution of code. The examples given illustrate how each concept works in a C program.
The document discusses various operators and control structures in C language. It describes operator precedence and associativity. Some key operator types include arithmetic, relational, logical, and bitwise operators. It also covers various control structures like if-else, switch statements, and loops (for, while, do-while). If-else is used to execute code conditionally based on true/false evaluations. Switch allows executing code based on multiple conditions. Loops iterate code for a set number of times or until a condition becomes false.
Final project powerpoint template (fndprg) (1)heoff
The switch statement compares the value of an expression to a list of integer or character constants. For each matching case, the statements within that case will be executed until a break statement is reached. If no cases match, the default statements will be executed. The switch statement provides an alternative to multiple if/else if statements for selecting between multiple options.
Constants refer to fixed values that cannot be altered during program execution. They include integer, floating point, character, and string literals. Constants are defined using the #define preprocessor or const keyword and are treated like regular variables except their values cannot change. Common operators in C include arithmetic, relational, logical, and bitwise operators that perform math, comparison, logic and bit manipulation functions.
This document discusses Perl's conditional and looping statements for controlling program flow. It covers the if, else, elsif conditional statements and how to make simple conditional checks. It also discusses for, foreach, and while looping statements for repeating code blocks. The document emphasizes making conditions readable and using the appropriate comparison operators for strings versus numbers to avoid bugs.
The document discusses the if-else conditional statement in C programming. It provides the syntax and examples of using if-else statements to execute code conditionally based on whether an expression is true or false. This includes if-then statements with and without else blocks, multiway if-else statements, nested if statements, and examples checking the equality of variables and ranges of values.
This document discusses the three main elements of programming in C language: variables, conditions, and loops. It defines common variable types like int, char, float, and double. It explains conditional statements like if-else, switch case, and ternary operator. It also covers loop statements and control statements like break, continue, and goto.
The document discusses different types of looping and conditional statements in programming languages.
1) A switch statement allows program execution to branch to different code blocks based on the value of a variable. It can improve clarity over repetitive if/else statements and may execute faster through compiler optimizations.
2) A for loop repeats a block of code a specified number of times. It is commonly used when the number of iterations is known beforehand.
3) If/else statements allow executing one block of code if a condition is true, and optionally executing another block if the condition is false. Else if blocks can test multiple conditions.
This page contains examples and source code on decision making in C programming (to choose a particular statement among many statements) and loops ( to perform repeated task ). To understand all the examples on this page, you should have knowledge of following topics:
if...else Statement
for Loop
while Loop
break and Continue Statement
switch...case
PL/SQL is Oracle Corporation's procedural extension for SQL and the Oracle relational database. PL/SQL is available in Oracle Database, Times Ten in-memory database, and IBM DB 2. Oracle Corporation usually extends PL/SQL functionality with each successive release of the Oracle Database.
Decision making statements in C programmingRabin BK
The document discusses various decision making statements in C programming language, including if, if-else, if-else if-else, nested if, switch, ternary operator (? :) and goto statements. It provides syntax and examples of each statement type. Key decision making statements covered are if, if-else, if-else if-else for multi-way decisions, switch as a multi-way decision statement, and the ternary operator for two-way decisions. References and queries sections are also included.
This document provides an overview of the C programming language, covering topics such as the basic structure and skeleton of a C program, header files, the main function, running and compiling a C program, comments, variables, data types, constants, input/output operations and functions, programming errors, and keywords. It discusses the basic building blocks of a C program and how it is compiled and run, as well as fundamental concepts like variables, data types, operators, and functions.
This document discusses C programming concepts including data types, variables, operators, conditional statements, loops, and functions. It contains code examples to find the size of different data types, if/else statements, for/while loops, break/continue statements, and switch statements. The key points covered are:
- Using the sizeof operator to determine the size of int, float, double, char, and other variable types.
- If/else and if/else ladder conditional statements for comparing values.
- For, while, and do-while loop structures for iteration.
- Break and continue statements for early loop termination or skipping iterations.
