This study examined differences in motivation and physical activity levels between adolescents with visual impairments living in a residential school who met or exceeded healthy BMI criteria compared to those who did not. Those meeting BMI criteria had higher levels of external and introjected motivation but similar physical activity levels and amotivation scores. While physical activity levels were generally adequate, some students did not meet recommended daily amounts. Motivation profiles provide insight for encouraging active free time choices in this environment.
Motor Fitness of Rural Primary School Girls In Comparison To Boys IOSR Journals
Abstract: Difference between male and female in physical, physiological, motor, psychological, social and
emotional dimensions have been confirmed by many researchers time to time (Tanner:1978; Overman &
Williams, 2004; Linda, 2005). The causes have been identified as genetic, social and cultural. But, it has also
been reported that sex difference does not become prominent before puberty (Gustafsson & Lindenfors, 2008).
The purpose of the study was to compare motor fitness status of boys and girls belonging to primary school at a
rural setting. 118 boys and girls (9-10 years) were selected as subjects from Bardhaman district, West Bengal.
Speed, Cardio-respiratory Endurance, Muscular Strength-Endurance, Flexibility, Agility, Coordination and
Anaerobic Power were chosen motor fitness variables for the study. Results of the present study revealed that
in speed, coordination, power and agility no significant difference exists (p<0.05)>0.05) between the groups. In cardio-respiratory endurance, boys were better than the girls while girls had higher scores than boys in flexibility and abdominal muscular strengthendurance.
Keywords: Motor fitness, primary level, sex difference.
Abstract
Go to
The motivation and habits of rock climbers were investigated using mixed methodology in order to better understand exercise participation. Forty-one patrons of a south eastern United States climbing gym completed a demographics form and adapted Sports Motivation Scale II (SMS-II), while thirty-six participants completed the Rock Climbing Motivation Survey (RCMS). Those with higher climbing frequency reported significantly higher levels of identified regulation than individuals who climbed less often (p=0.011). According to a thematic analysis, exercise balance and personal growth and challenges were the most commonly reported themes of motivation for rock climbing. The most frequently cited barriers were injury and time. Participants reported external motivators to climb upon initiation of the sport, but appeared to rely more on internal motivators to continue climbing. These findings, which are supported by current literature on physical activity, may be applicable to promoting exercise participation and maintenance.
Abstract
The present investigation has been conducted to find out the relationship of selected motor fitness tests to percentage of body fat and reaction time (visual) in mid level male footballer players volunteered to participate in this study.16 students of 15 to 18 years of age and having training in BKSP, were recruited as the subjects. The data on the variables such as percentage of body-fat (BF), speed, agility and reaction-time (RT) were collected by using standard tools and techniques. Each subject’s speed, agility, and reaction time were measured, and the data analyzed using Pearson’s correlation and paired t tests (using SPSS-16). There were no meaningful correlations between reaction time and speed in the subjects .There was a negative correlation between percentage of body fat and reaction time.
Neurobalance therapy in elderly populationSurbhiKaura
Aging, geriatric care, Healthy lifestyle# therapies for improving balance. Neuromuscular adaptation. geriatric condition
Fall prevention
https://bit.ly/3hNQoX0
neurobalance therapy for older people
https://bit.ly/3hPnbea
for thyroid management
https://bit.ly/3APri2S
for planter fasciatis
Motor Fitness of Rural Primary School Girls In Comparison To Boys IOSR Journals
Abstract: Difference between male and female in physical, physiological, motor, psychological, social and
emotional dimensions have been confirmed by many researchers time to time (Tanner:1978; Overman &
Williams, 2004; Linda, 2005). The causes have been identified as genetic, social and cultural. But, it has also
been reported that sex difference does not become prominent before puberty (Gustafsson & Lindenfors, 2008).
The purpose of the study was to compare motor fitness status of boys and girls belonging to primary school at a
rural setting. 118 boys and girls (9-10 years) were selected as subjects from Bardhaman district, West Bengal.
Speed, Cardio-respiratory Endurance, Muscular Strength-Endurance, Flexibility, Agility, Coordination and
Anaerobic Power were chosen motor fitness variables for the study. Results of the present study revealed that
in speed, coordination, power and agility no significant difference exists (p<0.05)>0.05) between the groups. In cardio-respiratory endurance, boys were better than the girls while girls had higher scores than boys in flexibility and abdominal muscular strengthendurance.
