1. Under the Guidance of:
Er. Brajendra Shukla
Coordinator, Biotechnology
Engineering
I.E.T., Bundelkhand University, Jhansi
Dr. Anand Kr. Pandey
Lecturer (Biotechnology Engineering)
I.E.T., Bundelkhand University, Jhansi
Presented By:
Archana Kushwaha
B.Tech (Biotechnology) 2nd Year
Rafat Sabir
B.Tech (Biotechnology) 2nd Year
Swati Tripathi
B.Tech (Biotechnology) 1st Year

2.  A PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISM AND ESPECIALLY
A BACTERIUM THAT HAS DEVELOPED RESISTANCE
TO THE MEDICATIONS NORMALLY USED AGAINST
IT.
 IF A BACTERIUM CARRIES SEVERAL ANTIBIOTIC
RESISTANCE GENES IT IS CALLED MULTIRESISTANT
OR INFORMALLY A SUPERBUG OR SUPER
BACTERIA.
 THE BRANCH OF SCIENCE WHICH DEALS WITH THE
STUDY OF SUPERBUGS IS CALLED METAGENOMICS.

3. 1. Uncontrolled, improper and indiscriminate use of
antibiotics for therapy and prophylaxis.
2. Inadequate lengths of therapy.
3. Unnecessary use, lack of activity, insufficient doses.
4. Poor hand hygiene & failure of infection control
measures.
5. Pollution from nanomaterial, heavy metal, sewage
sludge, animal slurry, disinfectants and fabric
softeners.

5. 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18Numberofagentsapproved
0
1983-87 1988-92 1993-97 1998-02 2003-05 2008
Resistance
•Infectious Diseases Society of America. Bad Bugs, No Drugs. July 2004; Spellberg B et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38:1279-1286;
•New antimicrobial agents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006;50:1912
Bars represent number of new antimicrobial agents approved by the FDA during that period

6. Mechanism of Antibiotic
Resistance
 Drug inactivation or modification.
 Alteration of target site.
 Reduced drug accumulation.
 Horizontal gene transfer and
unlinked point mutations in the
pathogen genome.
 Innate genetic mutation.

7.  Accepting resistance genes
from other bacteria.
 Conjugation, Transformation
and Transduction.
 Introduced artificially into a
microorganism through
laboratory protocols,
sometimes used as a
 By enzyme inactivation.

8. Infectious Disease
Society of America
Examples of SUPERBUGS:
1. MRSA (Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus)
2. H1N1 (Hemagglutinin Type 1 and Neuraminidase
Type 1)
3. NDM-1 (New Delhi Metallo β Lactamase-1)
4. VRSA (Vancomycin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus)
5. ESBL (Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase)
6. VRE (Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus)
7. MRAB (Multidrug Resistant Actinomucor baumannii ).
FEWBAD BUGS, FEW DRUGS

9.  Resistant against antibiotic
Methicillin.
 Found on the mucous membranes
and the human skin. This is one
virus that does not need open
wound to enter just contact with
your skin.
 It was one of the earlier bacteria in
which penicillin resistance was
1. MRSA: Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
MRSA

10. 2. H1N1 Flu Virus (Swine Flu)
 H1N1 virus responsible for today’s biggest
threat i.e. Swine Flu is also becoming antiviral
resistant.
 A class of antivirals, ‘neuraminidase inhibitors
(NAIs)’ is effective against all human influenza
viruses.
e.g. oseltamivir & zanamivir.
 Doctors generally prescribes these antivirals
against swine flu.
 Studies done by MEDLINE & EMBASE revealed
a pooled incidence rate for oseltamivir
resistance of 2.6% as a result of oseltamivir
use.

11. MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY
CDC estimates that the number of MRSA has doubled
nationwide 1999 approx. 127,000 up to 2005 approx.
278,000.
At the same time the amount of deaths increased from
11,000 to more than 17,000.
Incidence increase in β-Lactamase from 17% to 23% between
1991 and 2001 in UK.
44 isolates with NDM-1 in Chennai, 26 in Haryana, 37 in the
UK, and 73 in other sites in India and Pakistan.

12. Death attributable to AMR (Anti Microbial
Resistance) every year compared to other
causes of death.
Source: Wikipedia by Jim O'Neill Chairman of the Review on Antimicrobial Resistance

13.  Selecting the most appropriate antibiotic
based on the patient, risk factors,
suspected infection and resistance.
 Administering antibiotics at the right
dose, duration & take them only if
necessary.
 Completing the full prescription given by
doctor, even if you feel better.
 Changing antibiotic dosage or therapy
based on resistance.
 Replace conventional antibiotics to
peptide antibiotics.

