The use of failure modes effects and criticality analysis (FMECA) as a failure or reliability analysis tool, checks the probabilities that an item will perform a required function under stated condition(s) when operated properly.Failure analysis of process equipment is an important issue in any process industry. This study aims at analyzing the failure of feedstock preheater unit of the Kaduna Refining and Petrochemicals (KRPC), Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit (FCCU), using the failure mode, effects and criticality analysis (FMECA). The unit failure and its effects were identified through seven sub-units (fresh feed surge drum, heavy naphtha exchanger, light cycle oil exchanger, heavy cycle oil exchanger, fractionator bottom exchanger, feed preheater and fresh feed charge pump), using the failure mode effects analysis (FMEA). Both quantitative and qualitative criticality analyses (CA) were used for failure analysis of the unit (feedstock preheater). For the qualitative analysis, items risk priority number (RPN) were computed and it was found that, four sub-units (heavy naphtha exchanger, main fractionator bottom exchanger, feedstock preheater, and fresh feed charge pump) had their Risk Priority Number (RPN) greater than 200, these sub-units are said to be critical. Three of the sub-units (fresh feed surge drum, light cycle oil exchanger, and heavy cycle oil exchanger) had their RPN less than 200, these sub-units are said to be less critical. For the quantitative analysis, items criticality number (Cr) were computed and it was found that most of the sub-units had their Cr>0.002. In addition, the results of the criticality matrix showed that, eight out of the sixteen failure modes identified were above or closely below the criticality line. Finally, FMECA was effectively used for failure analysis of the feedstock preheater andpredictive maintenance was recommended.
Comparison of Routing protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Detailed Surveytheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Effect of Utilizing Geometer’s Sketchpad Software on Students’ Academic Achie...theijes
The study is carried out in order to measure the effectiveness of “Geometer’s Sketchpad software” inside the classroom environment and analyzed how this training is helping high school students while solving mathematics problems. In order to measure the effectiveness, regression and co-relation analysis has been done and finally the mean responses have been analyzed to evaluate the method effectiveness correctly on SPSS computer statistic program.
Stratigraphy and Lithology of Naokelekan Formation in Iraqi Kurdistan-Reviewtheijes
The study depends on analyses of slabs, thin sections, and smear slides of 44 samples of 18 outcrops of Naokelekan Formation from Iraqi Kurdistan. The study revealed that the age of Naokelekan Formation is Callovian-Upper Oxfordian. The Cyclagelosphaera margerelii sp. indicates restricted marine environment while the Watznaueria barnesiae sp. point to high latitude geographic location of depositional basin which was warm water that was characterized by low-nutrient. The field observations and nannofossils revealed that the Middle and Upper parts of Naokelekan Formation either eroded or were not deposited in uppermost northwestern Iraq.
Prevalence of Malaria Infection and Malaria Anaemia among Children Attending ...theijes
Malaria associated anaemia represent a major public health problem. Thestudy considered Out-Patient children at Emergency Paediatric Unit, Federal Medical Centre, Yola aged 6 months-15 years from June to November 2015. Questionnaires were used to collect information relating to gender, age and parents/guardians sociodemographic characteristics. Microscopic examination of Thick and Thin blood films a technique was employed, Pack Cell Volumewas used to screen for anaemia. Of the 168 children sampled, the prevalence of malaria infection and malaria anaemia was 29.2% and 26.2% respectively and it was associated with P. falciparum. Malaria infection in relation to anaemia, children with mild anaemia (47.6%) had the highest infection rate. It was observed that malaria infection was higher among males (32.2%) than the females (25.6%), age group 5-9 years (34.2%) had the highest malaria infection and least was ≥15 years (20.0%) but these were statistically insignificant within gender and age of the children and malaria infection (p˃0.05). Higher malaria infection among children whose parents/guardians were unemployed (38.5%), attended primary education (52.6%) and reside in village setting (31.4%). Malaria anaemia in relation to children epidemiological data, males (31.6%), 5-9 years (31.6%) recorded with high prevalence rate while sociodemographic characteristics of parents/guardians, children whose parents/guardians were civil servant (18.9%), attended tertiary education (13.8%) and live in quarters (11.1%) had the least prevalence rate of malaria anaemia. Children gender, parents/guardians occupation and educational qualification were significantly associated with malaria anaemia (p˂0.05). Therefore, parents/guardians sociodemographic factors such as better occupation, higher educational qualification and well layout and refined area of residence reduces the prevalence of malaria infection and malaria anaemia in children. There is need to sensitized public on the importance of management of malaria and the possible effects of malaria anaemia on children in order to circumvent the menace.
Reliability Prediction of Port Harcourt Electricity Distribution Network Usin...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
On Integrablity Of F-Structure Satisfying F 2K+1 +F=0theijes
The purpose of this paper is to study integrability of the F-structure satisying F 2K+1+ F=0, where K is a positive integer. Nijenhuis tensor, metric F-structure, fundamental 2-form have also been discussed.
Comparison of Routing protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Detailed Surveytheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Effect of Utilizing Geometer’s Sketchpad Software on Students’ Academic Achie...theijes
The study is carried out in order to measure the effectiveness of “Geometer’s Sketchpad software” inside the classroom environment and analyzed how this training is helping high school students while solving mathematics problems. In order to measure the effectiveness, regression and co-relation analysis has been done and finally the mean responses have been analyzed to evaluate the method effectiveness correctly on SPSS computer statistic program.
Stratigraphy and Lithology of Naokelekan Formation in Iraqi Kurdistan-Reviewtheijes
The study depends on analyses of slabs, thin sections, and smear slides of 44 samples of 18 outcrops of Naokelekan Formation from Iraqi Kurdistan. The study revealed that the age of Naokelekan Formation is Callovian-Upper Oxfordian. The Cyclagelosphaera margerelii sp. indicates restricted marine environment while the Watznaueria barnesiae sp. point to high latitude geographic location of depositional basin which was warm water that was characterized by low-nutrient. The field observations and nannofossils revealed that the Middle and Upper parts of Naokelekan Formation either eroded or were not deposited in uppermost northwestern Iraq.