Keywords: Motor fitness, primary level, sex difference.
Abstract
Go to
The motivation and habits of rock climbers were investigated using mixed methodology in order to better understand exercise participation. Forty-one patrons of a south eastern United States climbing gym completed a demographics form and adapted Sports Motivation Scale II (SMS-II), while thirty-six participants completed the Rock Climbing Motivation Survey (RCMS). Those with higher climbing frequency reported significantly higher levels of identified regulation than individuals who climbed less often (p=0.011). According to a thematic analysis, exercise balance and personal growth and challenges were the most commonly reported themes of motivation for rock climbing. The most frequently cited barriers were injury and time. Participants reported external motivators to climb upon initiation of the sport, but appeared to rely more on internal motivators to continue climbing. These findings, which are supported by current literature on physical activity, may be applicable to promoting exercise participation and maintenance.
Abstract
The present investigation has been conducted to find out the relationship of selected motor fitness tests to percentage of body fat and reaction time (visual) in mid level male footballer players volunteered to participate in this study.16 students of 15 to 18 years of age and having training in BKSP, were recruited as the subjects. The data on the variables such as percentage of body-fat (BF), speed, agility and reaction-time (RT) were collected by using standard tools and techniques. Each subject’s speed, agility, and reaction time were measured, and the data analyzed using Pearson’s correlation and paired t tests (using SPSS-16). There were no meaningful correlations between reaction time and speed in the subjects .There was a negative correlation between percentage of body fat and reaction time.
Neurobalance therapy in elderly populationSurbhiKaura
Aging, geriatric care, Healthy lifestyle# therapies for improving balance. Neuromuscular adaptation. geriatric condition
Fall prevention
https://bit.ly/3hNQoX0
neurobalance therapy for older people
https://bit.ly/3hPnbea
for thyroid management
https://bit.ly/3APri2S
for planter fasciatis
http://inarocket.com
Learn BEM fundamentals as fast as possible. What is BEM (Block, element, modifier), BEM syntax, how it works with a real example, etc.
Content personalisation is becoming more prevalent. A site, it's content and/or it's products, change dynamically according to the specific needs of the user. SEO needs to ensure we do not fall behind of this trend.
Influence of Intervention Program to Foster Physical Resilience Among Adolesc...ijtsrd
Physical resilience refers to the body' capacity to adapt to arising challenges, maintain stamina and strength in the face of demands, (Gill Mathias 2 017). During adolescent period there is a sudden internal and external change in the body where most of the adolescents are unaware of these changes leading them towards a state of consciousness which in turn lead to stress and rebellious behaviours. Physical resilience is the ability of an adolescent to maintain a good body image by understanding the importance of nutrition and physical activity to overcome their bodily changes in a positive way. Kriemleretal (2016) States that Physical inactiveness, low fitness and lack of awareness on nutrition in adolescents are raising health burdens worldwide. Physical inactivity in adults has been established as one of the leading established risk factors for mortality and burden of disease. Moreover, a high fitness has been shown to prolong life and even seems to be able to counterbalance mortality. Therefore, the present study was taken up to assess the influence of an intervention program to nurture physical resilience skills of selected adolescents. A total of 100 adolescents in the age group of 13-16 years were identified for the study. A Self developed Physical Resilience "“ Subset of Adolescent Resilience scale was administered to assess the physical resilience skills. The adolescents were further divided into experimental and control groups having 50 participants in each group. The experimental group was exposed to an intervention programme for a period of six months to nurture Physical Resilience skills. The study concluded that, intervention programme was very effective in enhancing the Physical Resilience skills among adolescents. Ms Rohinie Raj J. J | Dr. A. H. M. Vijayalaxmi"Influence of Intervention Program to Foster Physical Resilience Among Adolescents" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18213.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/home-science/human-development-and-relationships/18213/influence-of-intervention-program-to-foster-physical-resilience-among-adolescents/ms-rohinie-raj-j-j
Company Chosen Suncorp Bank Across Australia and globally, th.docxjanthony65
Company Chosen: Suncorp Bank
Across Australia and globally, the nature and practice of Human Resource Management (HRM) is in a constant state of evolution as organisational forms, management standards, labour markets and whole economies shift, adapt and change. In this assignment you are required to select an organisation, and undertake an investigation and evaluation regarding the HRM practices and policies present in that organisation. Your assignment is thus in two parts. The first section (of approximately 900 words) requires you to account for, and discuss, the ways in which your selected organisation:
· Recruits and inducts new staff
· Manages staff performance and engagement
· Identifies and advances high performing staff
· Ensures that staff operate safely
· Advances a diversity agenda across its staff and management base
· Encourages staff to stay at the organisation
· Resolves disputes and/or negotiates pay and benefits
In the second part of the assignment (approximately 1100 words in length) you should offer informed suggestions, supported by peer-reviewed academic literature (i.e. quality journal articles) on how the organisation can better structure its HRM practices and policies to advance employee performance (such as engagement, wellbeing, safety, commitment etc.) and organisational outcomes (e.g. profit and standing). Your suggestions should be critical and based on evidence, and at least 8 peer-reviewed academic articles should be cited in this section.
