This document is the dissertation submitted by Jose Javier Bracho for the Master of Science in Automotive Engineering at Oxford Brookes University. It analyzes the steady aerodynamic forces generated on road cars in crosswind conditions using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and a bicycle vehicle dynamics model. The dissertation includes a literature review on ground vehicle aerodynamics and previous studies on crosswinds. It then describes the methodology used, which involves CFD simulations of three vehicle models in crosswinds and coupling the aerodynamic forces to a bicycle vehicle dynamics model. Results show that rear side area distribution is inversely proportional to yaw moment experienced. Stability is linked to both aerodynamic features and vehicle dynamics properties like tire size
Railway planning and construction - Railways, airports, docks and harbour eng...Shanmugasundaram N
Β
RAILWAY PLANNING AND CONSTRUCTION
Elements of permanent way β Rails, Sleepers, Ballast, rail fixtures and fastenings, Selection of gauges - Track Stress, coning of wheels, creep in rails, defects in rails β Route alignment surveys, conventional and modern methods--Geometric design of railway, gradient, super elevation, widening of gauge on curves- Level Crossings
1 introduction ( Highway Engineering Dr. Sherif El-Badawy )Hossam Shafiq I
Β
This document provides an overview of a course on highway and airport engineering taught at Mansoura University. It includes information on course objectives, contents, textbooks, and links. The course aims to teach students how to characterize materials for roads and airfields and analyze and design flexible and rigid pavements. Key topics covered include material properties, structural design of flexible and rigid pavements, geometric design, pavement types and distresses, and pavement design methodologies. Major research projects influencing pavement design like the AASHO Road Test are also summarized.
This document summarizes the design and construction of a variable geometry, supersonic wind tunnel by a group of WPI students. It provides background on supersonic wind tunnel design using the method of characteristics. It then describes the initial calculations performed to determine design constraints. The key features of the designed tunnel include flexible polystyrene contours to allow achieving various test section Mach numbers and adjustable mechanisms to control the throat, expansion, and diffuser sections. Construction of the tunnel was not fully completed within the project timeframe.
Airport design - Railways, airports, docks and harbour engineering (RAHE)Shanmugasundaram N
Β
Runway Design: Orientation, Wind Rose Diagram, Problems on basic and Actual Length, Geometric Design β Elements of Taxiway Design β Airport Zones β Passenger Facilities and Services β Runway and Taxiway Markings.
The document analyzes the viability of using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for construction surveys compared to conventional global navigation satellite system (GNSS) surveys. It describes conducting test surveys of a road and hill area using both methods. The UAV survey was faster to set up, conduct, and process than the GNSS survey. The analysis compared point elevations, cross-sectional areas, and volumes between the surveys. It concluded UAV surveys offer benefits in speed, time savings, and data collection but noted sources of error and the need for more research to verify measurement accuracy.
This document describes design optimization work done by students at Portland State University to develop a student-built sub-orbital rocket capable of reaching 100 km altitude. A trajectory simulation was built in Python and used to perform a Simplex Search optimization to minimize gross lift-off weight. The optimization identified a design with 113 kg gross weight, 3.2 kN thrust, 4.7 expansion ratio, and 11" diameter capable of reaching the von Karman line.
Airport planning - Railways, airports, docks and harbour engineering (RAHE)Shanmugasundaram N
Β
Air transport characteristics - airport classification β ICAO - airport planning: Site selection typical Airport Layouts, Case Studies, parking and Circulation Area
Railways, airports, docks and harbour engineering introduction (RAHE)Shanmugasundaram N
Β
The document outlines the course details for CE8702 - Railways, Airports and Harbour Engineering at SNS College of Engineering. The course aims to teach students about the planning, design, construction and maintenance of railways, airports, and harbors. It is divided into 5 units covering topics like railway planning and construction, airport planning and design, and harbour engineering. The course objectives are to understand design principles of different transportation infrastructure and analyze elements like route alignment, track laying, runway orientation, and coastal protection works.
Railway planning and construction - Railways, airports, docks and harbour eng...Shanmugasundaram N
Β
RAILWAY PLANNING AND CONSTRUCTION
Elements of permanent way β Rails, Sleepers, Ballast, rail fixtures and fastenings, Selection of gauges - Track Stress, coning of wheels, creep in rails, defects in rails β Route alignment surveys, conventional and modern methods--Geometric design of railway, gradient, super elevation, widening of gauge on curves- Level Crossings
1 introduction ( Highway Engineering Dr. Sherif El-Badawy )Hossam Shafiq I
Β
This document provides an overview of a course on highway and airport engineering taught at Mansoura University. It includes information on course objectives, contents, textbooks, and links. The course aims to teach students how to characterize materials for roads and airfields and analyze and design flexible and rigid pavements. Key topics covered include material properties, structural design of flexible and rigid pavements, geometric design, pavement types and distresses, and pavement design methodologies. Major research projects influencing pavement design like the AASHO Road Test are also summarized.
This document summarizes the design and construction of a variable geometry, supersonic wind tunnel by a group of WPI students. It provides background on supersonic wind tunnel design using the method of characteristics. It then describes the initial calculations performed to determine design constraints. The key features of the designed tunnel include flexible polystyrene contours to allow achieving various test section Mach numbers and adjustable mechanisms to control the throat, expansion, and diffuser sections. Construction of the tunnel was not fully completed within the project timeframe.
Airport design - Railways, airports, docks and harbour engineering (RAHE)Shanmugasundaram N
Β
Runway Design: Orientation, Wind Rose Diagram, Problems on basic and Actual Length, Geometric Design β Elements of Taxiway Design β Airport Zones β Passenger Facilities and Services β Runway and Taxiway Markings.