Prevalence of Malaria Infection and Malaria Anaemia among Children Attending ...theijes
Malaria associated anaemia represent a major public health problem. Thestudy considered Out-Patient children at Emergency Paediatric Unit, Federal Medical Centre, Yola aged 6 months-15 years from June to November 2015. Questionnaires were used to collect information relating to gender, age and parents/guardians sociodemographic characteristics. Microscopic examination of Thick and Thin blood films a technique was employed, Pack Cell Volumewas used to screen for anaemia. Of the 168 children sampled, the prevalence of malaria infection and malaria anaemia was 29.2% and 26.2% respectively and it was associated with P. falciparum. Malaria infection in relation to anaemia, children with mild anaemia (47.6%) had the highest infection rate. It was observed that malaria infection was higher among males (32.2%) than the females (25.6%), age group 5-9 years (34.2%) had the highest malaria infection and least was ≥15 years (20.0%) but these were statistically insignificant within gender and age of the children and malaria infection (p˃0.05). Higher malaria infection among children whose parents/guardians were unemployed (38.5%), attended primary education (52.6%) and reside in village setting (31.4%). Malaria anaemia in relation to children epidemiological data, males (31.6%), 5-9 years (31.6%) recorded with high prevalence rate while sociodemographic characteristics of parents/guardians, children whose parents/guardians were civil servant (18.9%), attended tertiary education (13.8%) and live in quarters (11.1%) had the least prevalence rate of malaria anaemia. Children gender, parents/guardians occupation and educational qualification were significantly associated with malaria anaemia (p˂0.05). Therefore, parents/guardians sociodemographic factors such as better occupation, higher educational qualification and well layout and refined area of residence reduces the prevalence of malaria infection and malaria anaemia in children. There is need to sensitized public on the importance of management of malaria and the possible effects of malaria anaemia on children in order to circumvent the menace.
Reliability Prediction of Port Harcourt Electricity Distribution Network Usin...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
On Integrablity Of F-Structure Satisfying F 2K+1 +F=0theijes
The purpose of this paper is to study integrability of the F-structure satisying F 2K+1+ F=0, where K is a positive integer. Nijenhuis tensor, metric F-structure, fundamental 2-form have also been discussed.
Simulation of Deep-Drawing Process of Large Panelstheijes
The article deals with the analysis of formability of deep-drawing DC06 steel sheets. The aim of the investigations is to verify possibilities of formability of sheet metal with thickness of 0.85 mm. The mechanical parameters of the sheets have been determined in uniaxial tensile and bulge tests. The numerical simulations using AUTOFORM has been carried out for two drawpiece models. Obtained results can be used during the simulation of real forming process.
Comparable Analysis of Web Mining Categoriestheijes
Web Data Mining is the current field of analysis which is a combination of two research area known as Data Mining and World Wide Web. Web Data Mining research associates with various research diversities like Database, Artificial Intelligence and Information redeem. The mining techniques are categorized into various categories namely Web Content Mining, Web Structure Mining and Web Usage Mining. In this work, analysis of mining techniques are done. From the analysis it has been concluded that Web Content Mining has unstructured or semi- structure view of data whereas Web Structure Mining have linked structure and Web Usage Mining mainly includes interaction.
Different Solutions to a Mathematical Problem: A Case Study of Calculus 12theijes
An important duty of the mathematics teacher is to train and to develop thinking for students. To accomplish this duty, teachers can organize creative activities for students through activities of solving problems. In particular, there is an effective way to train students to think is that teachers can organize activities of solving problems in many different ways. Based on this idea, we implement an experiment for students in grade 12 to calculate integrals in various ways. The results of the study showed that students were active to find out different solutions to the given problem.
Effect of Malting and Fermentation on the Proximate Composition and Sensory P...theijes
Four maize flour samples comprising non-malted non-fermented maize (NMNFZ), non-malted fermented maize (NMFZ), malted non-fermented maize (MNFZ), malted fermented maize (MFZ) flour were blended with African yam bean flour to yield test flours consisting of NMNFZB, NMFZB, MNFZB and MFZB with 16g protein/100g flour each. Native maize flour was used as control. The test flours were used for production of tortilla designated as NMNFZBT, NMFZBT, MNFZBT and MFZBT respectively with NT (native tortilla) as control. Proximate composition and sensory attributes of the tortilla products were evaluated using standard methods. Malting and fermentation resulted in apparent increase in protein content of maize from 11.25g/100g solids (NMNFZ) to 11.67g/100g solids (MFZ). Complementation with African yam bean increased the protein content of the test flours. Crude protein values of the tortilla products ranged from 16.27g/100g solids (NMNFZBT) to 21.68g/100g solids (MFZBT). The MFZBT had the lowest carbohydrate content (59.17g/100g solids) while NMNFZBT had the highest value of 68.87g/100g solids. MFZBT had the highest values of 8.75, 1.35 and 5.77g/100g solids for moisture, fibre and ash contents respectively. NMNFZBT had the highest energy value of 1510.11kJ/100g. The flavour of the tortillas improved significantly (p<0.05) with MFZBT having the highest overall acceptability mean score (8.30±0.20).
The Effect of Profitability on Firm Value in Manufacturing Company at Indones...theijes
The purpose of study was to analyze and explain the effect of profitability on firm value. The data used in this study was secondary data obtained from a manufacturing company located in the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The population of this research is manufacturing various industry sub-sectors listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange as research objects. Period manufacturing various industry sub-sectors used in the study covers a period of six years, i.e. 2009 to 2014. The method of data analysis used in this study was path analysis which is a multiple regression equation groove connected simultaneously, and technical analysis the data in this study using analysis software SmartPLS 2.0. The results of data analysis proves that the profitability has affect the firm value because the value is a positive on the achievement of profit to justify the payment of dividends, so the stock price will increase because the company showed a positive signal to pay dividends.
