Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is a key signaling protein in the immune system that orchestrates communication between immune cells and controls their functions. It is involved in both immune defenses and controlling whether cells live or die. Defects in the TNF signaling pathway have been found in autoreactive T cells associated with various autoimmune diseases like Crohn's disease, multiple sclerosis, and type 1 diabetes. Targeting the TNF receptor 2 (TNFR2) pathway may provide a safer way to selectively induce apoptosis in autoreactive T cells and treat certain autoimmune diseases while avoiding toxicity seen with other therapies.