The document analyzes the viability of using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for construction surveys compared to conventional global navigation satellite system (GNSS) surveys. It describes conducting test surveys of a road and hill area using both methods. The UAV survey was faster to set up, conduct, and process than the GNSS survey. The analysis compared point elevations, cross-sectional areas, and volumes between the surveys. It concluded UAV surveys offer benefits in speed, time savings, and data collection but noted sources of error and the need for more research to verify measurement accuracy.
This document describes design optimization work done by students at Portland State University to develop a student-built sub-orbital rocket capable of reaching 100 km altitude. A trajectory simulation was built in Python and used to perform a Simplex Search optimization to minimize gross lift-off weight. The optimization identified a design with 113 kg gross weight, 3.2 kN thrust, 4.7 expansion ratio, and 11" diameter capable of reaching the von Karman line.
Airport planning - Railways, airports, docks and harbour engineering (RAHE)Shanmugasundaram N
Β
Air transport characteristics - airport classification β ICAO - airport planning: Site selection typical Airport Layouts, Case Studies, parking and Circulation Area
Railways, airports, docks and harbour engineering introduction (RAHE)Shanmugasundaram N
Β
The document outlines the course details for CE8702 - Railways, Airports and Harbour Engineering at SNS College of Engineering. The course aims to teach students about the planning, design, construction and maintenance of railways, airports, and harbors. It is divided into 5 units covering topics like railway planning and construction, airport planning and design, and harbour engineering. The course objectives are to understand design principles of different transportation infrastructure and analyze elements like route alignment, track laying, runway orientation, and coastal protection works.
The document describes the design, construction, and testing of the SpaceForce One aircraft. It was designed to carry a 1.5 kg payload 25 miles within 30 minutes to remote areas for healthcare purposes. The team selected a 3D printed, electric powered, remotely piloted fixed-wing aircraft with vertical takeoff and landing capability. After testing, the aircraft was able to achieve a couple brief flights but crashed before transitioning to cruise due to physical components detaching.
for engineering aspect read this will help you to understand somethings so am apload this for your benefits to understand well engineering and to become active in all materials of constructions and manufacturing.
10-Intersection Control ( Transportation and Traffic Engineering Dr. Sheriff ...Hossam Shafiq I
Β
The document discusses different types of traffic control devices used to regulate vehicle and pedestrian traffic. It describes traffic markings like longitudinal lines that delineate lanes and indicate whether passing is allowed. It also covers traffic signs that regulate movements, warn of hazards, and provide guidance to drivers. Common shapes and colors for signs are outlined. Finally, it discusses traffic signals and their role in controlling intersections.
Flow Anlaysis on Hal Tejas Aircraft using Computational Fluid Dynamics with D...IJAEMSJORNAL
Β
In the current globalization, we can see many innovations being introduced or implemented in every aspect of field that are considered to be existed. Every country is aiming to develop its power over all the aspects that considered for comparison with other countries in order to stand at same level of competition with others. One such power considered by all countries to develop every possible way to have a healthy competition is the military power which involves basically innovations of fast moving aircraft having a high lift coefficient and low drag coefficient. Such an aircraft having the high lift and low drag coefficient is TEJAS (HAL) developed by country India on which the purpose of paper mainly sustains. The paper mainly focuses on steady-state flow analysis over aircraft TEJAS using the computer aided modelling techniques and also the comparison of the results obtained from the modelled techniques. The paper also outlines the designing of the structural model of the TEJAS in a modelling software, creation of a finite computational domain, segmentation of this domain into discrete intervals, applying boundary conditions such as velocity in order to obtain plots and desired results determining the coefficient of pressure, lift and drag coefficient, velocity magnitude etc. This paper also aims in creating awareness to the future students about the techniques involved and knowledge required for developing a designed modelled. This paper also highlights the use of CFD techniques involved for the purpose of fluid flow simulation of the aircraft especially performing the meshing techniques, pre and post processing techniques and finally the evaluation of the simulation. Finally this paper can be seen as source by future generation students in gaining knowledge about design, analysis and simulation of the structured model on various conditions, about the field of aerospace engineering and new innovations being developed and also about the career involved when the above fields were chosen foe specialization purposes
The document summarizes a study on rehabilitating an 8 km section of the Altaji-Baghdad highway in Iraq. Laboratory and field testing was conducted to determine the existing pavement conditions and traffic volumes. Various types of failures like rutting, cracking, and potholes were found. An equivalent single axle load was calculated based on traffic data and used to determine the required overlay thickness according to the Asphalt Institute Manual. The recommended rehabilitation plan involves scraping and cleaning rutted areas, constructing 50mm and 55mm asphalt layers, and a 10-15cm subbase layer to increase the highway's service life and capacity.
This document describes the design and development of a hybrid UAV conducted by students at Brunel University. It discusses the various design stages undertaken, from conceptual design to testing of the final aircraft. Key aspects covered include preliminary sizing, aerodynamic analysis, structural design, propulsion selection, and avionics integration. Component testing such as of motors and structural elements was performed. The aircraft was then built and underwent ground and flight testing. Lessons learned are discussed to improve future hybrid UAV designs.
This document provides an overview of a project report on the aerodynamics analysis of automobiles. The report was submitted by G. Srikar in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree. The report includes declarations, certificates of approval, acknowledgments, and outlines the objectives, scope, and methodology of analyzing the effects of adding aerodynamic components like diffusers, vortex generators, spoilers, tire covers, and air ducts on a vehicle model using computational fluid dynamics software. The goals are to estimate the percent reductions in drag coefficient and lift coefficient, and to improve vehicle fuel efficiency, acceleration, and handling.