Application of Very Low Frequency- Electromagnetic (VLF-EM) Method to Map Fra...theijes
Geophysical survey involving very low frequency electromagnetic technique was applied to investigate possible geologic features like fractured / conductive zones in Auchi and its environs in Edo state, Southwestern Nigeria. The study area is located within latitudes 7o 05’ N.to 7o 10’N. and longitudes 6 o 11’E to 6o 22’E The geologic Formations outcroping in the area are mainly Ajali and Nsukka. Three profiles were taken along the roads from Auchi to Igara, Auchi to Fugar and Auchi to Uloke using Abem Wadi Terrameter. Plots of the profiles were carried out using computer software (Excel) and contouring using Surfer 10 to delineate the fractured/conductive zones. The values range from 0.3 to 22.5 Siemens. Areas of low conductivity values indicate highly massive resistive rocks while Areas of high conductivity indicates the sedimentary terrain/ host rock or mineralized zones. The area is sparsely (few) fractured. Along profile A, two fractured zones were identified with conductivity values of 7.6 to16.8 Siemens between 100m(7.146oN,6.195oE) to 400m (7.150oN, 6.200oE) and 420m to 460m with conductivity value range of 11.0 to 22.5 Siemens. For profile B, one fractured zone was identified and a stretch of massive intrusive from 7.099oN and 7.102oN and 6.357oE to 6.364oE, with conductivity range of 0.9 – 5.2 Siemens at points 400m and 520m – 1000m. Profile C has identifiable fractured zones at 900m – 1100m with conductivity of (35 – 50) Siemens. The intrusive/ host rock conductivity values of (0.3 – 8.7) Siemens located at 380m to 880m 7.156oN and 6.308oE, 1100m to 2000m, 7.148oN and 6.3295oE. A total of five conductive zones were observed.
Interleaved High Step-Down Synchronous Convertertheijes
For low output voltage, high output current systems applications, Synchronous switching power converters give better performance than non synchronous converters. This paper presents an interleaved synchronous buck converter which has low switch voltage stress with high conversion ratio. The input current can be shared among the inductors so that high reliability and efficiency can be obtained and ripples also reduced, the converter performance can be improved. Thus converter features automatic uniform current sharing characteristic of the interleaved phases without adding extra circuitry or complex control methods. Capacitors switching circuits are combined with interleaved four-phase buck converter for getting a high step-down conversion ratio without adopting an extreme short duty ratio. Synchronous rectifier technology is adopted to increase the converter efficiency. A 30V input voltage, 1.8V output voltage, circuit is simulated to verify the performance. The simulation is done in MATLAB/SIMULINK R2012a.
Design of Multi Link Structure for Rear Suspenion of a Heavy Vehicletheijes
Automobile systems today is going through major changes and as concert to comfort the suspension system and it’s working is very important. The study of four link suspension system and dynamic analysis are discussed in this paper. This paper discusses the design problem of vehicles using four-link suspension systems with the aim of totally optimizing vehicle handling and stability. Since this problem includes many evaluation items, and Four-link suspension system has interconnected behaviour, the optimization is so complicated. An efficient and computable model is indispensable for compromising the total optimization. This paper investigates a structure of objectives, introduces appropriate simulation models for respective items; we apply multi body dynamic analysis to plot the varies terms such as wheel travel, camber angle, caster angle, toe-in, toe-out etc. The result of optimization calculation shows the validity of the optimization model
Wind-induced Stress Analysis of Front Bumpertheijes
At high velocities, such as on highways, the relative velocity between the oncoming wind and side winds is very high. The high velocity winds that act on the bumper induce certain stresses on it. These stresses may cause deformation of the bumper; if this deformation exceeds a predesigned value, the functionality of the bumper may be hampered. This may result in safety issues and other design issues. In this paper, the effect and nature of these stresses have been quantified by conducting a wind-induced stress analysis on a model of the bumper. The bumper selected is that of Jeep Wrangler and the modelling is done on Creo 2.2. The CFD simulation and structural analysis is conducted on Ansys Workbench 15. The structural analysis and fluid flow data is summarized alongwith the deformation and induced stress values.
Research on Terminal Distribution Mode of Express System in University Towntheijes
Terminal distribution is the key point in express delivery, because it affects the service quality and customer perception. University park. Huge online shopping orders lead to a lot of problems on terminal distribution in university town. At present, feasible terminal express service pattern in university town are tradition express service point, intelligent delivery lockers and express convenience stores. Taking Shanghai Songjiang university town, for example, has carried on the detailed comparison, An appropriate terminal distribution mode is obtained, from the initial investment costs, operating costs, customer preferences, customers convenient and business situation.
Generation of Electricity through Speed Breaker Mechanismtheijes
In the current scenario demand of power is increasing day by day with increasing population. On the other hand energy crisis is also a main issue of today’s life and all there is a shortage of conventional energy resources due to its large usage. So, we have to sort out this problem with a technique which will not only overcome this energy crisis but also should be eco-friendly. Many conventional resources are creating pollution so that’s why focus is towards eco-friendly solution. This project emphasizes on idea which shows that power could be generated by specially designed speed breakers. A large amount of kinetic energy is being wasted on roads on daily basis in different forms which could be use to generate power and this power can be stored in batteries. This project shows clearly how we can generate power by using rack-pinion method where basically linear motion is converted into rotary motion and then can be used to generate electricity. Large amount of electricity can be generated using this method and this method is eco-friendly.
Comparative Investigation Ofinter-Satellite Optical Wireless Communication By...theijes
The optical wireless communication systems have got greater popularity in the previous couple of years because of its benefit over conventional radio frequency conversation structures. This paper reviews the effect of the usage of NRZ ,RZ and Gaussian pulse generator modulation codecs on the performance of the optical wireless communique (OWC) channel in terms of Quality factor aspect and Minimum BERat bit rate of 10 Gbps. It has been watched that NRZ function generator gives better execution for optical wireless association conversely with RZ and Gaussian association for different values of aperture diameters and range.
Pressure Relief Systems Vol 2
Causes of Relief Situations
This Volume 2 is a guide to the qualitative identification of common causes of overpressure in process equipment. It cannot be exhaustive; the process engineer and relief systems team should look for any credible situation in addition to those given in this Part which could lead to a need for pressure relief (a relief situation).
Failure analysis of fuel pumps used for diesel engines in transport utility v...Dr.Vikas Deulgaonkar
Present work deals with the failure analysis of fuel pump in transport utility vehicles. The fuel pump assembly failed at 70536km. Various types of failures in pump and its different components are analyzed. Failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) of the acquired data has been carried out. The pump components with substantial contribution in failure are determined using risk priority number analysis and the failure causes are postulated. Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for pump parts as rollers and cam plates the types failures are observed. Presence of water in fuel tank indicated the reason for rusting of bottom surface of tank. Pitting failure due to rust particles has been identified in pump parts after SEM observations. Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) of pump parts has also been carried out to identify levels of unnormalized constituent elements responsible for failure. From EDS presence of oxygen responsible for oxidation reaction with iron is identified. Significant percentage of oxygen at different locations indicated the presence of moisture in the system. Remedial measure to avoid pump failure has been suggested in present work.