- Switch statement for multiple conditional comparisons using case labels.
This document discusses loops in C programming. It describes for, while, and do-while loops. The for loop allows code to be executed a specific number of times, specified with an initialization, condition, and increment statement. The while loop repeats code as long as a condition is true. The do-while loop is similar to the while loop, but the code is executed once before checking the condition. The document also discusses counter-controlled and sentinel-controlled loops, and provides examples of each loop type.
This document provides shortcuts and commands for the TextMate text editor organized by programming language or file type, including general commands, source code, HTML, JavaScript, CSS, PHP, Apache, and XML. It lists shortcuts for common editing tasks like commenting, indentation, searching, and navigation as well as shortcuts for inserting common code snippets.
Este documento resume la historia de las inversiones extranjeras en México. Detalla que antes de la revolución, Estados Unidos y Reino Unido eran los principales inversionistas, enfocándose en industrias ferroviarias, mineras y petroleras. La Constitución de 1917 estableció el derecho de México sobre sus recursos naturales. En las décadas siguientes, el gobierno mexicano promovió el nacionalismo y redujo la influencia extranjera sobre la economía. Más adelante, en las décadas de 1970 y 1980, México
Gagan International manufactures and supplies a wide range of industrial products including oil expeller spare parts, gears, valves, knives, cage bars, and machined components. The company has extensive experience in the engineering goods industry and can produce bulk orders on tight deadlines with a focus on quality and meeting client needs.
The document provides guidelines for effectively using PowerPoint in presentations. It recommends (1) keeping slides sparse with no more than 8 lines of text per slide and 8-10 words per line, (2) using high contrast colors and simple templates, and (3) rehearsing the presentation thoroughly. It also advises (2) focusing the audience on the presenter rather than the slides and (3) using slides sparingly to enhance the presentation rather than serving as a script. The document emphasizes keeping presentations clear, organized and engaging for the audience.
The document discusses computer viruses, including how they spread by attaching to programs and replicating, their impact on systems by slowing performance and corrupting data, and different types like time bombs and worms. It also covers virus symptoms, how antivirus software works to detect and remove viruses through scanning and updates, and protections for office and outlook. While virus programming can be used unethically, the knowledge is still useful if applied correctly.
Este documento describe la patogénesis y el tratamiento del asma. El asma se caracteriza por inflamación crónica e hiperrespuesta de las vías respiratorias. Los nuevos avances incluyen antagonistas de receptores de leucotrienos y inhibidores de la síntesis de leucotrienos, que controlan la inflamación. Las guías de tratamiento recomiendan un enfoque escalonado basado en la severidad de los síntomas y el control de la enfermedad.
El documento describe las características fundamentales que debe tener un currículo educativo efectivo. Un currículo debe tener gradualidad, lo que significa que los contenidos se desarrollan de manera progresiva a lo largo de los niveles educativos. También debe tener baja densidad, es decir, la cantidad de contenidos debe ser proporcional al tiempo disponible. Finalmente, debe ser pertinente y aplicar los conocimientos a contextos y escenarios reales.
Este documento proporciona una lista de comandos importantes de GNU/Linux organizados por función. Incluye comandos para encender y apagar el sistema, moverse entre directorios, crear y borrar archivos y directorios, comprimir y descomprimir archivos, editar archivos de texto, buscar archivos, montar sistemas de archivos, administrar usuarios, ver información del sistema y usar Yum para instalar paquetes en sistemas Red Hat como Fedora y CentOS. También incluye un resumen del editor de texto vi.
Una fórmula sencilla para manejar el estrésJOSE SALAS
El documento presenta una fórmula sencilla para manejar el estrés basada en escuchar las señales del cuerpo, manejar bien el tiempo personal y profesional, aprender técnicas de relajación y respiración, establecer un programa de ejercicio regular, y enriquecer el sistema de apoyo personal.
The document discusses switch case statements in programming. It provides details on the basic format and usage of switch case statements, including that they allow a variable to be tested for equality against multiple values through different cases. The document also notes some key rules for switch cases, such as requiring a break statement at the end of each case and that case values must be integer or character constants. It provides examples of switch case statements and discusses how they can provide a cleaner alternative to long if-else statements.