This document discusses a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of the aerodynamic effects of different side mirror designs for a passenger car. It aims to reduce drag and improve fuel efficiency. Three mirror designs were modeled and simulated at speeds of 60km/h, 90km/h, and 120km/h. Parameters like pressure coefficient, total pressure, drag coefficient, and lift coefficient were evaluated to analyze forces that cause mirror surface fluctuations and increase drag. Results showed that a half-sphere design had the lowest pressure coefficient, causing less fluctuation, and lower drag and lift coefficients, making it the most effective design. The study provides valuable insights into optimizing side mirror design to reduce aerodynamic drag on passenger vehicles.
This document describes a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of flow over NACA airfoils conducted using ANSYS. Three airfoils - NACA 6409, NACA 4412, and NACA 0012 - were analyzed. Pressure and velocity distributions, as well as lift and drag coefficients, were computed for the NACA 6409 and NACA 4412 airfoils. The NACA 4412 airfoil was found to have better lift to drag ratio characteristics, making it more efficient. Additionally, the effect of varying angle of attack on the lift and drag coefficients of the NACA 0012 airfoil was investigated.
Development of the required components of a performance vehicle model to stud...Kayalarasan Kanagasabai
Β
During the final phase of my master's degree, I have created a Matlab tool with an innovative mathematical modelling approach to support the race engineers to study the suspension set-up effectiveness by modelling the component's performance associated with the suspension.
The results generated by this Matlab tool will require further analysis by a race engineer to realize the optimizing window of the existing suspension set-up in a short amount of time. The data supplied and model validation done using the well-established AVL VSM lap time simulation software, a good level of agreement obtained even with the limitations and assumptions considered in the tool. The nature of this concept has the potential to convert into a commercial package software which requires less computational power and minimal data compare to a conventional method.
While developing this tool for around 6 months, I have experienced the joy of learning and exploring new things that I never know before, Thanks.
design and analysis of an All Terrain VehicleNikhil kadasi
Β
This document describes the design methodology for an All-Terrain Vehicle (ATV). It discusses selecting AISI 1018 carbon steel as the material for the roll cage due to its strength, weight, and weldability properties. Circular cross-sections are chosen for the roll cage members to maximize strength and torsional rigidity. The design process involves selecting cross-sections, defining frame parameters, designing the roll cage and its components, and specifying the suspension, steering, and braking systems. Finite element analysis will be performed to validate the design.
Computational Aerodynamics Research and Vehicle Engineering Development (CAR-...inventionjournals
Β
Many Persons, both from industry and also private individuals have performed research in regards to this new issue. Many have performed research on aerodynamics on certain portions of the vehicle and also on effects of shape of the body and other technologies used such as Computational Fluid Dynamics and Wind tunnel Testing.The effects of these studies is seen in the industry today. Not so long ago,the vehicles were having shapes lose to boxes and today beautiful curves dominate the vehicles bodies. These curves not only help in the beauty of the vehicle but also help the vehicle in terms of aerodynamics and fuel efficiency. In this paper we would like to highlight some important topics related with aerodynamics and how they affect the drag of the vehicles. We shall also discuss on methods used in the industry today to calculate the aerodynamic efficiency of the vehicles and their effects.
This document describes the design of a tri-sonic wind tunnel capable of generating subsonic, transonic, and supersonic flows. It includes the CAD modeling and CFD analysis of nozzle, test section, and diffuser designs for each flow regime. A mechanism for changing the tunnel geometry to achieve the desired flow is also designed and demonstrated. Various tools like MATLAB, ANSYS ICEM CFD, ANSYS FLUENT, and SOLIDWORKS were used. The design aims to allow testing of models in different flow conditions without requiring modification or use of separate tunnels, reducing time and costs. CFD analyses of the individual tunnel sections were performed to validate the designs.
This document provides details about testing a solar panel that will power an electric vehicle. It begins with an introduction to solar panels and how they work, then describes different types of solar panels. It shows the specific 50W flexible solar panel used for testing and provides its specifications. The document outlines how the panel was tested by measuring its output power and current at different terminal voltages. Finally, it displays the results of the testing in graphs and discusses how multiple panels will be configured on the vehicle.
CFD Simulation for Flow over Passenger Car Using Tail Plates for Aerodynamic ...IOSR Journals
Β
This work proposes an effective numerical model based on the Computational Fluid Dynamics
(CFD) approach to obtain the flow structure around a passenger car with Tail Plates. The experimental work of
the test vehicle and grid system is constructed by ANSYS-14.0. FLUENT which is the CFD solver & employed in
the present work. In this study, numerical iterations are completed, then after aerodynamic data and detailed
complicated flow structure are visualized.
In the present work, model of generic passenger car has been developed in solid works-10 and
generated the wind tunnel and applied the boundary conditions in ANSYS workbench 14.0 platform then after
testing and simulation has been performed for the evaluation of drag coefficient for passenger car. In another
case, the aerodynamics of the most suitable design of tail plate is introduced and analysedfor the evaluation of
drag coefficient for passenger car. The addition of tail plates results in a reduction of the drag-coefficient
3.87% and lift coefficient 16.62% in head-on wind. Rounding the edges partially reduces drag in head-on wind
but does not bring about the significant improvements in the aerodynamic efficiency of the passenger car with
tail plates, it can be obtained. Hence, the drag force can be reduced by using add on devices on vehicle and fuel
economy, stability of a passenger car can be improved.