14. WASH YOUR HANDS!!! And
maintain a hygienic surrounding.
BSI gloves, mask with face shield,
gown-Not a bad idea.
Disinfect you and your equipment
including your truck.
Be environment friendly and say
‘NO’ to pollution.

15. NANOTECHNOLOGY BOOST WAR ON
SUPERBUGS
 Scientists from the London Centre for
Nanotechnology (LCN) are using a novel
nanomechanical approach to investigate the
workings of vancomycin.
 Cantilever Array coated with mucopeptide –
Leads to the development of more powerful
and effective antibiotics in future.
 Engineers design nanoparticles that deliver
high doses of antibiotics directly to bacteria.
Cantilever Array
Nanoparticles(green) targeting Bacteria(red)

16. 1. Gene-editing Systems
(i). CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short
Palindromic Repeats)
 MIT engineers have developed a gene-editing system-CRISPR that can kill
superbug.
 It involves a set of proteins , used by bacteria against bacteriophages. One
of these proteins is Cas9, a DNA cutting enzyme.
 RNA guide strands of bacteria are used to target genes for antibiotic
resistance like NDM-1 & SVH-18.
 Studies have done on waxworm & mice.
Biotechnological Approach in Prevention
of
‘SUPERBUGS’

17. (ii) TALENs (Transcription Activator Like Effector Nucleases)
 TALEs are naturally occurring protein from the pathogen
Xanthomonas containing DNA binding domains.
 Can be used to edit genomes using double strand breaks & it cleaves at
desired site.
 Use to generate mutant alleles of 15 genes in cultured somatic cells or
human pluripotent stem cells.
 Use to generate stably modified human embryonic stem cell &
induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs) to generate knockout mice,
knockout zebrafish.
 Utilized experimentally to correct genetic errors underlying diseases.

19. 2. Combi-GEM (Combinatorial Genetics En Masse)
 Enables the rapid generation of high-order barcoded
combinations of genetic elements.
 Researchers created a library of 34,000 pairs of
bacterial genes which code for transcription factor.
 These genes are then transmitted into superbugs &
treated them with different antibiotic.
 Illumina sequencing reveals those gene pairs that
potentiated the killing of bacteria by manifolds.
 Once the mechanism is investigated, we can design
more effective antibiotics.

20. 3. Engineered Viruses (Bacteriophages)
 Researchers have engineered a virus that
eliminates bacterial defense system and
hence increase the effectiveness of
antibiotics.
 These viruses attack the SOS system of
bacteria- A DNA repair system that comes
into action when bacteria is exposed to
antibiotics.
 Used in conjunction with traditional
antibiotics (Quonolones, β-lactams).

21. 4. Beneficial Insects
Scientists also hypothesised that
locust brain juice could cut MRSA
in humans because it contains
substances that kill bacteria.
Honey is also studied as a weapon
against superbug.

22. 5. Computer Aided Drug Designing (CAD)
 Virtual screening of billions of compounds.
 Availability of chemical databases & their
online distribution is useful in drug designing.
 Many softwares are available for screening the
lead like compound from chemical databases.
 X-Ray, NMR and Docking are milestones in
structure based drug designing.
 Are cost-effective, reliable and time-saving.

23. 6. FIRST WEAPON AGAINST MRSA
 The drug, Staphefekt, is reported as the
first weapon against MRSA infection.
 It combines two bits of a enzyme-
‘Endolysin’, found in viruses.
 It latches on to bacterium’s outer skin
part.
 It specifically kill Staphylococcus and
doesn’t harm other bacteria.
MRSA

24.  Research is being done to find treatment.
 A newly discovered antibiotic, called
‘Teixobactin’, kills a wide range of superbugs.
 “eCAPs” (engineered Cationic Antimicrobial
Peptides) are being synthesised.
 Newer Antibiotics in pipeline:- Dalbavancin,
Oritavancin, Telavancin, Ceftobiprole
(Zeftera®), Ceftaroline, Faropenem.
eCAPs

25. References:
 Textbook on Microbiology by Michael J.Paleczar, JR.,
E.C.S.Chan, Noel R.Kreig.
 Textbook on Biochemistry by Lehninger.
 en.wikipedia.org
 www.nanowork.com
 www.sciencedaily.com
 www.latimes.com
 www.pubmed.com
 www.nature.com

27. YOUR
QUERIES..???