presentation

1. Analysis of Human Samples
Hair Analysis – Sophie Gascoigne
Saliva Analysis – Danny Hadley
Urine Analysis – Bailey Gillmore
Blood Analysis – Alicia Gasston

2. Why are analyses carried out?
 Analyses are carried out to help gain knowledge and insight into specific areas
 May also be carried out to assess an individual's health
 Also used to provide clues and cures for diseases
 Helps assess and monitor certain treatments
Introduction
This presentation has been put together to discuss different samples that can
be analysed: Hair, Saliva, Urine and Blood.
Each slide will describe what the sample is, how the sample is obtained, why
analysis is performed and how analysis is performed.

3. Hair analysis
 Hair analysis is carried out to determine an
individuals exposure to drugs. Hair analysis’ are
commonly carried out in criminal investigations to
discover drug misuse
 Concentration of drugs in hair tends to decrease
because of external factors; for example: Washing,
bleachdye, heat from curlers or straighteners,
 Sample collection procedure: Hair should be cut
close to the vertex. The vertex is the preferred
place as this is usually where hair growth varies
least
 Sample preparation:
 Segmentation:a 3cm segment will be tested
 Finding a sample representative: A sample
representative should weigh around 10-50 mg which
is around 50-100 hairs
 Washing: helps to remove things like sweat or hair
products that may effect the results of the analysis
 Analysis: Hair is milled for 25 minutes to increase
the surface area to give more hair to be tested on.

4. Saliva Analysis
• Basic test performed for taking measurements of certain
substances within the body or a pre-diagnostic tool looking for
pre-cursers of certain diseases.
• Two ways to obtain saliva either whole saliva sample or specific
saliva sample
• After sample has been taken it can then be put through testing
equipment which will reveal all the compounds and substances
that exist within the saliva.
• The results show the levels of substances that are being tested
for within the saliva
• For example drug testing, the reading will show levels of that
specific drug present in the saliva sample.
Saliva Swab
Example
Saliva self-test DNA kits

5. How and why is urine
analysed?
What is urine?
-urine is a liquid bi-product of metabolism. Urine flows through the urinary system which is composed
of two kidneys, two ureters, a bladder and a urethra.. It is formed via 3 processes: Filtration,
reabsorption and secretion.
What is the function of urine?
-The main function of urine, is to maintain homeostasis. This is done through regulation of the volume
and composition of blood. This is maintained through the excretion of metabolic wastes including
urea, creatinine and uric acid.
Methods of analysing urine
-There are three ways to analyse urine: macroscopic urinalysis, dipstick chemical analysis and
microscopic urinalysis.
Why is urinalysis performed?
-Urinalysis is conducted to help screen for disease or infection of the urinary tract.
-it is also used to assess and monitor treatment to conditions.

6. Blood and its Analysis
What is blood and its function?
Blood is a specialised liquid connective tissue made up of plasma and formed elements like Red Blood Cells
(Erythrocytes), White Blood (Leukocytes) Cells and Platelets (Thrombocytes) and has three main functions:
Transportation, Regulation, Protection
Methods of Blood Sampling
- Venepuncture
- Capillary heel and finger stick tests
- Arterial Blood Gas
Why is Blood Analysis performed?
- Diagnosis and Treatment
- Genetic Screening
- Monitoring
How is Blood Analysed?
- Most analysis performed on highly specialised
auto-analysers
- Spectrometry
- Impedance
- Cytochemistry
- Flow Cytometry
- Microscopy
- Immunoassays

7. Conclusion
The analysis of hair, saliva, urine and blood are vastly
important in all aspects, be it medical or non-medical.
Each analysis performed has potential to save lives, the
potential to solve a crime.
Without key analysis techniques shown in this
presentation the medical-scientific field wouldn’t be as
it is today and therefore a dept of gratitude is owed to
these tests
And to conclude, we feel the analysis hair, saliva, urine
and blood are still the keys to the future of medicine
and diagnosis and thus of great importance to the world