This document provides an introduction to computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and the Advanced Computational Aerodynamics Laboratory course. It outlines the vision, mission, and program outcomes of the Aeronautical Engineering department. It also includes the syllabus, objectives, and outcomes of the Advanced Computational Aerodynamics Laboratory course, which teaches students computational techniques for aerodynamic problems using tools like ICEM CFD and Fluent. Experiments cover topics like flow over flat plates, nozzles, cylinders, airfoils, wedges, and cones to analyze properties like pressure, lift, drag, and flow visualization.
This thesis examines the accuracy of the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) 2010 methodology for evaluating traffic performance on oversaturated freeway segments, compared to microsimulation modeling. The author develops a microsimulation model of a freeway segment in California using VISSIM software, which is extensively calibrated and validated using NGSIM field data. The calibrated VISSIM model and NGSIM data are then used as inputs to the HCM 2010 FREEVAL software to calculate traffic densities and speeds. The results show that while the HCM 2010 methodology can sometimes accurately estimate densities, it significantly underestimates speeds on oversaturated segments compared to those observed in the VISSIM model and field data. This highlights limitations in the HCM 2010
IRJET- Aerodynamic Analysis on a Car to Reduce Drag Force using Vertex GeneratorIRJET Journal
Β
This document summarizes a study that used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to analyze aerodynamic drag on a car model and evaluate methods for reducing drag through the addition of vortex generators. Seven different vertex generator designs were modeled and their effects on drag reduction were evaluated using CFD software. The goal was to improve fuel efficiency and vehicle performance by reducing aerodynamic drag through optimized vortex generator placement on the rear of the vehicle.
IRJET- Experimentally and CFD Analysis on Spoiler in Wind Tunnel ExperimentIRJET Journal
Β
1. Researchers experimentally tested a fabricated spoiler in a wind tunnel at different wind velocities and analyzed the results using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software.
2. Both the wind tunnel experiments and CFD analysis yielded similar results for lift and drag coefficients, with a small percentage error between the two methods.
3. While CFD simulations are cheaper and easier than physical experiments, wind tunnel tests are still needed to validate CFD results, especially for turbulent flows.
Aero-acoustic investigation over a 3-dimensional open sunroof using CFDIRJET Journal
Β
This document describes a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study of buffeting noise from an open sunroof on a simplified 3D car model. The researchers will use the detached eddy simulation (DES) method in ANSYS Fluent to analyze pressure characteristics at different vehicle speeds. They will create a 3D virtual wind tunnel domain around the car model and assign appropriate boundary conditions. Pressure distributions obtained from simulations of closed and open sunroof cases will help establish an efficient design for a sunroof deflector to reduce buffeting noise.
The document describes the design, construction, and testing of the SpaceForce One aircraft. It was designed to carry a 1.5 kg payload 25 miles within 30 minutes to remote areas for healthcare purposes. The team selected a 3D printed, electric powered, remotely piloted fixed-wing aircraft with vertical takeoff and landing capability. After testing, the aircraft was able to achieve a couple brief flights but crashed before transitioning to cruise due to physical components detaching.
for engineering aspect read this will help you to understand somethings so am apload this for your benefits to understand well engineering and to become active in all materials of constructions and manufacturing.
10-Intersection Control ( Transportation and Traffic Engineering Dr. Sheriff ...Hossam Shafiq I
Β
The document discusses different types of traffic control devices used to regulate vehicle and pedestrian traffic. It describes traffic markings like longitudinal lines that delineate lanes and indicate whether passing is allowed. It also covers traffic signs that regulate movements, warn of hazards, and provide guidance to drivers. Common shapes and colors for signs are outlined. Finally, it discusses traffic signals and their role in controlling intersections.
Flow Anlaysis on Hal Tejas Aircraft using Computational Fluid Dynamics with D...IJAEMSJORNAL
Β
In the current globalization, we can see many innovations being introduced or implemented in every aspect of field that are considered to be existed. Every country is aiming to develop its power over all the aspects that considered for comparison with other countries in order to stand at same level of competition with others. One such power considered by all countries to develop every possible way to have a healthy competition is the military power which involves basically innovations of fast moving aircraft having a high lift coefficient and low drag coefficient. Such an aircraft having the high lift and low drag coefficient is TEJAS (HAL) developed by country India on which the purpose of paper mainly sustains. The paper mainly focuses on steady-state flow analysis over aircraft TEJAS using the computer aided modelling techniques and also the comparison of the results obtained from the modelled techniques. The paper also outlines the designing of the structural model of the TEJAS in a modelling software, creation of a finite computational domain, segmentation of this domain into discrete intervals, applying boundary conditions such as velocity in order to obtain plots and desired results determining the coefficient of pressure, lift and drag coefficient, velocity magnitude etc. This paper also aims in creating awareness to the future students about the techniques involved and knowledge required for developing a designed modelled. This paper also highlights the use of CFD techniques involved for the purpose of fluid flow simulation of the aircraft especially performing the meshing techniques, pre and post processing techniques and finally the evaluation of the simulation. Finally this paper can be seen as source by future generation students in gaining knowledge about design, analysis and simulation of the structured model on various conditions, about the field of aerospace engineering and new innovations being developed and also about the career involved when the above fields were chosen foe specialization purposes
The document summarizes a study on rehabilitating an 8 km section of the Altaji-Baghdad highway in Iraq. Laboratory and field testing was conducted to determine the existing pavement conditions and traffic volumes. Various types of failures like rutting, cracking, and potholes were found. An equivalent single axle load was calculated based on traffic data and used to determine the required overlay thickness according to the Asphalt Institute Manual. The recommended rehabilitation plan involves scraping and cleaning rutted areas, constructing 50mm and 55mm asphalt layers, and a 10-15cm subbase layer to increase the highway's service life and capacity.