Reduce uncertainty in the financial studies and create a real analysis by non-deterministic assessment and including reliability data and quantitative risk analysis.
Simulation of Deep-Drawing Process of Large Panelstheijes
The article deals with the analysis of formability of deep-drawing DC06 steel sheets. The aim of the investigations is to verify possibilities of formability of sheet metal with thickness of 0.85 mm. The mechanical parameters of the sheets have been determined in uniaxial tensile and bulge tests. The numerical simulations using AUTOFORM has been carried out for two drawpiece models. Obtained results can be used during the simulation of real forming process.
Comparable Analysis of Web Mining Categoriestheijes
Web Data Mining is the current field of analysis which is a combination of two research area known as Data Mining and World Wide Web. Web Data Mining research associates with various research diversities like Database, Artificial Intelligence and Information redeem. The mining techniques are categorized into various categories namely Web Content Mining, Web Structure Mining and Web Usage Mining. In this work, analysis of mining techniques are done. From the analysis it has been concluded that Web Content Mining has unstructured or semi- structure view of data whereas Web Structure Mining have linked structure and Web Usage Mining mainly includes interaction.
Different Solutions to a Mathematical Problem: A Case Study of Calculus 12theijes
An important duty of the mathematics teacher is to train and to develop thinking for students. To accomplish this duty, teachers can organize creative activities for students through activities of solving problems. In particular, there is an effective way to train students to think is that teachers can organize activities of solving problems in many different ways. Based on this idea, we implement an experiment for students in grade 12 to calculate integrals in various ways. The results of the study showed that students were active to find out different solutions to the given problem.
Effect of Malting and Fermentation on the Proximate Composition and Sensory P...theijes
Four maize flour samples comprising non-malted non-fermented maize (NMNFZ), non-malted fermented maize (NMFZ), malted non-fermented maize (MNFZ), malted fermented maize (MFZ) flour were blended with African yam bean flour to yield test flours consisting of NMNFZB, NMFZB, MNFZB and MFZB with 16g protein/100g flour each. Native maize flour was used as control. The test flours were used for production of tortilla designated as NMNFZBT, NMFZBT, MNFZBT and MFZBT respectively with NT (native tortilla) as control. Proximate composition and sensory attributes of the tortilla products were evaluated using standard methods. Malting and fermentation resulted in apparent increase in protein content of maize from 11.25g/100g solids (NMNFZ) to 11.67g/100g solids (MFZ). Complementation with African yam bean increased the protein content of the test flours. Crude protein values of the tortilla products ranged from 16.27g/100g solids (NMNFZBT) to 21.68g/100g solids (MFZBT). The MFZBT had the lowest carbohydrate content (59.17g/100g solids) while NMNFZBT had the highest value of 68.87g/100g solids. MFZBT had the highest values of 8.75, 1.35 and 5.77g/100g solids for moisture, fibre and ash contents respectively. NMNFZBT had the highest energy value of 1510.11kJ/100g. The flavour of the tortillas improved significantly (p<0.05) with MFZBT having the highest overall acceptability mean score (8.30±0.20).
The Effect of Profitability on Firm Value in Manufacturing Company at Indones...theijes
The purpose of study was to analyze and explain the effect of profitability on firm value. The data used in this study was secondary data obtained from a manufacturing company located in the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The population of this research is manufacturing various industry sub-sectors listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange as research objects. Period manufacturing various industry sub-sectors used in the study covers a period of six years, i.e. 2009 to 2014. The method of data analysis used in this study was path analysis which is a multiple regression equation groove connected simultaneously, and technical analysis the data in this study using analysis software SmartPLS 2.0. The results of data analysis proves that the profitability has affect the firm value because the value is a positive on the achievement of profit to justify the payment of dividends, so the stock price will increase because the company showed a positive signal to pay dividends.
Application of Very Low Frequency- Electromagnetic (VLF-EM) Method to Map Fra...theijes
Geophysical survey involving very low frequency electromagnetic technique was applied to investigate possible geologic features like fractured / conductive zones in Auchi and its environs in Edo state, Southwestern Nigeria. The study area is located within latitudes 7o 05’ N.to 7o 10’N. and longitudes 6 o 11’E to 6o 22’E The geologic Formations outcroping in the area are mainly Ajali and Nsukka. Three profiles were taken along the roads from Auchi to Igara, Auchi to Fugar and Auchi to Uloke using Abem Wadi Terrameter. Plots of the profiles were carried out using computer software (Excel) and contouring using Surfer 10 to delineate the fractured/conductive zones. The values range from 0.3 to 22.5 Siemens. Areas of low conductivity values indicate highly massive resistive rocks while Areas of high conductivity indicates the sedimentary terrain/ host rock or mineralized zones. The area is sparsely (few) fractured. Along profile A, two fractured zones were identified with conductivity values of 7.6 to16.8 Siemens between 100m(7.146oN,6.195oE) to 400m (7.150oN, 6.200oE) and 420m to 460m with conductivity value range of 11.0 to 22.5 Siemens. For profile B, one fractured zone was identified and a stretch of massive intrusive from 7.099oN and 7.102oN and 6.357oE to 6.364oE, with conductivity range of 0.9 – 5.2 Siemens at points 400m and 520m – 1000m. Profile C has identifiable fractured zones at 900m – 1100m with conductivity of (35 – 50) Siemens. The intrusive/ host rock conductivity values of (0.3 – 8.7) Siemens located at 380m to 880m 7.156oN and 6.308oE, 1100m to 2000m, 7.148oN and 6.3295oE. A total of five conductive zones were observed.
Interleaved High Step-Down Synchronous Convertertheijes
For low output voltage, high output current systems applications, Synchronous switching power converters give better performance than non synchronous converters. This paper presents an interleaved synchronous buck converter which has low switch voltage stress with high conversion ratio. The input current can be shared among the inductors so that high reliability and efficiency can be obtained and ripples also reduced, the converter performance can be improved. Thus converter features automatic uniform current sharing characteristic of the interleaved phases without adding extra circuitry or complex control methods. Capacitors switching circuits are combined with interleaved four-phase buck converter for getting a high step-down conversion ratio without adopting an extreme short duty ratio. Synchronous rectifier technology is adopted to increase the converter efficiency. A 30V input voltage, 1.8V output voltage, circuit is simulated to verify the performance. The simulation is done in MATLAB/SIMULINK R2012a.
