An outcome monitoring reports summary results in a brief presentation of Leasehold Forestry and Livestock Programme, Nepal funded and manged by Government of Nepal and International Fund for Agriculture Development IFAD, Rome.
Diversification of livelihood activities minimizes households’ vulnerability to shocks by reducing income variability. Livelihoods of rural Bangladesh is encompass both farm and non-farm activities. This study investigated the patterns and extent of diversification of livelihoods in rural areas of Bangladesh. The study drew a random sample of 500 rural farm households in Bangladesh through a multi-stage random sampling technique. The primary data were collected using structured questionnaires coupled with interview schedules and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Simpson index. Result revealed that remittance contributed highest to the household income followed by business and caste occupation, and rice farming. Furthermore results showed that rural Bangladeshi households have diversified their livelihood activities at medium level. The small and medium landholding households are more likely to diversify their livelihoods compared to the functionally-landless and large landholding households. The implication is that non-farm employment opportunities should be expanded to combat poor households’ vulnerability to shocks and income fluctuations. It is also suggested to give more attention to functionally-landless households for increasing and diversifying their income.
An outcome monitoring reports summary results in a brief presentation of Leasehold Forestry and Livestock Programme, Nepal funded and manged by Government of Nepal and International Fund for Agriculture Development IFAD, Rome.
Diversification of livelihood activities minimizes households’ vulnerability to shocks by reducing income variability. Livelihoods of rural Bangladesh is encompass both farm and non-farm activities. This study investigated the patterns and extent of diversification of livelihoods in rural areas of Bangladesh. The study drew a random sample of 500 rural farm households in Bangladesh through a multi-stage random sampling technique. The primary data were collected using structured questionnaires coupled with interview schedules and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Simpson index. Result revealed that remittance contributed highest to the household income followed by business and caste occupation, and rice farming. Furthermore results showed that rural Bangladeshi households have diversified their livelihood activities at medium level. The small and medium landholding households are more likely to diversify their livelihoods compared to the functionally-landless and large landholding households. The implication is that non-farm employment opportunities should be expanded to combat poor households’ vulnerability to shocks and income fluctuations. It is also suggested to give more attention to functionally-landless households for increasing and diversifying their income.
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Horse SA workshop "Grow your own hay or lucerne' held at Farmer Johns, Nuriootpa on 29 Nov 2016
http://www.horsesa.asn.au/
https://www.farmerjohns.com.au/
http://pasturegenetics.com/
http://www.naturalresources.sa.gov.au/adelaidemtloftyranges/land/landholder-services
This event was jointly funded through Adelaide and Mt Lofty Ranges Natural Resources Management Board levy, HorseSA and the Australian Government’s National Landcare Programme
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Dr. Limin Kung of the University of Delaware presented this information for DAIReXNET on February 17, 2014. The recorded webinar can be found at http://www.extension.org/pages/15830/archived-dairy-cattle-webinars#.UwPQJc4gvZc.
More than 70% rural population keeping one or other type of livestock species to supplement the family income and support the livelihood. Indian livestock are robust and able to withstand harsh tropical climate with minimal or no external input. Milk, Meat, Egg, Manure, Draught Power etc are the major output derived from livestock sector which are helping to achieve the nutritional security, improving the soil health, supplementing the household income, export earning, generating the employment opportunities round the year.
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Pasture Genetics_ Better Established Pastures and Forage CropsHorse SA
Horse SA workshop "Grow your own hay or lucerne' held at Farmer Johns, Nuriootpa on 29 Nov 2016
http://www.horsesa.asn.au/
https://www.farmerjohns.com.au/
http://pasturegenetics.com/
http://www.naturalresources.sa.gov.au/adelaidemtloftyranges/land/landholder-services
This event was jointly funded through Adelaide and Mt Lofty Ranges Natural Resources Management Board levy, HorseSA and the Australian Government’s National Landcare Programme
Pasture Cropping - Profitable Regenerative Agriculture Presented by Colin SeisDiegoFooter
Colin will discuss pasture cropping. Colin is the pioneer – developer of “Pasture Cropping” which is a perennial cover cropping method of sowing cereal crops directly into perennial pastures. It combines grazing animals and multispecies crops , into a single land use method where each one benefits the other economically, environmentally and ecologically. Colin Seis owns a 2000-acre farm “Winona” which is situated north of Gulgong on the central slopes of NSW Australia. ‘Winona’ runs 4000 merino sheep and grows crops like, oats, wheat , cereal rye, brassica, pea and vetch.