This document describes the design and development of a hybrid UAV conducted by students at Brunel University. It discusses the various design stages undertaken, from conceptual design to testing of the final aircraft. Key aspects covered include preliminary sizing, aerodynamic analysis, structural design, propulsion selection, and avionics integration. Component testing such as of motors and structural elements was performed. The aircraft was then built and underwent ground and flight testing. Lessons learned are discussed to improve future hybrid UAV designs.
This document provides an overview of a project report on the aerodynamics analysis of automobiles. The report was submitted by G. Srikar in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree. The report includes declarations, certificates of approval, acknowledgments, and outlines the objectives, scope, and methodology of analyzing the effects of adding aerodynamic components like diffusers, vortex generators, spoilers, tire covers, and air ducts on a vehicle model using computational fluid dynamics software. The goals are to estimate the percent reductions in drag coefficient and lift coefficient, and to improve vehicle fuel efficiency, acceleration, and handling.
This document discusses a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of the aerodynamic effects of different side mirror designs for a passenger car. It aims to reduce drag and improve fuel efficiency. Three mirror designs were modeled and simulated at speeds of 60km/h, 90km/h, and 120km/h. Parameters like pressure coefficient, total pressure, drag coefficient, and lift coefficient were evaluated to analyze forces that cause mirror surface fluctuations and increase drag. Results showed that a half-sphere design had the lowest pressure coefficient, causing less fluctuation, and lower drag and lift coefficients, making it the most effective design. The study provides valuable insights into optimizing side mirror design to reduce aerodynamic drag on passenger vehicles.
This document describes a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of flow over NACA airfoils conducted using ANSYS. Three airfoils - NACA 6409, NACA 4412, and NACA 0012 - were analyzed. Pressure and velocity distributions, as well as lift and drag coefficients, were computed for the NACA 6409 and NACA 4412 airfoils. The NACA 4412 airfoil was found to have better lift to drag ratio characteristics, making it more efficient. Additionally, the effect of varying angle of attack on the lift and drag coefficients of the NACA 0012 airfoil was investigated.
Development of the required components of a performance vehicle model to stud...Kayalarasan Kanagasabai
Β
During the final phase of my master's degree, I have created a Matlab tool with an innovative mathematical modelling approach to support the race engineers to study the suspension set-up effectiveness by modelling the component's performance associated with the suspension.
The results generated by this Matlab tool will require further analysis by a race engineer to realize the optimizing window of the existing suspension set-up in a short amount of time. The data supplied and model validation done using the well-established AVL VSM lap time simulation software, a good level of agreement obtained even with the limitations and assumptions considered in the tool. The nature of this concept has the potential to convert into a commercial package software which requires less computational power and minimal data compare to a conventional method.
While developing this tool for around 6 months, I have experienced the joy of learning and exploring new things that I never know before, Thanks.
design and analysis of an All Terrain VehicleNikhil kadasi
Β
This document describes the design methodology for an All-Terrain Vehicle (ATV). It discusses selecting AISI 1018 carbon steel as the material for the roll cage due to its strength, weight, and weldability properties. Circular cross-sections are chosen for the roll cage members to maximize strength and torsional rigidity. The design process involves selecting cross-sections, defining frame parameters, designing the roll cage and its components, and specifying the suspension, steering, and braking systems. Finite element analysis will be performed to validate the design.
Computational Aerodynamics Research and Vehicle Engineering Development (CAR-...inventionjournals
Β
Many Persons, both from industry and also private individuals have performed research in regards to this new issue. Many have performed research on aerodynamics on certain portions of the vehicle and also on effects of shape of the body and other technologies used such as Computational Fluid Dynamics and Wind tunnel Testing.The effects of these studies is seen in the industry today. Not so long ago,the vehicles were having shapes lose to boxes and today beautiful curves dominate the vehicles bodies. These curves not only help in the beauty of the vehicle but also help the vehicle in terms of aerodynamics and fuel efficiency. In this paper we would like to highlight some important topics related with aerodynamics and how they affect the drag of the vehicles. We shall also discuss on methods used in the industry today to calculate the aerodynamic efficiency of the vehicles and their effects.
This document describes the design of a tri-sonic wind tunnel capable of generating subsonic, transonic, and supersonic flows. It includes the CAD modeling and CFD analysis of nozzle, test section, and diffuser designs for each flow regime. A mechanism for changing the tunnel geometry to achieve the desired flow is also designed and demonstrated. Various tools like MATLAB, ANSYS ICEM CFD, ANSYS FLUENT, and SOLIDWORKS were used. The design aims to allow testing of models in different flow conditions without requiring modification or use of separate tunnels, reducing time and costs. CFD analyses of the individual tunnel sections were performed to validate the designs.
This document provides details about testing a solar panel that will power an electric vehicle. It begins with an introduction to solar panels and how they work, then describes different types of solar panels. It shows the specific 50W flexible solar panel used for testing and provides its specifications. The document outlines how the panel was tested by measuring its output power and current at different terminal voltages. Finally, it displays the results of the testing in graphs and discusses how multiple panels will be configured on the vehicle.
