Farming During the Time In the Novel
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The Dust Bowl of the 1930s devastated farmers in the Midwest plains. Years of drought and poor farming techniques stripped the soil of nutrients. As crops failed, thousands of farmers packed what few belongings they had left and migrated west to California in search of work. The journey was long and difficult, and the hardships continued even after they arrived in California, as farmers struggled to find stable work and faced prejudice.
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The Dust Bowl of the 1930s was caused by failure to use sustainable dryland farming practices, which led to severe dust storms and the loss of farmland across Kansas, Oklahoma, and other central states. Black Sunday in 1935 saw the worst dust storm that reached 4 miles high and traveled thousands of miles, destroying everything in its path. As drought continued and dust storms ruined crops, many farmers lost their homes and livelihoods. They migrated west along Route 66 to California seeking work, but found poor living conditions and high prices with few employment opportunities due to the Great Depression.
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1. True
2. False
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5. True
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10. False
The head of household described could receive up to 350 acres.
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During the 1930s, severe drought and farming practices caused massive dust storms in the Midwest that destroyed farmland. Hundreds of thousands of people were displaced and migrated west to California seeking work. When they arrived, conditions were poor as there was little work and low wages in agriculture. Photographer Dorothea Lange documented the "human erosion" of these Dust Bowl refugees through images of their difficult lives living in migrant labor camps in California's Imperial Valley that lacked basic facilities. Though the region seemed like an ideal destination, the reality of industrialized agriculture differed greatly from the small family farms the migrants were accustomed to.
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During WWI, farmers in the central plains expanded wheat production which led them to plow under native grasses, weakening the soil. A drought in the 1930s caused the loose soil to dry out and blow away in massive dust storms, known as the Dust Bowl. The dust storms destroyed crops and livestock, forcing many farmers to abandon their land and migrate west along Route 66 to California in search of work, as depicted in The Grapes of Wrath. The New Deal created programs like crop rotation and shelter belts to stabilize the soil and prevent further dust storms.
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The document discusses the Dust Bowl period of the 1930s when drought and farming practices led to massive dust storms in the Great Plains. It analyzes John Steinbeck's depiction of migrant farmers in The Grapes of Wrath and Dorothea Lange's photographs, finding they exaggerated the experiences of the "Joad family" and other migrants. Statistics show that only about 2% of migrants to California during this period came from the Dust Bowl, with many migrating for other economic reasons, and the migrant experience was more diverse than the novels and photos suggested.
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How did the first people come to America?
What were some of the Native American Peoples who lived in America?
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The document summarizes westward expansion in the late 19th century United States. The Homestead Act of 1862 gave settlers 160 acres of land if they developed it for 5 years, encouraging migration west. Railroads transported thousands of families, many European immigrants, seeking new opportunities in farming. Groups like African Americans fleeing the post-Civil War South, called "Exodusters", also migrated west. While life on the frontier was difficult due to weather and lack of resources, it provided new prospects for women's suffrage and independence. Rapid settlement led to clashes with Native Americans over hunting lands and the destruction of the buffalo, reducing Indian holdings to small reservations by 1890.
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The homesteaders on the Great Plains faced many challenges including physically demanding labor without machinery, unpredictable weather, grasshopper plagues, wildfires, and small land plots. They overcame these problems by adopting steel plows, dry farming techniques, wind pumps, barbed wire fencing, and hardier wheat varieties. The government helped by passing laws granting more land, and the arrival of railroads connected homesteaders to new tools and supplies.
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The document summarizes the subjugation of Native Americans in the West through warfare, confinement to reservations, and attempts to destroy their culture. It describes the construction of transcontinental railroads which integrated the West into the national economy and attracted large numbers of migrants seeking work. It discusses how mining, ranching, and farming shifted from individual pursuits to corporate enterprises in the West.
c. 1850-1900Prior to the discovery of gold, much of
c. 1850-1900
Prior to the discovery of gold, much of the West was considered a wasteland & much was part of North MexicoDuring the last decades of the 1800s, the U.S. was segmented into 1) an industrialized society and 2) a frontierThe 1890 census was the first to record that the frontier had been settledAdditionally, by 1890 the US surpassed Great Britain in iron and steel productionSettlement in the West was powered by industry
Mexico was under Spanish domination until 1821.
