Fashion has historically been centered in France from the 1600s to 1900s, with Paris as the fashion capital. Industrialization and globalization in the 1900s expanded the demand for fashion beyond the wealthy to a growing middle class in other cities like Milan and New York. The fashion industry progresses through stages of introduction, growth, maturity, and decline as styles and trends become popular and then fade over time, with fashion fulfilling important psychological needs of identity and cultural expression as well as social functions of affiliation and conforming to standards.