CFD Simulation for Flow over Passenger Car Using Tail Plates for Aerodynamic ...IOSR Journals
Β
This work proposes an effective numerical model based on the Computational Fluid Dynamics
(CFD) approach to obtain the flow structure around a passenger car with Tail Plates. The experimental work of
the test vehicle and grid system is constructed by ANSYS-14.0. FLUENT which is the CFD solver & employed in
the present work. In this study, numerical iterations are completed, then after aerodynamic data and detailed
complicated flow structure are visualized.
In the present work, model of generic passenger car has been developed in solid works-10 and
generated the wind tunnel and applied the boundary conditions in ANSYS workbench 14.0 platform then after
testing and simulation has been performed for the evaluation of drag coefficient for passenger car. In another
case, the aerodynamics of the most suitable design of tail plate is introduced and analysedfor the evaluation of
drag coefficient for passenger car. The addition of tail plates results in a reduction of the drag-coefficient
3.87% and lift coefficient 16.62% in head-on wind. Rounding the edges partially reduces drag in head-on wind
but does not bring about the significant improvements in the aerodynamic efficiency of the passenger car with
tail plates, it can be obtained. Hence, the drag force can be reduced by using add on devices on vehicle and fuel
economy, stability of a passenger car can be improved.
This document provides an introduction to computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and the Advanced Computational Aerodynamics Laboratory course. It outlines the vision, mission, and program outcomes of the Aeronautical Engineering department. It also includes the syllabus, objectives, and outcomes of the Advanced Computational Aerodynamics Laboratory course, which teaches students computational techniques for aerodynamic problems using tools like ICEM CFD and Fluent. Experiments cover topics like flow over flat plates, nozzles, cylinders, airfoils, wedges, and cones to analyze properties like pressure, lift, drag, and flow visualization.
This thesis examines the accuracy of the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) 2010 methodology for evaluating traffic performance on oversaturated freeway segments, compared to microsimulation modeling. The author develops a microsimulation model of a freeway segment in California using VISSIM software, which is extensively calibrated and validated using NGSIM field data. The calibrated VISSIM model and NGSIM data are then used as inputs to the HCM 2010 FREEVAL software to calculate traffic densities and speeds. The results show that while the HCM 2010 methodology can sometimes accurately estimate densities, it significantly underestimates speeds on oversaturated segments compared to those observed in the VISSIM model and field data. This highlights limitations in the HCM 2010
IRJET- Aerodynamic Analysis on a Car to Reduce Drag Force using Vertex GeneratorIRJET Journal
Β
This document summarizes a study that used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to analyze aerodynamic drag on a car model and evaluate methods for reducing drag through the addition of vortex generators. Seven different vertex generator designs were modeled and their effects on drag reduction were evaluated using CFD software. The goal was to improve fuel efficiency and vehicle performance by reducing aerodynamic drag through optimized vortex generator placement on the rear of the vehicle.
IRJET- Experimentally and CFD Analysis on Spoiler in Wind Tunnel ExperimentIRJET Journal
Β
1. Researchers experimentally tested a fabricated spoiler in a wind tunnel at different wind velocities and analyzed the results using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software.
2. Both the wind tunnel experiments and CFD analysis yielded similar results for lift and drag coefficients, with a small percentage error between the two methods.
3. While CFD simulations are cheaper and easier than physical experiments, wind tunnel tests are still needed to validate CFD results, especially for turbulent flows.
Aero-acoustic investigation over a 3-dimensional open sunroof using CFDIRJET Journal
Β
This document describes a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study of buffeting noise from an open sunroof on a simplified 3D car model. The researchers will use the detached eddy simulation (DES) method in ANSYS Fluent to analyze pressure characteristics at different vehicle speeds. They will create a 3D virtual wind tunnel domain around the car model and assign appropriate boundary conditions. Pressure distributions obtained from simulations of closed and open sunroof cases will help establish an efficient design for a sunroof deflector to reduce buffeting noise.
Nikhil Kulkarni's mechanical engineering design portfolio contains 10 projects showcasing his design skills and experiences. The portfolio includes projects such as designing jigs and fixtures for aircraft parts, analyzing a hydraulic system component, and creating an automatic basketball machine. Nikhil holds a master's degree in mechanical engineering from Arizona State University, where he focused on product design and simulation. He is looking to start his career in mechanical design engineering.
CFD modelling calculation and simulation of busIRJET Journal
Β
This document summarizes a CFD analysis of a bus interior to optimize passenger thermal comfort. The analysis uses CFD software to model the bus geometry and simulate air flow, temperature distribution, and passenger comfort under different operating conditions. Initial simulations were run with a coarse mesh to determine mesh size and turbulence parameters. Boundary conditions for the full simulation included an ambient temperature of 34Β°C, window heat flux of 250W/m2, and passenger temperature of 37Β°C. The full simulation results showed warmer temperatures and lower air velocities in the bus middle, indicating potential discomfort for those passengers. Modifications to the air ducts to increase middle airflow were recommended to improve thermal comfort.
AUTOMOTIVE COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS SIMULATION OF A CAR USING ANSYSIAEME Publication
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In this paper, ANSYS CFX method is used to simulate a single car model with and without a spoiler and by using two types of mesh. The solution of the Reynolds average Navier Stokes equations (RANS equations) has been achieved by using two models such as K-Epsilon and K βOmega Turbulence model will be analysed. In this report, mesh quality, boundary layer and turbulent y+ value simulation has been thoroughly analysed and solution for both the models has also been compared and discussed the results. We use the ANSYS software to determine the drag and lift forces at different turbulence kinetic energy variables k-Epsilon and K-Omega for the given vehicle domain. Further, the effects of aerodynamic are verified with and without the spoiler.