This document discusses different types of loops in C++ programming including for loops, while loops, do-while loops, and infinite loops. It provides examples of each loop type and explanations of how they work. It also covers switch-case statements, providing an example case statement that prints different outputs depending on the user's input number.
This document discusses different types of loops in C++ programming including for loops, while loops, do-while loops, and infinite loops. It provides examples of each loop type and explanations of how they work. It also covers switch-case statements, providing an example case statement that prints different outputs depending on the user's input number.
Online storefront creation: A business creates an online storefront, which serves as its virtual shop where customers can browse products or services, place orders, and make payments.
Product listing: The business lists its products or services on the online storefront, along with relevant information such as price, product description, and images.
Payment gateway integration: The business integrates a payment gateway into its online storefront, which allows customers to securely make payments online using credit cards, debit cards, or other payment methods.
Order processing: When a customer places an order, the business receives the order information through the online storefront. The business then processes the order, which may involve verifying the availability of the product, preparing the product for shipping, and generating a shipping label.
Shipping and delivery: The business ships the product to the customer's address using a third-party logistics provider or its own delivery service. The customer is provided with tracking information to monitor the status of the shipment.
Customer service: The business provides customer service to address any issues or concerns that the customer may have regarding the product or service.
Example:
Let's take the example of a clothing store that sells its products online through its e-commerce website. The store creates an online storefront and lists its products, which include dresses, shirts, pants, and accessories. Customers can browse the products, select the items they wish to purchase, and make payments online using a payment gateway such as PayPal or Stripe.
Once the order is received, the store processes the order and prepares the product for shipping. The product is then shipped to the customer's address using a logistics provider such as FedEx or UPS. The customer can track the shipment using the tracking information provided by the store.
If the customer is not satisfied with the product, they can contact the store's customer service and initiate a return or exchange. The store handles the return or exchange process and ensures that the customer is satisfied with their purchase.
The document discusses switch case statements and looping in programming. It provides examples of switch case statements that allow a program to execute different code depending on the value of a variable. It also discusses the three main types of loops - for, while, and do while loops - and provides examples of how to write each type of loop. The document is intended to help explain switch case statements and looping to programmers.
Final requirement in programming vinsonmonstergeorge
Here are the key steps in a for loop:
1. Initialize a counter variable (often i) to track the number of iterations
2. Define a condition to check on each iteration (often i < 10)
3. Increment/decrement the counter variable after each iteration (often i++)
4. The code block inside the for loop will repeat until the condition is no longer true
So in summary, a for loop allows you to repeat a block of code a specific number of times by initializing/updating a counter variable and checking its value on each iteration.
KIU student of BSCS-3rd to expend knowlege for good will persons I am try to expend my mind actually.
My main objective is that of expending knowledge and happness
C# is an object-oriented programming language that was developed by Microsoft. Some key points:
- It is based on C and C++ but aims to be simpler and safer with features like automatic memory management and type safety.
- Variables must be declared with a type and can be initialized when declared. Common data types include primitive types like int and string, as well as value types and reference types.
- It includes standard programming constructs like conditional statements, loops, operators, and functions.
- Comments begin with // for single-line and /* */ for multi-line. Keywords and identifiers have specific naming rules.
C# is an object-oriented programming language that was developed by Microsoft. Some key features of C# include its support for classes, interfaces, inheritance, exceptions, delegates, and events. C# code is compiled to an intermediate language called Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL) that is executed by the Common Language Runtime (CLR). This allows C# programs to run on any platform that supports CLR.
This document provides information on PL/SQL programming language concepts. Some key points:
- PL/SQL allows defining logic blocks that can execute SQL and PL/SQL statements. Blocks have optional declaration, executable, and exception sections.
- PL/SQL supports variables, conditional statements like IF/CASE, and looping with LOOP/WHILE/FOR. Variables can be bound to table columns using %TYPE.
