Illegal immigration enforcement costs the state of Arizona an estimated $1.3 billion per year, according to a 2004 study. Community leaders argue that enforcement results in racial profiling and a waste of taxpayer money. Theoretical frameworks for analyzing illegal immigration as a social problem include Karl Marx's human labor-power theory, Adam Smith's division of labor theory, and Howard Becker's labeling theory. Current economic conditions have magnified the costs and impacts of illegal immigration enforcement compared to a decade ago. Enforcement has also caused social problems like decreased community trust and lack of revenue from jobs typically filled by undocumented immigrants.