This document summarizes a study on the underbody aerodynamics of sports cars. It discusses how earlier aerodynamic studies focused on the upper surfaces of cars, but understanding of underbody aerodynamics has improved in recent years. The document outlines the basic concepts of aerodynamics and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling. It describes different turbulence models that can be used in CFD simulations, including k-epsilon models. It also discusses how diffusers can improve aerodynamic properties by enhancing the transition of airflow under the car.
Cfd analysis of car body aerodynamics including effect of passive flow device...eSAT Journals
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Abstract With the emphasis lying on increasing fuel efficiency of vehicles in order to combat rising fuel prices and environmental
challenges the manufacturers are thinking beyond the conventional vehicle systems by focusing on its aerodynamics. Aerodynamic
drag exceeds 50 per cent of the total resistance to motion at speeds above 70km/hr, and above 100 km/hr it is the most important
factor. The review is done to identify the various shortcomings of the automotive designers when it is in regards to flow
separation of air at the rear of the vehicle which causes most of the losses. This paper focuses on the work already done in the
field of aerodynamics starting with Ahmed Body. It is a bluff body with adjustable rear slant angle and the basis upon which the
aerodynamicists test their models. And then, moving onto passive aerodynamic enhancements for automobiles like vortex
generators and diffusers whose various dimensional modulations were discussed with several steps leading to its advancement in
vehicle body design. This brings to the simulation, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and its role in this analysis was
covered. CFD has been modified a lot from the beginning to increase the accuracy of its predictions. So the paper lists various
simulation techniques studied by the previous researchers in order to understand the wake region behind the car which has been
notoriously difficult to predict till date. Several aspects of aerodynamic drag that need further analysis to improve the
aerodynamic were highlighted.
Keywords: Drag Force, Drag Coefficient, Ahmed Body, CFD Simulation, Vehicle Aerodynamics, Passive Flow
Devices
Cfd analysis of car body aerodynamics including effect of passive flow device...
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Final Report
1. Faculty of Technology, Design and Environment
MASTER OF SCIENCE DISSERTATION
Title: Analysis of the steady aerodynamic forces generated by
road cars in crosswind conditions using a simple bicycle model
and CFD
Surname: Bracho
First Name: Jose Javier
Supervisor: Dr. Daniel Bell
Student No.: 12071817 Date Submitted: 21/09/2013
Module No.: P04796
Subject Title: MSc Automotive Engineering Project
2. STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY
Except for those parts in which it is explicitly stated to the contrary, this project is my own work. It has
not been submitted for any degree at this or any other academic or professional institution.
Signature of Author Date
Regulations Governing the Deposit and Use of Master of Science Dissertations in the School of
Technology, Oxford Brookes University.
1. The βtopβ copies of projects submitted in fulfilment of Master of Science course requirements
shall normally be kept by the Department.
2. The author shall sign a declaration agreeing that, at the supervisorβs discretion, the
dissertation may be submitted in electronic form to any plagiarism checking service or tool.
3. The author shall sign a declaration agreeing that the dissertation be available for reading and
copying in any form at the discretion of either the project supervisor or in their absence the
Head of Postgraduate Programmes, in accordance with 5 below.
4. The project supervisor shall safeguard the interests of the author by requiring persons who
consult the dissertation to sign a declaration acknowledging the authorβs copyright.
5. Permission for anyone other than the author to reproduce in any form or photocopy any part of
the dissertation must be obtained from the project supervisor, or in their absence the Head of
Postgraduate Programmes, who will give his/her permission for such reproduction only to the
extent which he/she considers to be fair and reasonable.
I agree that this dissertation may be submitted in electronic form to any plagiarism checking service or
tool at the discretion of my project supervisor in accordance with regulation 2 above.
I agree that this dissertation may be available for reading and photocopying at the discretion of my
project supervisor or the Head of Postgraduate Programmes in accordance with regulation 5 above.
Signature of Author Date
3. Analysis of the steady aerodynamic
forces generated by road cars in
crosswind conditions using a simple
bicycle model and CFD
Oxford Brookes University
Jose Javier Bracho
Student No.: 12071817
MSc Automotive Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering and
Mathematical Sciences
August 2013
Project Supervisor: Dr. Daniel Bell
4. ABSTRACT
Ground road vehicles exposed to crosswind situations present a complicated
challenge not only to drivers but also automotive designers in constant concern of
handling and safety. The modelling of these conditions is rather difficult due to the
complexity of the scenario where aerodynamics, vehicle dynamics and driverβs
reactions interact with each other. The aim of this project is to integrate the analysis
of static aerodynamic forces into a comprehensive bicycle model, capable of
measuring the impact of general design parameters into the crosswind sensitivity of a
vehicle. Implementing a Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations (RANS)
simulation, aerodynamic forces and moments are calculated to then be coupled with
a two-degree of freedom bicycle model measuring parameters such as: yaw rate and
lateral displacement. A parameter study regarding general vehicle dynamics features
is carried out to determine which is the most influential to yaw rate. Flow structure
asymmetry created a significant discrepancy in forces experienced along the
vehicles, resulting in yawing moments turning the cars away from wind direction.
Three basic vehicle geometries were considered, indicating an inversely proportional
relationship between rear side area distribution and yaw moment experienced.
Stability in these scenarios was found to be linked not only to aerodynamic features
but mainly to vehicle dynamic properties such as tyre size and weight distribution. It
was showed that the motion of the centre of pressure with respect to the locations of
the centre of gravity and the neutral steering point is the main interest to design
vehicles less sensitive to crosswind situations.