Design of Multi Link Structure for Rear Suspenion of a Heavy Vehicletheijes
Automobile systems today is going through major changes and as concert to comfort the suspension system and it’s working is very important. The study of four link suspension system and dynamic analysis are discussed in this paper. This paper discusses the design problem of vehicles using four-link suspension systems with the aim of totally optimizing vehicle handling and stability. Since this problem includes many evaluation items, and Four-link suspension system has interconnected behaviour, the optimization is so complicated. An efficient and computable model is indispensable for compromising the total optimization. This paper investigates a structure of objectives, introduces appropriate simulation models for respective items; we apply multi body dynamic analysis to plot the varies terms such as wheel travel, camber angle, caster angle, toe-in, toe-out etc. The result of optimization calculation shows the validity of the optimization model
Wind-induced Stress Analysis of Front Bumpertheijes
At high velocities, such as on highways, the relative velocity between the oncoming wind and side winds is very high. The high velocity winds that act on the bumper induce certain stresses on it. These stresses may cause deformation of the bumper; if this deformation exceeds a predesigned value, the functionality of the bumper may be hampered. This may result in safety issues and other design issues. In this paper, the effect and nature of these stresses have been quantified by conducting a wind-induced stress analysis on a model of the bumper. The bumper selected is that of Jeep Wrangler and the modelling is done on Creo 2.2. The CFD simulation and structural analysis is conducted on Ansys Workbench 15. The structural analysis and fluid flow data is summarized alongwith the deformation and induced stress values.
Research on Terminal Distribution Mode of Express System in University Towntheijes
Terminal distribution is the key point in express delivery, because it affects the service quality and customer perception. University park. Huge online shopping orders lead to a lot of problems on terminal distribution in university town. At present, feasible terminal express service pattern in university town are tradition express service point, intelligent delivery lockers and express convenience stores. Taking Shanghai Songjiang university town, for example, has carried on the detailed comparison, An appropriate terminal distribution mode is obtained, from the initial investment costs, operating costs, customer preferences, customers convenient and business situation.
Generation of Electricity through Speed Breaker Mechanismtheijes
In the current scenario demand of power is increasing day by day with increasing population. On the other hand energy crisis is also a main issue of today’s life and all there is a shortage of conventional energy resources due to its large usage. So, we have to sort out this problem with a technique which will not only overcome this energy crisis but also should be eco-friendly. Many conventional resources are creating pollution so that’s why focus is towards eco-friendly solution. This project emphasizes on idea which shows that power could be generated by specially designed speed breakers. A large amount of kinetic energy is being wasted on roads on daily basis in different forms which could be use to generate power and this power can be stored in batteries. This project shows clearly how we can generate power by using rack-pinion method where basically linear motion is converted into rotary motion and then can be used to generate electricity. Large amount of electricity can be generated using this method and this method is eco-friendly.
Comparative Investigation Ofinter-Satellite Optical Wireless Communication By...theijes
The optical wireless communication systems have got greater popularity in the previous couple of years because of its benefit over conventional radio frequency conversation structures. This paper reviews the effect of the usage of NRZ ,RZ and Gaussian pulse generator modulation codecs on the performance of the optical wireless communique (OWC) channel in terms of Quality factor aspect and Minimum BERat bit rate of 10 Gbps. It has been watched that NRZ function generator gives better execution for optical wireless association conversely with RZ and Gaussian association for different values of aperture diameters and range.
Pressure Relief Systems Vol 2
Causes of Relief Situations
This Volume 2 is a guide to the qualitative identification of common causes of overpressure in process equipment. It cannot be exhaustive; the process engineer and relief systems team should look for any credible situation in addition to those given in this Part which could lead to a need for pressure relief (a relief situation).
Failure analysis of fuel pumps used for diesel engines in transport utility v...Dr.Vikas Deulgaonkar
Present work deals with the failure analysis of fuel pump in transport utility vehicles. The fuel pump assembly failed at 70536km. Various types of failures in pump and its different components are analyzed. Failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) of the acquired data has been carried out. The pump components with substantial contribution in failure are determined using risk priority number analysis and the failure causes are postulated. Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for pump parts as rollers and cam plates the types failures are observed. Presence of water in fuel tank indicated the reason for rusting of bottom surface of tank. Pitting failure due to rust particles has been identified in pump parts after SEM observations. Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) of pump parts has also been carried out to identify levels of unnormalized constituent elements responsible for failure. From EDS presence of oxygen responsible for oxidation reaction with iron is identified. Significant percentage of oxygen at different locations indicated the presence of moisture in the system. Remedial measure to avoid pump failure has been suggested in present work.
Reduce uncertainty in the financial studies and create a real analysis by non-deterministic assessment and including reliability data and quantitative risk analysis.
Spare Parts Forecasting using Poisson DistributionDewang Malam
Reliability data analysis provides a wide-range of benefits, including the opportunity to optimize the timing of equipment overhauls and inspections, the content of maintenance procedures, as well as the life cycle costing of sparing and upgrade programs in operating facilities world-wide. But how do we determine the number of spare parts required to stock? Which methods can be used?
Study 3: Detailed Design Hazards
CONTENTS
3.0 PURPOSE
3.0.1 Team
3.0.2 Timing
3.0.3 Preparation
3.0.4 Documentation
HAZARD STUDY 3: APPLICATION
3.1 Continuous Processes
3.2 Batch Processes
3.3 Mechanical Handling Operations
3.4 Maintenance and Operating Procedures
3.5 Programmable Electronic Systems
3.6 Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) for Programmable Electronic Systems
3.7 Electrical Systems
3.8 Buildings
3.9 Other Studies
3.10 Other Related Tools
3.11 Human Factors
3.12 Review of Hazard Study 3
APPENDICES
A Continuous Processes
B Batch Processes
C Mechanical Handling Operations Guide Diagram
D Maintenance / Operating Procedure
E Programmable Electronic Systems
F DCS FMEA Method
G Electrical Systems Guide Diagram
H Building Design and Operability
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Shortcut Methods of Distillation Design
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 ESTIMATIONOF PLATEAGE AND REFLUX
REQUIREMENTS
2.1 Generalized Procedure for Nmin and Rmin
2.2 Equation based Procedure for Nmin and Rmin
3 PREDICTION OF OVERALL PLATE EFFICIENCY
4 SIZING OF MAIN PLANT ITEMS
4.1 Column Diameter
4.2 Surface Area of Condensers and Reboilers
FIGURES
1 NON-IDEAL EQUILIBRIUM CURVE
2 AT A GLANCE CHART BASED ON FENSKE,
UNDERWOOD
3 PLATE EFFICIENCY CORRELATION OF O’CONNEL
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
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We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
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CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
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Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Failure Analysis of Feedstock Preheater Unit of the Kaduna Refinery using Failure Modes Effects and Criticality Analysis (FMECA)
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
|| Volume || 5 || Issue || 4 || Pages || PP -90-96|| 2016 ||
ISSN (e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN (p): 2319 – 1805
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 90
Failure Analysis of Feedstock Preheater Unit of the Kaduna
Refinery using Failure Modes Effects and Criticality Analysis
(FMECA)
Ibrahim Z. Z1
.Ibrahim A2
.and El-Nafaty U. A2
1
Department of Petroleum Engineering, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi State, Nigeria.