*
By the 1860s, agricultural settlement reached the western margins of the tall grass prairies
Ecology-60 million years ago, the Rocky Mountains rose out of the sea and covered western North AmericaWith no outlet, the shallow inland sea dried upA hard pan was leftSediment washed down from the mountains over time to form a loose, featureless surface
Ecology-The climate suffered from cycles of drought because moist winds from the Pacific ocean delivered rain on the western slope of the Sierras Only drought-resistant grasses and plants could survive in this climateThe ecosystem could support certain plants and animals, but had not nurtured very much human settlement
About 100,000 Native American groups lived on the plains in 1850They were very diverseThey have been categorized across six linguistic families and 30 “tribal” groupsMandan, Arikara, Pawnee
~lived in permanent villages
~planted corn & beans
~however, smallpox & measles ravaged settled groups
Kiowa, Comanche, Arapaho, Cheyenne, “Blackfeet,” “Crow,” & SiouxWere dispersed in hunting groupsFirst arrived on the plains in the 1600sHunted buffaloMoved from lake country in northern Minnesota when fish and game dwindled
Kiowa, Comanche, Arapaho, Cheyenne, “Blackfeet,” “Crow,” & SiouxBecame nomadicLived in portable skin teepeesAcquired horses from southwestern groupsCame to claim the entire Great Plains North of the Arkansas RiverDrove out or subjugated longer-settled groups
One notable group of Plains Native American Indians were the Lakota SiouxThey had strict gender rolesWomen were more subordinate than in other groupsSaw God as a series of powers pervading the universeThe Sun Dance was one form of religious worship for them
Image of Sun Dance from http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/rs/2/lectures/lakota/sundance.detail.jpg.
*
The Lakota Sioux were not a self-contained group of peopleThey traded with others, including whitesPelts and buffalo robes were traded for kettles, knives, blankets, & guns, which the Lakota came to rely upon
Again, prior to the 1840s gold rush, land in the west was seen as only worthy of Native American Indian settlement and useIn 1834, congress formally designated the Great Plains as permanent Indian countryThe army constructed border forts from Lake Superior to Fort Worth TexasThey were made of stone because they would be in place “forever”“Mainstream” Americans would theoretically trade with the Native Americans, but not settle the west
What changed these per ...
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The document summarizes the history of the American West from the 1800s. It describes how Native Americans lived on the plains and hunted buffalo before settlers arrived. It then discusses the influx of settlers after gold was discovered, their conflicts with Native Americans over land, and key events like the Sand Creek Massacre. It also outlines the rise of cattle ranching and the end of the frontier period in the late 1800s.
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The document summarizes some of the challenges faced by homesteaders living on the Great Plains in the late 19th century, including building houses from sod, maintaining health with limited resources, enduring extreme weather, a lack of fuel and water, isolation, and potential conflicts with Native Americans. Homesteaders worked to overcome these difficulties through communal support and by adapting practices from the indigenous peoples.
TKAM setting slideshow 2013
The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic downturn that began in some countries as early as 1928 and lasted until about 1939. In the US, it was associated with the stock market crash of 1929. During the worst years of 1933-1934, the overall US jobless rate was 25% and another 25% had reduced wages and hours. With high unemployment and poverty, many families lost their homes and lived in shantytowns called "Hoovervilles." The Dust Bowl drought from 1930-1940 exacerbated the situation, causing many farmers to abandon their land and migrate west in search of work. Racial minorities such as African Americans were disproportionately affected by the Depression.
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Farming During the Time In the Novel
- 1. "And then the dispossessed were drawn west- from Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico; from Nevada and Arkansas, families, tribes, dusted out, tractored out. Car-loads, caravans, homeless and hungry; twenty thousand and fifty thousand and a hundred thousand and two hundred thousand. They streamed over the mountains, hungry and restless - restless as ants, scurrying to find work to do - to lift, to push, to pull, to pick, to cut - anything, any burden to bear, for food. The kids are hungry. We got no place to live. Like ants scurrying for work, for food, and most of all for land.” -from The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck The Dust Bowl took place from 1931 to 1939. Covering an area in the midwest plains, the Dust Bowl devastated hundreds of thousands farmers. The plains started off as the prime location for farming, but drought and poor farming techniques sucked the rich soil dry. All the crops took in the vast nutrients supplied within the ground but nothing was done to replenish the supply. Dust covered the land, the homes, and the dreams the prospective people were hoping for. The new promise land became California, and farmers and their families packed up whatever belongings they had left and took the long journey in high hopes of something better. I am going to further research the journey of the grief-stricken farmers and I hope to learn more about the hardships they faced along the way and in California.
- 2. The crops withered away and drifted along the wind with the dust and debris.
- 3. The hopes of the farmers were taken away with the crops.
- 4. Homes were half buried in sand and dust. The once luscious land is barren. No useful vegetation was to be found.
- 5. Livestock used to eat their fill carelessly everyday in the green paradise. Then the drought and bad farming left the animals to roam around in nothing.
- 6. The farmers believed that the journey to California would be the road to redeeming their lives.
- 7. The journey along Route 66 to California was a tough one, and the hardships continued well after the farmers reached the promise land.
- 8. President Hoover’s stance on the events taking place in his country was passive. Tired from the long journey, the farmers were forced to live in “Hoovervilles”.
- 9. Farmers struggled to find work and provide for themselves and their families.
- 10. The Okies were limited to fruit-picking due to their lack of experience and the prejudice exhibited by others.
- 11. Days were spent doing hard work. The result was barely enough money to cover food for dinner.
- 12. Finally in 1939, farmers rejoiced as the rains fell down.
- 13. The rain brought the end of the drought. Shortly after, the stock market stabilized. The Okies had battled sand storms and a grueling journey to the west. They faced starvation, homelessness, and worst of all, racial and social prejudice and injustice.