Key words: crosswind sensitivity, vehicle dynamics, RANS simulation.
5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I am thankful to Oxford Brookes University for the constant support and kind
assistance which turned each difficulty into a great opportunity to learn and develop
myself as a better professional.
I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr. Daniel Bell, for all his guidance, time devoted
and his endless will to support and help not only me, but all the group of students
who were taking part in aerodynamic related projects.
Thanks to Dr. James Balkwill for his invaluable lessons and for sharing that immense
passion that showed me how to be excellent at your profession.
To all the rest of the teacher staff in the Department of Mechanical Engineering and
Mathematical Sciences, who were always willing to take a moment to discuss and
give appropriate advice to any source of problems students presented them.
To my colleagues, who taught me and help me every time I needed them, sharing all
their knowledge and experience as well as their friendship making this a great
experience. Iβll never forget.
To my family, for giving me the opportunity to grow and fulfil my dream of becoming
an Automotive Engineer and an unlimited source of wisdom and guidance. This is for
you.
To my girlfriend, for making the distance become a strong incentive to give my best
as a person and her endless love and caring that kept me going especially in the
most difficult times.
i
6. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgements i
Table of Contents ii
List of Figures/Diagrams iii
List of Tables iv
List of Symbols and Abbreviations v
1 Introduction 1
2 Literature Review 5
2.1 Ground Vehicle Aerodynamics 5
2.2 Previous studies on crosswind 9
2.3 Analytical modelling of crosswind and numerical investigations 14
2.4 Crosswind sensitivity 17
3 Methodology 19
3.1 Vehicle models 19
3.2 RANS simulations of steady state crosswind 21
3.3 Vehicle dynamics simulations of a simple bicycle model 24
3.4 Parameter study 26
4 Results and discussion 28
4.1 Computational fluid dynamics results 28
4.2 Vehicle dynamics results 33
4.3 Parameter study results 37
5 Conclusions and further work 40
References 42
Appendices 46
ii
7. LIST OF FIGURES/DIAGRAMS
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1: Boundary Layer on a flat plane 7
Figure 2.2: Vehicle aerodynamic forces and moments representation while
driving into a crosswind 8
Figure 2.3: Reference frame used for the CFD models 9
Figure 2.4: Resultant flow velocity in a crosswind situation 9
Figure 2.5: Division between quasi-steady and transient approaches for
crosswind 11
Figure 2.6: Asymmetrical pressure distribution at yawed condition causing a
leeward steering effect 11
Figure 2.7: Steady increase of yaw moment within relevant range of yaw angle 12
Figure 2.8: Isosurface of total pressure at 1.6 degree yaw angle 16
Figure 2.9: Pressure coefficient at the windward lateral surface of the trailer 17
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1: Dimensions of MIRA reference car model 20
Figure 3.2: Computational domain dimensions and boundary conditions 22
Figure 3.3: Visual detail of trimmer mesh, volumetric control and prism layer
selected 23
Figure 3.4: Conventional bicycle model 24
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1: Isometric pressure plots for FB, NB and SB models 29
Figure 4.2: Pressure distribution around the FB, NB and SB models 30
Figure 4.3: Velocity magnitude around the FB, NB and SB models 31
Figure 4.4: Yaw rate for the FB, NB and SB models 34
Figure 4.5: Lateral displacement for the FB, NB and SB models 34
Figure 4.6: Driver controlled and stable reaction compared to natural unstable
mechanical responses of a vehicle to a sudden side gust 36
Figure 4.7: Lateral displacement improvement after applying the balancing of
parameters 38
Appendices
Figure A.1: Diagram for the linking of CFD and vehicle dynamics models 47
iii
8. LIST OF TABLES
Chapter 3
Table 3.1: Dimensional details of the MIRA reference car models 20
Table 3.2: Optimum mesh values for vehicle aerodynamics 22
Table 3.3: Vehicle models selected for mass related parameters 26
Chapter 4
Table 4.1: Aerodynamic forces and moments net values 32
Table 4.2: Test matrix and parameter study for the FB model 37
Appendices
Table A.1: CFD baseline models validation 49
iv
9. LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Upper-case Roman
A frontal area
CD drag coefficient
CL lift coefficient
CP pressure coefficient
CSide side force coefficient
CYaw yaw moment coefficient
L vehicle length
Lf Lift force
Re Reynolds number
ReL Reynolds number based on the vehicle length
ReβA Reynolds number based on the square root of the frontal area
U travelling speed of the vehicle
Ur incident velocity
Uβ free stream velocity
Ui,j velocity gradient
W (cross)wind speed
WT Total weight of the vehicle
Wcar Specific weight of the vehicle
Wdriver Specific weight of the driver
Lower-case Roman
f frequency
h vehicle height
l vehicle width
p pressure
v
10. t time
y+
non dimensional wall unit
Lower-case Greek
π£ kinematic viscosity
k turbulent kinetic energy
Superscripts
Β° angle degree
Symbols
β gradient
π partial derivative
ποΏ½οΏ½β velocity vector
Abbreviations
CFD Computational Fluid Dynamics
CoG Centre of Gravity
CoP Centre of Pressure
CS Cornering Stiffness
DES Detached Eddy Simulations
DNS Direct Numerical Simulation
FB Fastback
LES Large Eddy Simulations
NB Notchback
NS Navier-Stokes equations
NSP Neutral Steer Point
RANS Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations
SB Square-back
vi