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi State, Nigeria.
----------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT------------------------------------------------------------
The use of failure modes effects and criticality analysis (FMECA) as a failure or reliability analysis tool, checks
the probabilities that an item will perform a required function under stated condition(s) when operated
properly.Failure analysis of process equipment is an important issue in any process industry. This study aims at
analyzing the failure of feedstock preheater unit of the Kaduna Refining and Petrochemicals (KRPC), Fluid
Catalytic Cracking Unit (FCCU), using the failure mode, effects and criticality analysis (FMECA). The unit
failure and its effects were identified through seven sub-units (fresh feed surge drum, heavy naphtha exchanger,
light cycle oil exchanger, heavy cycle oil exchanger, fractionator bottom exchanger, feed preheater and fresh
feed charge pump), using the failure mode effects analysis (FMEA). Both quantitative and qualitative criticality
analyses (CA) were used for failure analysis of the unit (feedstock preheater). For the qualitative analysis, items
risk priority number (RPN) were computed and it was found that, four sub-units (heavy naphtha exchanger,
main fractionator bottom exchanger, feedstock preheater, and fresh feed charge pump) had their Risk Priority
Number (RPN) greater than 200, these sub-units are said to be critical. Three of the sub-units (fresh feed surge
drum, light cycle oil exchanger, and heavy cycle oil exchanger) had their RPN less than 200, these sub-units are
said to be less critical. For the quantitative analysis, items criticality number (Cr) were computed and it was
found that most of the sub-units had their Cr>0.002. In addition, the results of the criticality matrix showed that,
eight out of the sixteen failure modes identified were above or closely below the criticality line. Finally, FMECA
was effectively used for failure analysis of the feedstock preheater andpredictive maintenance was
recommended.
Keywords: FCCU, Feedstock Preheater, Failure Analysis, FMEA/FMECA, Risk Priority Number,
Criticality Number, and Criticality Matrix.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date of Submission: 26 March 2016 Date of Accepted: 29 April 2016
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. INTRODUCTION
The feedstock preheater is a train of heat exchangers used to preheat the fresh feed normally the heavy gas oil
(HGO) and vacuum gas oil (VGO) at a temperature range of 300 – 330o
C. Heat from the product which is to be
cooled, is recovered by the feedstock preheaters. The feed heat is further increased by the feed furnace and then
introduced into the base of the riser (Chiyoda[1]
, 1980 and Hendrix[2]
, 2011). The failure of this unit is of great
concern, because it may lead to complete shutdown of the FCCU. Therefore, the failure analysis of this unit
(feedstock preheater) using the FMECA cannot be over emphasized. FMECA was one of the first systematic
techniques for failure analysis.It is a technique used to identify, prioritize, and eliminate potential failures from
the system, design or process (Rausand[3]
, 2005). FMECA methodologies were designed to identify potential
failure modes for a product or process before the problems occur, to assess the risk (Sultan[4]
, 2011 and Maley[5]
,
2012). This tool was used byThangamani, et al[6]
, 1995 to assess the reliability of a FCCU, and from their
results, the reliability was found to be low.Masoud, etal[7]
, 2011 applied this tool for failure analysis ofan oil
industry in Iran. Also, Flecher[8]
, 2012 used this tool to assess the risk of Sinopec X’ian branch FCCU. His result
showed that reactor-regenerator systems have the highest potential hazard. In addition, Mahendra[9]
, 2012
applied FMECA for ensuring reliability of process equipment. At the end of his work, highly critical systems
and failure modes were identified and that the duration for which the equipment is out of work is reduced
significantly. Ibrahim, et al[10]
, 2015 used the tool for the reliability of a reactor – regenerator unit. Similarly,
Ibrahim, et al[11]
, 2016 used the tool to assess the reliability of fractionation column. Their results showed that
the reliabilities of the units were found to be low.
2. Failure Analysis of Feedstock Preheater Unit of the…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 91
II. METHODOLOGY
2.1 FMEA Methodology
The method adopted for FMEA is as shown in figure 1. It is a step by step process of identifying and analyzing
failure in the feedstock preheater. Failure modes, failure cause, failure effect, detection method, compensation
provision and severity of each of the item of the sub-units were identified and analyzed.
2.2 FMECA Methodology
The method adopted for FMECA is as shown in figure 2. For both quantitative and qualitative criticality
analysis, the information in FMEA serves as the basis for criticality analysis.
Fig 1: A FMEA Block Diagram
Fig 2: A FMECA flow diagram
3. Failure Analysis of Feedstock Preheater Unit of the…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 92
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
3.1 FMEA Result
Table 1 is the FMEA result for feedstock preheater. The table shows the potential failure modes, failure
mechanism, failure effects, detection method, compensation provision and severity of the feedstock preheater
via its seven sub-units (fresh feed surge drum, heavy naphtha exchanger, light cycle oil exchanger, heavy cycle
oil exchanger, fractionator bottom exchanger, feed preheater and fresh feed charge pump). The severity of the
sixteen failure effects of the sub-units were above average, between four to nine. That is, from a failure that
might cause minor injury, minor property damage, or minor system damage which will result in delay or loss of
sub-unit (marginal), to a failure which might cause death or lack of ability to carry out operation without
warning (catastrophic).These values and descriptions of the failures above were in conformity with the RAC[12]
,
2005, Technical Manual [13]
, 2006 and Ibrahim,et’al[10]
, 2015.