Home-based exergaming among children with
overweight and obesity: a randomized clinical trial
A. E. Staiano , R. A. Beyl , W. Guan , C. A. Hendrick , D. S. Hsia and
R. L. Newton Jr.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana, USA
Address for correspondence:
AE Staiano, Pennington Biomedical
Research Center, 6400 Perkins Rd,
Baton Rouge, LA 70815, USA.
E-mail: [email protected]
Received 14 February 2018; revised 30 April 2018;
accepted 26 May 2018
Summary
Background: Given children’s low levels of physical activity and high
prevalence of obesity, there is an urgent need to identify innovative physical activity
options.
Objective: This study aims to test the effectiveness of exergaming (video
gaming that involves physical activity) to reduce children’s adiposity and improve
cardiometabolic health.
Methods: This randomized controlled trial assigned 46 children with
overweight/obesity to a 24-week exergaming or control condition. Intervention par-
ticipants were provided a gaming console with exergames, a gameplay curriculum
(1 h per session, three times a week) and video chat sessions with a fitness coach
(telehealth coaching). Control participants were provided the exergames following fi-
nal clinic visit. The primary outcome was body mass index (BMI) z-score. Secondary
outcomes were fat mass by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and cardiometabolic
health metrics.
Results: Half of the participants were girls, and 57% were African–American.
Int.
Company Chosen Suncorp Bank Across Australia and globally, th.docxtemplestewart19
Company Chosen: Suncorp Bank
Across Australia and globally, the nature and practice of Human Resource Management (HRM) is in a constant state of evolution as organisational forms, management standards, labour markets and whole economies shift, adapt and change. In this assignment you are required to select an organisation, and undertake an investigation and evaluation regarding the HRM practices and policies present in that organisation. Your assignment is thus in two parts. The first section (of approximately 900 words) requires you to account for, and discuss, the ways in which your selected organisation:
· Recruits and inducts new staff
· Manages staff performance and engagement
· Identifies and advances high performing staff
· Ensures that staff operate safely
· Advances a diversity agenda across its staff and management base
· Encourages staff to stay at the organisation
· Resolves disputes and/or negotiates pay and benefits
In the second part of the assignment (approximately 1100 words in length) you should offer informed suggestions, supported by peer-reviewed academic literature (i.e. quality journal articles) on how the organisation can better structure its HRM practices and policies to advance employee performance (such as engagement, wellbeing, safety, commitment etc.) and organisational outcomes (e.g. profit and standing). Your suggestions should be critical and based on evidence, and at least 8 peer-reviewed academic articles should be cited in this section.
Home-based exergaming among children with
overweight and obesity: a randomized clinical trial
A. E. Staiano , R. A. Beyl , W. Guan , C. A. Hendrick , D. S. Hsia and
R. L. Newton Jr.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana, USA
Address for correspondence:
AE Staiano, Pennington Biomedical
Research Center, 6400 Perkins Rd,
Baton Rouge, LA 70815, USA.
E-mail: [email protected]
Received 14 February 2018; revised 30 April 2018;
accepted 26 May 2018
Summary
Background: Given children’s low levels of physical activity and high
prevalence of obesity, there is an urgent need to identify innovative physical activity
options.
Objective: This study aims to test the effectiveness of exergaming (video
gaming that involves physical activity) to reduce children’s adiposity and improve
cardiometabolic health.
