Infertility in females is defined as the inability to achieve pregnancy after 12 months of unprotected sexual intercourse, affecting an estimated 48 million women globally, with significant prevalence in specific regions. Contributing factors include age, lifestyle choices, and medical conditions, while diagnostics involve a combination of medical history, hormone tests, and imaging techniques. Preventive measures and treatments focus on maintaining a healthy lifestyle, addressing existing health issues, and exploring options like egg freezing.

1. Infertility in Females
Prof.Nanda Bhupal Jagtap
College Name: Dapoli Urban Bank Senior Science College, Dapoli

2.  What Is Infertility:
Infertility is inability to achieve pregnancy after 12 months of having
unprotected sexual intercourse with average frequency of 3 to 4 times per
week with no use of any birth control measures.
Female Infertility refers to Infertility in women. It affects an estimated 48
million women, with the highest prevalence of infertility affecting women
in South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa/Middle East, and
Central/Eastern Europe and Central Asia . Infertility is caused by many
sources, including nutrition, diseases, and other malformations of the
uterus.

3.  Risk Factors:
 Smoking and Excessive alcohol use.
 Age (over age 35 for women)
 Over weight
 Over exercising
 Frequency & timing of sexual intercourse
 Mental stress, anxiety and Depression
 Radiation Therapy or other cancer treatments
 Abnormal menstruation cycle

4.  Diagnostics:
Diagnosis of infertility begins with a medical history and
physical exam.
 Lab Tests:
i. Hormone testing, to measure levels of female hormones at
certain times during a menstrual cycle.
ii. Day 2 or 3 measure of FSH and estrogen, to assess ovarian
reserve.
iii. Measurements of thyroid function (a thyroid stimulating
hormone (TSH) level of between 1 and 2 is considered
optimal for conception).
iv. Measurement of progesterone in the second half of the
cycle to help confirm ovulation.
v. Anti-Mullerian hormone to estimate ovarian reserve.

5.  Examination and imaging:
i. An endometrial biopsy, to verify ovulation and inspect the lining of the
uterus.
ii. Laparoscopy, which allows the provider to inspect the pelvic organs.
iii. Fertiloscopy, a relatively new surgical technique used for early diagnosis
(and immediate treatment).
iv. Pap smear, to check for signs of infection.
v. Pelvic exam, to look for abnormalities or infection.
vi. A postcoital test, which is done soon after intercourse to check for
problems with sperm surviving in cervical mucous (not commonly used
now because of test unreliability).
vii. Hysterosalpingography or sonosalpingography, to check for tube
patency.
viii. Sonohysterography to check for uterine abnormalities.

6.  Preventions:
 Maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Excessive exercise, consumption of caffeine
and alcohol, and smoking have all been associated with decreased fertility.
Eating a well-balanced, nutritious diet, with plenty of fresh fruits and
vegetables, and maintaining a normal weight, on the other hand, have been
associated with better fertility prospects.
 Treating or preventing existing diseases. Identifying and controlling chronic
diseases such as diabetes and hypothyroidism increases fertility prospects.
Lifelong practice of safer sex reduces the likelihood that sexually transmitted
diseases will impair fertility.
 Not delaying parenthood.
 Egg freezing. A woman can freeze her eggs preserve her fertility. By using egg
freezing while in the peak reproductive years, a woman's oocytes are
cryogenically frozen and ready for her use later in life, reducing her chances
of female infertility.

7.  Treatment:
i. No alcoholism
ii. Maintaining good BMI
iii. Have intercourse during midcycle
iv. Detect LH surge in urine
v. Assurance
vi. No smoking
vii. Using drugs
viii. Therapies
ix. Surgeries
x. Good mental health

8. Thank You