Table 1: A FMEA sheet for Feedstock preheater
ITEM ID FUNCTIONALID FAILUREMODE(S) FAILUREMECHANISM FAILUREEFFECTS DETECTIONMETHOD COMPENSATION SEVERITY
D15 fresh feed surge drum lowlevelin the drum supply line blokage leads to P01cavitation levelsensor levelindicator 4
drumperforated corrosion pump willtripped off flowsensor flowindicator 2
E02A/B heavy naphtha exchanger Tube fouled tube blockage in effective heat exchange rate alarmtemperature sensor SCADA* Indicator 4
leakage tube rupture lowoutlet temperature alarmtemperature sensor SCADA Indicator 5
loss ofvacuum tube rupture compressormight trip off alarmtemperature sensor SCADA Indicator 6
accumulated dirt filament blockage lube oilflowrestriction alarmtemperature sensor SCADA Indicator 7
E03 light cycle oilexchanger Tube fouled tube blockage in effective heat exchange rate alarmtemperature sensor SCADA Indicator 4
leakage tube rupture lowoutlet temperature alarmtemperature sensor SCADA Indicator 4
E04 heavy cycle oilexchanger Tube fouled tube blockage in effective heat exchange rate alarmtemperature sensor SCADA Indicator 5
leakage tube rupture lowoutlet temperature alarmtemperature sensor SCADA Indicator 5
E05 fractionatorexchanger Tube fouled tube blockage in effective heat exchange rate alarmtemperature sensor SCADA Indicator 4
leakage tube rupture lowoutlet temperature alarmtemperature sensor SCADA Indicator 5
H02 feed preheater heating ofempty tube tube buckling high heateroutlet temperature alarmtemperature sensor Redundant System 7
failure to line-up Tube coking lowoutlet temperature alarmtemperature sensor Redundant System 7
leakage tube rupture oilleakwilloccurto heaterfire box alarmtemperature sensor SCADA Indicator 8
P01 fresh feed charge pump lowlevelin surge drum pump tripped lowflowacross feed train interlocksystem Redundant System 6
lowdischarged pressure tube blockage catalyst slumping in the riser interlocksystem Redundant System 2
lowsuction head pressure cavitation in pump operation coking ofH02tubes interlocksystem Redundant System 9
powerfailure voltage drop production distruption interlocksystem Redundant System 2
FAILUREMODEEFFECTANALYSIS (FMEA)
STUDYAREA:Area3 (KRPC)
SYSTEM:Feedstock Preheater
OBJECTIVE:Toheatthe long chainhydrocarbonmolecules andrecycle slurryoil
*SCADA: Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
3.2 Qualitative FMECA Result
The qualitative FMECA for the feedstock preheater is presented in Table 2. From the table, four sub-units
(heavy naphtha exchanger, main fractionator bottom exchanger, feedstock preheater, and fresh feed charge
pump) have their Risk Priority Number (RPN) greater than 200.These sub-units are critical and have low
reliabilities. Three of the sub-units (fresh feed surge drum, light cycle oil exchanger, and heavy cycle oil
exchanger) have their RPN less than 200. These sub-units are said to be less critical and have moderate
reliabilities.
4. Failure Analysis of Feedstock Preheater Unit of the…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 93
Table 2: A qualitative FMECA for feedstock preheater
Table 3 shows the prioritized items for corrective action based on their RPN. Item with the highest RPN is the
item to be considered first for replacement, repair or maintenance. This is to ensure safety and reliability of the
unit. The heavy naphtha exchanger has the highest RPN of 384. This means highest priority for corrective
action.The order follows up to fresh feed surge drum with the least RPN value of 60. This means least priority
for corrective action. However, in terms of selection criteria for maintenance program, Puthillath,et’al[14]
, 2012
also adopted this system of item ranking.
Table 3: A qualitative FMECA item ranking for Feedstock preheater
ITEM RANKING QUALITATIVE (FMECA)
STUDY AREA: Area 3 (KRPC)
SYSTEM : Feedstock Preheater
ITEM ID FUNCTIONAL ID ITEM RPN
E02A/B feed/ heavy naphtha exchanger 348
P01 fresh feed charge pump 322
E05 feed/ main fractionator bottoms exchanger 248
H02 feed preheater 219
E04 feed/ heavy cycle oil exchanger 85
E03 feed/ light cycle oil exchanger 68
D15 fresh feed surge drum 60
5. Failure Analysis of Feedstock Preheater Unit of the…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 94
3.3 Quantitative FMECA Results
Table 4 presents the quantitative FMECA for feedstock preheater. The following data (item failure rates, failure
mode ratio, and item criticality number) were computed for the seven sub-units (feed/heavy naphtha exchanger,
fresh feed charge pump, feed/main fractionator bottoms exchanger, feed preheater, feed/heavy cycle oil
exchanger, feed/light cycle oil exchanger, and fresh feed surge drum). The criticality number (Cr) describes the
reliability and availability of each of the sub-unit. The higher the criticality numbers the more the risk involved
and the lower the reliability and availability of each of the sub-unit. Four of the sub-units (feed/ heavy naphtha
exchanger, fresh feed charge pump, feed/ main fractionator bottoms exchanger, and feed preheater) have their
Cr> 0.002. The remaining three sub-units (feed/ heavy cycle oil exchanger, feed/light cycle oil exchanger, and
fresh feed surge drum) have their Cr < 0.002. Similar data were obtained by RAC[12]
, 2005 and Technical
Manual[13]
, 2006 in assessing the reliability of their defense equipment.