Methods: This randomized controlled trial assigned 46 children with
overweight/obesity to a 24-week exergaming or control condition. Intervention par-
ticipants were provided a gaming console with exergames, a gameplay curriculum
(1 h per session, three times a week) and video chat sessions with a fitness coach
(telehealth coaching). Control participants were provided the exergames following fi-
nal clinic visit. The primary outcome was body mass index (BMI) z-score. Secondary
outcomes were fat mass by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and cardiometabolic
health metrics.
Results: Half of the participants were girls, and 57% were African–American.
Int.
Company Chosen Suncorp Bank Across Australia and globally, th.docxmccormicknadine86
Company Chosen: Suncorp Bank
Across Australia and globally, the nature and practice of Human Resource Management (HRM) is in a constant state of evolution as organisational forms, management standards, labour markets and whole economies shift, adapt and change. In this assignment you are required to select an organisation, and undertake an investigation and evaluation regarding the HRM practices and policies present in that organisation. Your assignment is thus in two parts. The first section (of approximately 900 words) requires you to account for, and discuss, the ways in which your selected organisation:
· Recruits and inducts new staff
· Manages staff performance and engagement
· Identifies and advances high performing staff
· Ensures that staff operate safely
· Advances a diversity agenda across its staff and management base
· Encourages staff to stay at the organisation
· Resolves disputes and/or negotiates pay and benefits
In the second part of the assignment (approximately 1100 words in length) you should offer informed suggestions, supported by peer-reviewed academic literature (i.e. quality journal articles) on how the organisation can better structure its HRM practices and policies to advance employee performance (such as engagement, wellbeing, safety, commitment etc.) and organisational outcomes (e.g. profit and standing). Your suggestions should be critical and based on evidence, and at least 8 peer-reviewed academic articles should be cited in this section.
Home-based exergaming among children with
overweight and obesity: a randomized clinical trial
A. E. Staiano , R. A. Beyl , W. Guan , C. A. Hendrick , D. S. Hsia and
R. L. Newton Jr.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana, USA
Address for correspondence:
AE Staiano, Pennington Biomedical
Research Center, 6400 Perkins Rd,
Baton Rouge, LA 70815, USA.
E-mail: [email protected]
Received 14 February 2018; revised 30 April 2018;
accepted 26 May 2018
Summary
Background: Given children’s low levels of physical activity and high
prevalence of obesity, there is an urgent need to identify innovative physical activity
options.
Objective: This study aims to test the effectiveness of exergaming (video
gaming that involves physical activity) to reduce children’s adiposity and improve
cardiometabolic health.
Methods: This randomized controlled trial assigned 46 children with
overweight/obesity to a 24-week exergaming or control condition. Intervention par-
ticipants were provided a gaming console with exergames, a gameplay curriculum
(1 h per session, three times a week) and video chat sessions with a fitness coach
(telehealth coaching). Control participants were provided the exergames following fi-
nal clinic visit. The primary outcome was body mass index (BMI) z-score. Secondary
outcomes were fat mass by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and cardiometabolic
health metrics.
Results: Half of the participants were girls, and 57% were African–American.
Int ...
fitness of older adults Helping to delay physical frailty and .docxclydes2
fitness of older adults
Helping to delay physical frailty and improve functional mobility among older adults are two of the most important goals of senior fitness instructors. Many would say the quality of life in later years depends to a large degree on being able to continue to do what you want, without pain, for as long as possible. Designing effective exercise programs that can help older adults maintain or improve their mobility requires two prerequisites:
1. An understanding of the physical attributes needed for mobility tasks in later years; and
2. The ability to assess physical attributes, so that client weaknesses can be detected and then targeted for individualized programming.
Many senior fitness instructors have been especially frustrated with the lack of tests available to assess the functional fitness of older adults, particularly tests that have accompanying performance standards.
Recognizing the need for a tool to evaluate the functional fitness performance of older adults, researchers at California State University, Fullerton, recently developed and validated a new fitness test battery especially for older adults: the Senior Fitness Test (Rikli and Jones, 2001).