Forage Fermentation: How to Make Good SilageDAIReXNET
Dr. Limin Kung of the University of Delaware presented this information for DAIReXNET on February 17, 2014. The recorded webinar can be found at http://www.extension.org/pages/15830/archived-dairy-cattle-webinars#.UwPQJc4gvZc.
More than 70% rural population keeping one or other type of livestock species to supplement the family income and support the livelihood. Indian livestock are robust and able to withstand harsh tropical climate with minimal or no external input. Milk, Meat, Egg, Manure, Draught Power etc are the major output derived from livestock sector which are helping to achieve the nutritional security, improving the soil health, supplementing the household income, export earning, generating the employment opportunities round the year.
Presentation given by Janet Dwyer to the Exmoor Hill Farming Network. Slides summarize work conducted by the CCRI in assessing the state of farming in Exmoor.
Characterization of local chicken production and management systems in Babati...ILRI
Poster prepared by L J Marwa, B Lukuyu, S H Mbaga, S K Mutayoba and M Bekunda for the Tropentag 2016 Conference on Solidarity in a Competing World—Fair Use of Resources, Vienna, Austria, 19–21 September 2016
Importance of livestock production from grasslands for national and local foo...ILRI
Presented by Iain A Wright, Polly Ericksen, Andrew Mude, Lance W. Robinson and Jason Sircely at the International Grassland Congress, New Delhi, 20-24 November 2015
Analysis of milk production, butter marketing and household use of inputs in ...ILRI
Presented by Berhanu Gebremedhin, Kaleb Shiferaw, AzageTegegne and Dirk Hoekstra at Workshop on the 30th International Conference of Agricultural Economists (ICAE), Vancouver, British Columbia, 28 July-2 August 2018
Financial Inclusion for Inclusive Growth – Save the Farmer CampaigneGov Magazine
Financial Inclusion for Inclusive Growth – Save the Farmer Campaign - Dr Shalini Rajneesh, Principal Secretary, Backward Classes Welfare Department, Government of Karnataka
Presented by Iain A Wright, Polly Ericksen, Andrew Mude and Klaus Butterbach-Bahl at the Workshop on Unsettled Futures for Subsistence Pastoralism: Adapting Livestock Systems in the Face of Changing Climate and Land Use, 67th Annual Meeting of the Society for Range Management, USA, 8-13 February 2014
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One of the top cities of India, Hyderabad is the capital of Telangana and home to some of the biggest companies. But the other aspect of the city is a huge chunk of population that is even deprived of the food and shelter. There are many people in Hyderabad that are not having access to
At Taste Of Middle East, we believe that food is not just about satisfying hunger, it's about experiencing different cultures and traditions. Our restaurant concept is based on selecting famous dishes from Iran, Turkey, Afghanistan, and other Arabic countries to give our customers an authentic taste of the Middle East
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2. • Yak herding is practiced in areas located at elevations ranging from 1,000 to 5,600
masl
• Yak farming is Practiced in the ten northern Dzongkhags in Bhutan
• Accounts for 5.2% of the total livestock population and total population of yak in
2013 was 38011 yaks (Department of Livestock, 2013).
• Yaks are main source of livelihood in the higher elevations and are associated to
culture, religion and social life of its herders, their families and communities
• Yak population is declining in most part of the country and especially in Haa
Introduction
6. Materials and Methods
Figure 3: Map of Haa Dzongkhag showing the study area
Study Area
• The study was conducted in Bjee, Katsho
and Esu Gewogs
• Located at latitude of 27° 15' 54" N and
longitude of 89° 10' 14" E
• About 33.06 % of the total area is under
Tsamdro (pasture land) (Dorji, 2013).