Table 4: A quantitative FMECA for feedstock preheater
Item ID Functional ID time (hr) Occurrence Failure rate λItem λ λ* λ**Cr*** Item Cr
D15 fresh feed surge drum 17280 1 5.78704E-08 1.7361E-07 1 0.33 0.00033 0.00167
17280 2 1.15741E-07 1 0.67 0.00134
E02A/B heavy naphtha exchanger 17280 2 1.15741E-07 6.3657E-07 1 0.18 0.00036 0.00352
17280 3 1.73611E-07 1 0.27 0.00081
17280 1 5.78704E-08 1 0.1 0.0001
17280 5 2.89352E-07 1 0.45 0.00225
E03 light cycle oil exchanger 17280 1 5.78704E-08 1.1574E-07 1 0.5 0.0005 0.001
17280 1 5.78704E-08 1 0.5 0.0005
E04 heavy cycle oil exchanger 17280 1 5.78704E-08 1.1574E-07 1 0.5 0.0005 0.001
17280 1 5.78704E-08 1 0.5 0.0005
E05 bottoms exchanger 17280 4 2.31481E-07 6.9444E-07 1 0.33 0.00132 0.00668
17280 8 4.62963E-07 1 0.67 0.00536
H02 feed preheater 17280 1 5.78704E-08 4.0509E-07 1 0.14 0.00014 0.003
17280 2 1.15741E-07 1 0.29 0.00058
17280 4 2.31481E-07 1 0.57 0.00228
P01 fresh feed charge pump 17280 8 4.62963E-07 9.838E-07 1 0.47 0.00376 0.00546
17280 2 1.15741E-07 1 0.12 0.00024
17280 3 1.73611E-07 1 0.18 0.00054
17280 4 2.31481E-07 1 0.23 0.00092
QUANTITATIVE FAILURE MODES EFFECTS AND CRITICALITY ANALYSIS (FMECA)
STUDY AREA: Area 3 (KRPC)
SYSTEM : Feedstock Preheater
OBJECTIVE: To heat the long chain hydrocarbon molecules and recycle slurry oil
*failure effect probability, **failure mode ratio, ***criticality number
Table 5 depicts the quantitative FMECA item ranking for feedstock preheater. From the
table, criticality numbers were used to rank items according to their risk level. The main
fractionator bottoms exchanger has the highest criticality number of 0.00668 while the light
and heavy cycle oil exchangers have the least criticality number of 0.001 each. Therefore,
sub-unit (main fractionator bottoms exchanger) with the highest criticality number would be
considered first in terms of maintenance, repair or replacement.
6. Failure Analysis of Feedstock Preheater Unit of the…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 95
Table 5: A quantitative FMECA item ranking for feedstock preheater
Item ID Functional ID Operating time (hr)Failure rate λ (/hr) Failure effect probability λItem criticality number
E05 feed/ main fractionator bottoms exchanger 17280 6.94444E-07 1 0.00668
P01 fresh feed charge pump 17280 9.83796E-07 1 0.00546
E02A/B feed/ heavy naphtha exchanger 17280 6.36574E-07 1 0.00352
H02 feed preheater 17280 4.05093E-07 1 0.003
D15 fresh feed surge drum 17280 1.73611E-07 1 0.00167
E03 feed/ light cycle oil exchanger 17280 1.15741E-07 1 0.001
E04 feed/ heavy cycle oil exchanger 17280 1.15741E-07 1 0.001
ITEM RANKING QUANTITATIVE (FMECA)
STUDY AREA: Area 3 (KRPC)
SYSTEM : Feedstock Preheater
Figure 3 is the criticality matrix for the feedstock preheater. From the figure, the plot of criticality number
against severity was used to identify those critical failure modes related to the sub-units. The criticality lines on
the figures were used to differentiate between critical, semi- critical and highly critical items. Eight out of the
sixteen failure modes identified were above or closely below the criticality line while eight values of the failure
modes were below the criticality line. Those values above and closely below the criticality line showed how
critical those failure modes were with respect to the unit (feedstock preheater). However, it means that the
reliability of those sub-units is low; therefore, preventive maintenance is recommended. Ibrahim, et al [11]
, 2016
and Rooney, et al[15]
1988 also recommended preventive maintenance for high risk, because it may eventually
result in substantial reduction in production periods.
Table 6: A Criticality Matrix data for Feedstock Preheater
ITEM ID SEVERITY Criticality number
D15 4 0.00033
2 0.00134
E02A/B 4 0.00036
5 0.00081
6 0.0001
7 0.00225
E03 4 0.0005
4 0.0005
E04 5 0.0005
5 0.0005
E05 4 0.00132
5 0.00536
H02 7 0.00014
7 0.00058
8 0.00228
P01 6 0.00376
2 0.00024
9 0.00054
2 0.00092 0.00033
0.00134
0.00036
0.00081
0.0001
0.00225
0.00050.0005 0.00050.0005
0.00132
0.00536
0.00014
0.00058
0.00228
0.00376
0.00024
0.00054
0.00092
0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Criticalitynumber
Severity
Criticality Matrix
Fig3: A Criticality Matrix for Feedstock Preheater
7. Failure Analysis of Feedstock Preheater Unit of the…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 96
IV. CONCLUSION
The failure analysis of the feedstock preheater via its sub-units (feed/ heavy naphtha exchanger, fresh feed
charge pump, feed/ main fractionator bottoms exchanger, feed preheater, feed/ heavy cycle oil exchanger, feed/
light cycle oil exchanger, and fresh feed surge drum) was done using FMECA. From the analysis, the reliability
was found to be low.
Preventive maintenance was recommended for the high risk failures because these failures eventually results in
substantial reduction in production periods. The reliability tool (FMECA) used was efficient in failure analysis
of each sub-unit of the feedstock preheater.
The use of FMECA to conduct the failure analysis of the feedstock preheater will help to reduce financial losses
as a result of equipment damage, injury to personnel and above all loss of life.
V. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors wish to thank management and staffs of KRPC for providing technical data.
REFERENCE
[1] Chiyoda. (1980). Operating manual for process unit (FCCU).Nigeria National Petroleum Cooperation – Kaduna
Refining and Petrochemical Company. Chiyoda chemical engineering and construction company Ltd, Yokohama,
Japan
[2] Hendrix Group. 2011. Petroleum Refining Corrosion. Bakers Landing, Houston, Texas.
[3] Rausand, M. and Haugen, S. 2003.Preliminary Hazard Analysis. Risk Assessment Section 9.6. Rams Group.
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Biographies
Ibrahim, Z. Z. Held Bachelor of Engineering in Petroleum Engineering in 2006 at Abubakar Tafawa Balewa
University, Bauchi and MSc in Petroleum and gas engineering in 2013 at University of Salford, UK. I am
currently a lecturer withAbubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi. My research interest is in Oil and gas.
Ibrahim, A.Held Bachelor of Engineering in Chemical Engineering in 2008 at Abubakar Tafawa Balewa
University, Bauchi and MSc in Chemical Engineering in 2016 at Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi.
He is currently a Technologist with Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi. His research interest is in
Process reliability and Synthesis.