The test is based on a functional fitness framework (see Figure 1), which points out that being able to perform everyday activities (e.g. personal care, shopping, housework) requires the ability to perform functional movements, such as walking, stair climbing and standing up; and that these functional movements, in turn, are dependent on having sufficient physiologic reserve (i.e. strength, endurance, flexibility, balance). One unique feature of the Senior Fitness Test is that it measures physiologic parameters using functional movement tasks, such as standing, bending, lifting, reaching and walking.
Figure 1. A functional ability framework indicating the physiologic parameters associated with functions required for basic and advanced everyday activities. R.E. Rikli & C.J. Jones, 2001, Senior Fitness Test Manual (Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics). Adapted with permission.
PHYSICAL PARAMETERS
FUNCTIONS
ACTIVITYGOALS
Muscle strength/endurance Aerobic endurance Flexibility
Motor ability power
speed/agility balance
Body composition
Walking
Stair climbing Standing up
from chair Lifting/reaching
Bending/kneeling Jogging/Running
Personal care Shopping/errands H ousework Gardening Sports
Traveling
Physical impairment
Functional limitation
Reduced ability/ Disability
result in falls and physical frailty (Alliance for Aging Research, 1999).
One goal of fitness practitioners should be to help with the early identification of at-risk participants, and either to provide a targeted intervention program or to make appropriate medical referrals for a complete diagnosis, treatment and maintenance plan.
Program planning and evaluation. To plan safe and effective exercise or physical activity programs for older adults, it is important to know as much as possible abo.
School-based physical activity programs for children and adolescents (aged 6 ...Health Evidence™
Health Evidence and Canadian Cochrane Centre hosted a 90 minute webinar on School-based physical activity. This work received support from KT Canada funding from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR). Key messages and implications for practice were presented on Wednesday October 30, 2013 at 1:00 pm EST.
This webinar focused on interpreting the evidence in the following review:
Dobbins,M., Husson, H., DeCorby K., & LaRocca, R.L. (2013). School-based physical activity programs for promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents aged 6-18. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2013(2), Art. No.: CD007651.
Maureen Dobbins, Scientific Director of Health Evidence, lead the webinar.
ORIGINALARTICLESEVIDENCE BASED PHYSICAL ACTIVITY FOR SCH.docxalfred4lewis58146
ORIGINAL
ARTICLES
EVIDENCE BASED PHYSICAL ACTIVITY FOR SCHOOL-AGE YOUTH
WILLIAM B. STRONG, MD,* ROBERT M. MALINA, PHD,* CAMERON J. R. BLIMKIE, PHD, STEPHEN R. DANIELS, MD, PHD,
RODNEY K. DISHMAN, PHD, BERNARD GUTIN, PHD, ALBERT C. HERGENROEDER, MD, AVIVA MUST, PHD, PATRICIA A. NIXON, PHD,
JAMES M. PIVARNIK, PHD, THOMAS ROWLAND, MD, STEWART TROST, PHD, AND FRANCxOIS TRUDEAU, PHD
Objectives To review the effects of physical activity on health and behavior outcomes and develop evidence-based
recommendations for physical activity in youth.
Study design A systematic literature review identified 850 articles; additional papers were identified by the expert
panelists. Articles in the identified outcome areas were reviewed, evaluated and summarized by an expert panelist. The strength
of the evidence, conclusions, key issues, and gaps in the evidence were abstracted in a standardized format and presented and
discussed by panelists and organizational representatives.
Results Most intervention studies used supervised programs of moderate to vigorous physical activity of 30 to 45 minutes
duration 3 to 5 days per week. The panel believed that a greater amount of physical activity would be necessary to achieve similar
beneficial effects on health and behavioral outcomes in ordinary daily circumstances (typically intermittent and unsupervised
activity).
Conclusion School-age youth should participate daily in 60 minutes or more of moderate to vigorous physical activity that
is developmentally appropriate, enjoyable, and involves a variety of activities. (J Pediatr 2005;146:732-7)
R
ecommendations for appropriate amounts of physical activity for the US
population, including school-age youth, have been developed by several
organizations and agencies.1 Although recent reviews have summarized the
benefits of regular physical activity on the health of youth and its potential for reducing the
incidence of chronic diseases that are manifested in adulthood,
2-5
a more systematic
approach is indicated. This report presents results of a systematic evaluation of evidence
dealing with the effects of regular physical activity on several health and behavioral
outcomes in US school-age youth, with the goal of developing a recommendation for the
amount of physical activity deemed appropriate to yield beneficial health and behavioral
outcomes.