- Cursors allow processing multiple database records in PL/SQL. Explicit cursors are declared and opened/fetched/closed manually while implicit cursors are used for single record queries.
- Parameter cursors can accept parameters. Nested cursors allow querying related data. Cursors
This document provides information on PL/SQL programming language concepts including:
- PL/SQL allows defining logic using variables, conditional statements, loops, and object-oriented programming.
- Code is organized into blocks with declaration, executable, and exception sections.
- Variables can be declared and assigned values. Data types include numbers, strings, records, and collections.
- Conditional statements like IF-THEN-ELSE and CASE support different execution paths.
- Loops like simple, while, and for are used to iterate.
- Cursors access and process multiple database records in PL/SQL blocks.
Loop control statements in C are used to repeatedly execute a block of code while or until a given condition is true. There are three main types of loop control statements in C: for, while, and do-while loops. The for loop allows executing a block of code a specific number of times. The while loop repeatedly executes the block as long as the condition is true. The do-while loop is similar to the while loop, but it will always execute the block at least once even if the condition is false.
[C++] The Curiously Recurring Template Pattern: Static Polymorphsim and Expre...Francesco Casalegno
••• Exploit the full potential of the CRTP! •••
In this presentation you will learn:
▸ what is the curiously recurring template pattern
▸ the actual cost (memory and time) of virtual functions
▸ how to implement static polymorphism
▸ how to implement expression templates to avoid loops and copies
C++ is an object-oriented programming language that is an extension of C. It was developed in the early 1980s by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs. C++ supports concepts like inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation that make it suitable for large, complex programs. Inheritance allows classes to inherit properties from parent classes. Polymorphism is the ability to process objects of different types in the same way. Encapsulation combines data and functions that operate on that data within a single unit, hiding implementation details. File input/output in C++ can be handled through streams like ifstream for input and ofstream for output.
The document discusses programming concepts like switch case statements and looping. It defines programming as using a computer language to develop applications and scripts. It explains that switch case statements can be used as an alternative to long if statements to compare a variable to integral values. The basic format of a switch case is provided. It also discusses the different types of loops - for, while, and do-while loops. Examples are given to illustrate how each type of loop works.
The document discusses the switch statement in C++, which allows a program to test a variable for multiple values and execute different code blocks depending on the match. It provides an example of a switch statement that prints a unique message depending on the user's menu choice. It also shows a program that uses a switch statement in a while loop to count the number of different letter grades entered by the user and print the totals.
Loops allow code to be executed repeatedly. The main loop types are while, for, and do-while loops. While and do-while loops test the condition at the beginning or end of the loop respectively. For loops allow code to be executed a specific number of times. Loops can be nested by placing one loop inside another. Break and continue statements control the flow of loops. Break exits the current loop while continue skips to the next iteration. Though goto can provide unconditional jumps, its use is discouraged due to reducing code readability.
The document discusses various control structures and functions used in Arduino programming including decision making structures like if, else if, else statements and switch case statements. It also covers different types of loops like while, do-while and for loops that allow repeating blocks of code. Functions are described as reusable blocks of code that perform tasks and help organize a program. Strings can be implemented as character arrays or using the String class, and various string functions are provided to manipulate and work with strings.
The document discusses C++ scope resolution operator (::) and pointers. It explains that :: is used to qualify hidden names and access variables or functions in the global namespace when a local variable hides it. It also discusses pointers, which are variables that store memory addresses. Pointers allow dynamic memory allocation and are useful for passing arguments by reference. Key pointer concepts covered include null pointers, pointer arithmetic, relationships between pointers and arrays, arrays of pointers, pointer to pointers, and passing/returning pointers in functions.
The document discusses programming languages and different types of loops in programming. It provides examples of for, while, and do-while loops. A for loop initializes a variable, specifies a condition, and updates the variable on each iteration. A while loop runs code while a condition is true. A do-while loop runs code once then checks the condition on subsequent iterations. Loops allow code to repeat to produce greater results through repetition.