• Altitudes ranging from 1,400 - 4,800 masl,
Bjee
Katsho
Esu
7. Forty household were selected for the survey
• Bjee Gewog-23 respondents
• Katsho Gewog- 11 respondents
• Esu Gewog-6 respondents
Sample Size
Sampling Method
Stratified randomized sampling was carried out using lottery
• Each Gewog was considered as different cluster
• Took 40% of the total yak herders from each Gewog based on data of 2010
8. Data Collection
• Structured questionnaire was used for data collection
• Information such as people’s comments on the yak rearing was collected
through open ended questionnaires
• Data collection was carried out from 20th December 2014 -1 January 2015
Data Analysis
Data was analysed using IBM-SPSS version 22.0
• Inferential and descriptive statistics was used to analyse data
• Means of the different variables were compared using t-test
• Correlation was performed to see association between the variables
10. Labor Shortage
Availability of labour
Frequency Percent
Easily available 4 10
Not very easy 17 42.5
Not available at all 19 47.5
Total 40 100
35%
47%
18%
very_high
high
average
• The average wage for the hired
labor is Nu. 6,000 per month
• The high labor charge was the
result of shortage of labor and
demand for labor Figure 4: Respondents views on labor charge in the study area
Table2: Availability of labor in the study area
11. Pasture land degradation
• Yak herders of Haa moves to Tsamdros
situated on the border for the summer
months and shares Tsamdros with 3 hh’s
on average
• Their winter pastures are shared by the
cattle, mainly the Thanors that are kept
during the summer months (Northue)
and horses
45%
35%
20%
yes
no
no change
Figure 5: Pasture land degradation and decrease in
palatable grasses in the tsamdros
12. Geographical and Boarder issues
Encounter
conflict
Plans to shift to
other activities
Encounter conflict 1 0.8
Plans to shift to
other activities
20
1
• The yak herders share pasture land with
Tibetan Autonomous region’s (TAR) yak
herders during the summer months
• Bhutanese herders were denied to follow
traditional grazing rights and collect
firewood
• TAR herders asks for Threl
• Bhutanese herders are not allowed to replace
or graze in the Tsamdros of those who
abandon yak herding.
Table 2: Correlation table showing the correlation
between conflict encountered and plans to shift to
other activities
13. Mortality and Disease in Yak
72%
11%
12%
4%
1%
gid
wild animals
poisonong
dogs
others
• At least one animal dies either due to
Gid, predators, poisoning or the stray
dogs
• Attack of stray dog is however
expected to decrease due to
intervention of JKSNR
• The gid alone caused 114 deaths in
2014 from the 20 YFH interviewed Figure 6: Causes of yak mortality in the study area
14. Sources of Livelihood and Income Generation
0 2 4 6 8 10
business
taxi/hire vehicle
carpentery/masonary
labour
YHAH
YFH
• Average household income from business is
Nu.268,750
• Those with low income level from the agricultural
activities focuses more on off farm activities
• For the YFH, 65% of the respondents doesn’t do
any of the off farm activities
• mean annual income generated from agricultural
activities including horticulture in 2014 was
Nu.17300 and 11075 respectively for the YFH and
YFAH. Figure 5: Off-farm activities taken by YFH and YFAH
15. Government Policies and Regulation
15%
25%
20%
17%
23%
not effective
at all
effective to
some extend
effective
very
effective
excellent
• Government policies such as targeted highland
development and establishment of Chhundugang Yak
Century supports yak herding in the area.
• Unlike in other dzongkhags, 60% of the respondents
didn’t encounter any conflicts due to declaration of
pasture land as state property.
• Restriction on controlled burning for better regeneration
hinders their traditional management system
• Declaration of Tsamdro areas as Strict nature Reserve
helped the herders to combat loss of yaks to poachers
Figure 6: Level of effectiveness of government
policies
16. Economic Benefit of Yak Farming
A. Cost
Total variable cost (TVC) 200,000
Total fix cost (TFC) 8,100
Total cost=TVC+TFC 208,100
B. Benefit
Total benefit 335,500
Annual net saving (B-A) 127,400
Table 4: Summary of cost benefit of yak herding
Amount in Nu.
17. Conclusion
• Yak herding is declining due to the various factors such as labor shortage, diseases and
trans-boundary issues.
• Small family size due to increasing number of youths going to educational centers
discourages them from taking up of yak herding as livelihood
• Despite animal health care from the extension centers, the Frequency of Gid is still high
in the Dzongkhag
• Market constrain is another issue in the locality. During the summer months their only
market for the yak and its products is markets across the border
• Yak herding is a profitable job although it involves hardships
18. Acknowledgement
I would like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to the following person for their time and effort in
shaping my study:
• Dr.Tshering Gyeltshen, guide tutor
• Kuenga Lhendup, Younten Jamtsho and Sonam Tshering for their effort during data collection
• DLO of Haa dzongkhag
• Golo Tshering, focal person, Chhundugang Yak Century
• Dr. Sonam Lhamo, dzongkhag vetenary hospital, Haa
• Rinchen Choden, data manager, livestock statistics section
• Jojo Tshampa and Penjor
• My parents, siblings and relatives for their support