METHOD
Under a contract with the Divisions of Nutrition and Physical Activity and
Adolescent and School Health of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the
Constella Group, an expert panel was convened to review and evaluate available evidence
on the influence of physical activity on several health and behavioral outcomes in youth
aged 6 to 18 years. The co-chairs of the panel selected panelists on the basis of expertise in
specific areas: adiposity, cardiovascular health (lipids and lipoproteins, blood pressure, the
metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular reactivity, heart rate
variab.
The impact of physical activity participation on the self esteem of the stude...Dr. Mohammed Abou Elmagd
Positive self-esteem helps people to feel good about themselves and gives them confidence to do things and confront social challenges. Positive self-esteem is improved by certain factors including increased physical activity. This can be utilized in the university age group, especially when considering medical and health sciences colleges where higher stress levels are recorded. Aim: To assess the relationship between physical activity and self-esteem among medical and health sciences students. Methods: an online questionnaire-based cross sectional study involved 198 students from RAK Medical and Health Sciences University was conducted to identify the level of physical activity and self-esteem score. Results were tabulated and analyzed using SPSS. Results: there was significant positive correlation between physical activity and self-esteem (r = 0.604). However, the correlation was higher for female students with no significant difference. Correlation among colleges did not show significant differences.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2. 150 RE:view
Deci and Ryan (1985) found that individuals with visual impairments have levels of
intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and amotivation that influence their use of free time
and lead to adaptive or maladaptive outcomes. In physical activity, an adaptive out-
come refers to attaining levels of movement that lead to physical development that pro-
duces higher levels of independence. A maladaptive outcome is characterized by long
periods of inactivity during free time, creating lower physical skills and health-related
concerns. Inactive individuals with visual impairments, lacking motivation to engage
in physical activity, become dependent members of society who rely on others for suc-
cess in navigating the community (Skaggs & Hopper, 1996).
Kozub and Oh (2004) found that participants between the ages of 6 and 18 with visu-
al impairments had fewer average daily periods of physical activity at a moderate to vig-
orous level than reported in earlier studies of peers without disabilities. Other measures
of physical activity, such as pedometers, have also been used. Suzuki et al. (1991) found
that individuals with visual impairments from residential settings were less active than
their peers without disabilities. Additionally, using self-recall estimates of physical
activity, Longmuir and Bar-Or (2000) indicated that youth with visual impairments had
significantly lower physical activity levels than did peers without disabilities.
The Current Study
In this study, I explore differences in free-time motivation scores between adoles-
cents with visual impairments from a residential setting who are at criterion levels of
body mass indexes (BMIs) and their fellow students who score outside the healthy
zones, using Winnick and Short’s (1999) criterion-referenced standards. An assump-
tion of this study is that these individuals have levels of intrinsic and extrinsic motiva-
tion and amotivation that influence their use of free time and lead to adaptive or mal-
adaptive outcomes.
I also examine whether differences exist in the number of free-time minutes these
adolescents who have reached criterion levels of BMI spend at or above moderate lev-
els of activity as compared with the time spent by those who are outside the healthy
zones. I hypothesize that adolescents who have reached criterion levels of BMI have
higher physical activity counts, higher intrinsic motivation scores, lower extrinsic moti-
vation scores, and lower amotivation scores than do participants who scored outside the
healthy zones.
Methods
Participants
Students with visual impairments living in residential settings offer a unique oppor-
tunity for studying motivation, fitness, and physical activity. After-school programs at
many residential schools offer students choices of free-time activities in barrier-free
3. Volume 37, Number 4, Winter 2006 151
settings, opportunities unavailable to adolescents with disabilities who live at home.
Participants in the study were 31 students (11 women and 20 men), 12 to 21 years old,
who were involved in educational and after-school residential programs at a midwest-
ern school for the blind. All participants had residual sight but were classified as visu-
ally impaired with vision deficits that affected their educational performance. None of
the participants had any coexisting cognitive or physical disabilities.
The criterion for admission into the study was residual sight that allowed the student
to use either regular or enlarged text with assistance to complete the motivation scale.