3. SWITCH CASE
STATEMENT
0 In programming, a switch, case, select or inspect stateme
nt is a type of selection control mechanism that exists in
most imperative programming languages such
as Pascal, Ada, C/C++, C#, Java, and so on. It is also included
in several other types of Programming languages. Its
purpose is to allow the value of a variable or expression to
control the flow of program execution via a multiway
branch (or "go to", one of several labels). The main reasons
for using a switch include improving clarity, by reducing
otherwise repetitive coding, and (if the heuristics permit)
also offering the potential for faster execution through
easier compiler optimization in many cases.
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4. SWITCH CASE
STATEMENT
0 Switch case statements are a substitute for long if statements
that compare a variable to several "integral" values ("integral"
values are simply values that can be expressed as an integer, such
as the value of a char). The basic format for using the switch case
in the programming is outlined below. The value of the variable
given into switch is compared to the value following each of the
cases, and when one value matches the value of the variable, the
computer continues executing the program from that point.
0 The switch-case statement is a multi-way decision statement.
Unlike the multiple decision statement that can be created
using if-else, the switch statement evaluates the
conditional expression and tests it against numerous
constant values. The branch corresponding to the value that the
expression matches is taken during execution.
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5. SWITCH CASE
STATEMENT
0 Switch is used to choose a fragment of template
depending on the value of an expression
0 This has a similar function as the If condition - but it is
more useful in situations when there is many possible
values for the variable. Switch will evaluate one of
several statements, depending on the value of a given
variable. If no given value matches the variable, the
default statement is executed.
0 The value of the expressions in a switch-case
statement must be an ordinal type
T i.e. integer, char, short, long, etc. Float and double are
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8. Example of switch case IN C
PROGRAMMING
#include <iostream> // switch statement based on the choice variable
#include <stdlib.h>
using namespace std; switch (choice) // notice no semicolon
void welcome(); {
char getChar(); case 'A': // choice was the letter A
void displayResponse(char choice);
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) case 'a': // choice was the letter a
{ cout << "your awesome dude.nn";
char choice; // declares the choice variable break; // this ends the statements for case A/a
welcome(); // This calls the welcome function
choice = getChar(); // calls getChar and returns the value for choice case 'B': // choice was the letter b
displayResponse(choice); // passes choice to displayResponse function case 'b': // choice was the letter b
cout << "you will find your lovelife.nn";
system("PAUSE");
return 0; break; // this ends the statements for case B/b
} // end main case 'C': // choice was the letter C
// welcome function displays an opening message to case 'c': // choice was the letter c
// explain the program to the user
void welcome() cout << "your will won the lottery.nn";
{ break; // this ends the statements for case C/c
cout << "This program displays different messages dependingn"; case 'D': // choice was the letter D
cout << "on which letter is entered by the user.n";
cout << "Pick a letter a, b, c or d to see whatn"; case 'd': // choice was the letter d
cout << "the program will say.nn"; cout << "your so ugly!!.nn";
} // end of welcome function break; // this ends the statements for case D/d
// getChar asks the user for a letter a, b or c.
// The character is returned to where the function was called. default: // used when choice falls out of the cases covered
char getChar() above
{ cout << "You didn't pick a letter a, b or c.nn";
char response; // declares variable called response
cout << "Please type a letter a, b, c and d: "; // prompt for letter
again = getChar(); // gives the user another try
cin >> response; // gets input from user and assigns it to response displayResponse(again); // recalls displayResponse with new
return response; // sends back the response value character
} // end getChar function break;
// displayResponse function takes the char variable and uses it
// to determine which set of tasks will be performed.
} // end of switch statement
void displayResponse(char choice) } // end displayResponse function
{
char again;
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9. Running switch case IN C
PROGRAMMING
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10. LOOPING
There may be a situation when you need to execute a block
of code several number of times. In general statements are
executed sequentially: The first statement in a function is
executed first, followed by the second, and so on.
Programming languages provide various control structures
that allow for more complicated execution paths.