Participants had to be enrolled in after-school residential programming during the
study. Limiting the scope of the study to these participants avoided problems associat-
ed with attempting to match individuals from integrated settings on age, gender, body
mass index (BMI), and level of vision. I secured consent to collect data and use the
results through a University Internal Review (for the protection of human subjects)
board and the superintendent of the residential school.
Procedures
The physical education staff of the school collected data, including district-wide fit-
ness testing, to isolate participants with high and low BMIs. Before the staff collected
data, they were trained on administering The Brockport Physical Fitness Test (Winnick
& Short, 1999) and the Free Time Motivation Scale for Adolescents (FTMS-A; Baldwin
& Caldwell, 2003). After the staff collected the fitness and motivation scores, I trained
them on initializing and attaching RT3 activity monitors to collect physical activity
data. To insure confidentiality, the school staff collected and coded all data before I
used them. School staff also monitored the participants’ adherence to the protocol con-
cerning wearing the monitors during after-school hours.
Students completed the FTMS-A during physical education class. All the participants
could independently circle their levels of agreement to the 20-item scale. To collect
physical activity data participants wore activity monitors fastened to their right hips
from Monday through Thursday of the same week. Staff retrieved the monitors on Fri-
day; in this way, we collected data on 4 days from dismissal at 3:00 p.m. to bedtime,
when participants removed the monitors. I sorted physical activity scores for each
minute on the basis of a criterion value calculated for each participant; by counting
only those values that fell at or above a moderate to vigorous physical activity level, I
attained a mean value for minutes per day for each participant.
Instrumentation
We used the following instruments for data collection:
Brockport Physical Fitness Test. In the Brockport Physical Fitness Test, Winnick and
Short (1999) established criterion values for body composition for adolescents with
4. 152 RE:view
visual impairments, using calf and triceps skin-fold estimates. I used this measure to
divide the group: The participants who fell within Winnick and Short’s measures were
one group (BMI) and those who were outside the healthy zone (OHBMI) were another.
Free Time Motivation Scale (FTMS-A). Baldwin and Caldwell (2003) developed the
scale1 using the constructs of self-determination theory (Ryan & Deci, 2000). FTMS-A
contains five subscales: amotivation (participation for unknown reasons), external
motivation (participation to avoid negative consequences), introjected motivation (par-
ticipation to maintain some perceived status), identified motivation (participation to
gain knowledge or skills), and intrinsic motivation (participation for pleasure). Bald-
win and Caldwell demonstrated adequate estimates of reliability for adolescents
between the ages of 12 and 15 and provided evidence of validity for the FTMS-A. The
Likert-type scaling for each of the 20 items includes five choices ranging from strong-
ly disagree to strongly agree.
Three-plane monitors. Researchers have reported using three-plane monitors to mea-
sure the physical activity of individuals with visual impairments (Kozub & Oh, 2004;
Kozub, Oh, & Rider, 2005). Earlier studies using TriTrac R3D monitors2 have demon-
strated adequate estimates of validity for long-term physical activity monitoring for
children of varied obesity levels (Kalakanis, Goldfield, Paluch, & Epstein, 2001; Jaki-
cic et al., 1998). Specific estimates of reliability (r = .90) and criterion validity (r = .89)
are found in Kozub et al. (2005) who specifically studied the use of RT3 monitors2 on
adolescents with visual impairments during physical education activities.
Data Analyses
I used descriptive statistics and displays to explore key study variables. I calculated
Cronbach’s alpha values to estimate the reliability of the FTMS-A total and calculated
subscales and chi-square tests to determine if reaching criterion levels of fitness was
dependent on age grouping or gender to rule out rival hypotheses that group demo-
graphics (other than BMI values) contributed to the results. Using multivariate analy-
sis of variance (MANOVA), I analyzed the subscale and physical activity scores for dif-
ferences between the 19 participants at criterion levels of BMI and the 12 over-healthy
BMI (OHBMI) participants.