A loop statement allows us to execute a statement or group
of statements multiple times and following is the general
from of a loop statement in most of the programming
T languages.
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11. LOOPING
C++ programming language provides
following types of loop to handle
looping requirements:
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"FOR” LOOP
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0 A for loop is a repetition control structure that allows
you to efficiently write a loop that needs to execute a
specific number of times.
0 The statements in the for loop repeat continuously for
aspecific number of times. The while and do-
while loops repeat until a certain condition is
met. The for loop repeats until a specific count is
met. Use a for loop when the number of repetition is
know, or can be supplied by the user.
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C EXAMPLE OF FOR LOOPING IN
C PROGRAMMING
#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
}
using namespace std;
cout <<"nSeconds
//prototype falling distancen";
int fallingdistance(); cout <<"---------------------------------------n";
for ( count = 1; count <= time; count++)
//main function
{
int main() distance = .5 * 9.8 *
{ pow(time, 2.0);
int count = 1 ; cout << count << "
int time; " << distance <<" meters"<< endl;
double distance ;
}
cout << "Please enter time in 1
system ("pause");
through 10 seconds.nn"; return 0;
}
time = fallingdistance(); // falling distance function for a return value in seconds
transfer to time
while ( time < 1 || time > 10) int fallingdistance ()
{
{ cout << "Must enter between 1 and
int seconds; NEXT
10 seconds, please re-enter.n"; cin >> seconds;
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}
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RUNNING FOR LOOP IN IN
C PROGRAMMING
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15. “WHILE” LOOP
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0 The while loop allows programs to repeat a statement
or series of statements, over and over, as long as a
certain test condition is true.
0 The while loop can be used if you don’t know how
many times a loop must run.
0 A while loop statement repeatedly executes a target
statement as long as a given condition is true.
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EXAMPLE OF WHILE LOOP
IN C PROGRAMMING
#include <iostream.h>
int main(void) {
int x = 0;
int y = 0;
bool validNumber = false;
while (validNumber == false) {
cout << "Please enter an integer between 1 and 10: ";
cin >> x;
cout << "You entered: " << x << endl << endl;
if ((x < 1) || (x > 10)) {
cout << "Your value for x is not between 1 and 10!"
<< endl;
cout << "Please re-enter the number!" << endl << endl;
}
else
validNumber = true;
}
cout << "Thank you for entering a valid number!" << endl;
return 0;
0 }
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C RUNNING WHILE LOOP IN
C PROGRAMMING
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“DO WHILE” LOOP
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0 In most computer programming languages, a do while
loop, sometimes just called a while loop, is a control
flow statement that allows code to be executed once based
on a given Boolean condition.
0 The do while construct consists of a process symbol and a
condition. First, the code within the block is executed, and
then the condition is evaluated. If the condition is true the
code within the block is executed again. This repeats until
the condition becomes false. Because do while loops check
the condition after the block is executed, the control
structure is often also known as a post-test loop. Contrast
with the while loop, which tests the condition before the
code within the block is executed.
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“DO WHILE” LOOP
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0 Unlike for and while loops, which test the loop
condition at the top of the loop, the do...while loop
checks its condition at the bottom of the loop.
0 A do...while loop is similar to a while loop, except that
a do...while loop is guaranteed to execute at least one
time.
0 The do-while loop is similar to the while loop, except
that the test condition occurs at the end of the
loop. Having the test condition at the end, guarantees
that the body of the loop always executes at least one
time.
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EXAMPLE OF A DO WHILE
LOOP IN C PROGRAMMING
0 #include <iostream>
0 using namespace std;
0 main()
0 { int num1, num2;
0 char again = 'y';
0 while (again == 'y' || again == 'Y') {
0 cout << "Enter a number: ";
0 cin >> num1;
0 cout << "Enter another number: ";
0 cin >> num2;
0 cout << "Their sum is " << (num1 + num2) << endl;
0 cout << "Do you want to do this again? ";
0 cin >> again; }
0 return 0;
0 }
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21. T
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RUNNING DO WHILE LOOP IN C
PROGRAMMING
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