Results
Table 1 contains means and standard deviations for key study variables, and correla-
tions between variables are found in Table 2. I decided to exclude the intrinsic motivation
subscale from the MANOVA analysis because of the low Cronbach’s alpha values for this
sample (α = .16, p > .05) in comparison with introjected, external, amotivation, and iden-
tified subscale internal consistency values (α = .58, .74, .75, & .64, respectively. Chi-
square values for age and gender proportions in the BMI and OHBMI groups were not
5. Volume 37, Number 4, Winter 2006 153
TABLE 1. Descriptive Statistics for Participants (N = 31) on Key Variables
At criterion
level of Outside
healthy body healthy body
mass index mass index Total
(n = 19) (n = 12) sample
Variable M SD M SD M SD
Introjected motivationa 1.67 .45 1.08 .67 1.44 .61
External motivationa 2.43 .94 1.65 .74 2.13 .94
Amotivation 1.84 .97 2.27 1.23 2.01 1.08
Identified motivation 3.26 .54 3.04 .68 3.18 .60
Intrinsic motivation 4.82 .30 4.73 .44 4.78 .36
Minutes per day of physical
activity at or above the
moderate or vigourous levelb 27.30 15.53 26.02 13.99 26.80 14.73
a
Group differences at the p < .05. bPer day estimates for 4 days after school (Monday through Thurs-
day) during one calendar week.
TABLE 2. Correlation Matrix for Motivation and Physical Activity Estimates
(N = 31)
Variables 1 2 3 4 5 6
1. Introjected motivation — .61* –.06 .27 .01 –.05
2. External motivation — –.01 .28 –.22 .06
3. Amotivation — –.11 –.09 .01
4. Identified motivation — –.07 –.14
5. Intrinsic motivation — .27
6. Physical activity —
*p < .05.
significant (p >. 05) indicating that the groups were proportionally similar in gender and
age. In all cases, BMI values that grouped participants according to healthy or unhealthy
levels of body fat were supported by skin-fold values (Winnick & Short, 1999).
The majority of participants across age groups engaged in moderate to vigorous
physical activity after school. However, the variability in physical activity is large
(almost 16 min), demonstrating a range of scores from less than 4 min per day to as
much as 1 hr per day.
6. 154 RE:view
I inspected the raw data for potential heteroscedasticity in scores before doing the
MANOVA. A Box test supported a lack of significant differences in covariance matrix-
es, Box’s M = 23.69, p > .05. The subsequent MANOVA analysis of the variables indi-
cated no differences in physical activity between the two groups who were divided on
the basis of whether they reached criterion levels of BMI at the time of the study, F(1,
29) = .05, p > .05.
The data revealed motivational differences among these participants. Specifically,
we found significantly higher introjected scores, F(1, 29) = 8.71, p < .01, η2 = .23, and
external scores, F(1, 29) = 5.94, p < .05, η2 = .17, in adolescents reaching criterion lev-
els of BMI as compared with the OHBMI participants. No differences between groups
appeared in the final subscales of amotivation and identified motivation, F(1, 29) =
1.17, p > .05, and F(1, 29) = 1.02, p > .05. Amotivation did not correlate to any of the
other study variables, leading to a conclusion of no relationship between free-time
amotivation and physical activity levels or higher BMI values in the sample (Table 2).
Although participants as a whole had higher intrinsic and lower amotivation scores
coupled with adequate levels of physical activity, these variables were unrelated in a
large majority of participants. Figures 1 and 2 illustrate the age-related trends in these
two extrinsic motivation subscales.
Discussion
The data I collected shows potential differences in physical activity counts and moti-
vational profiles in the participants who met or failed to meet Winnick and Short’s
(1999) criterion levels of BMI. Such data are useful for practitioners interested in how
participants in a relatively barrier-free environment perceive free-time decision making
and engage in physical activity.
Physical Activity
The results indicate that some of these adolescents are at risk of not meeting the
recent U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) [2005] daily rec-
ommendation of having 60 min of moderately intense physical activity on most days
of the week. This is especially regrettable because in their residential school they can
select from after-school, free-time programs with both active and sedentary options.
The residential school setting removed issues related to barriers in integrated set-
tings from the study, making it possible to demonstrate the potential for some ado-
lescents with visual impairments in residential settings to make active choices and
others to choose relative inactivity during free time. School-sponsored athletics,
walking on a nature trail, bowling, or other leisure activities were available at their
residential campus. In many cases, participants made active choices; however, in
relation to DHHS-recommended amounts of moderate to vigorous physical activity,
7. Volume 37, Number 4, Winter 2006 155
4.00 Participant reached healthy body mass criterion
No
Yes
3.50
Mean External Motivation
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00 21.00
Age
FIGURE 1. Age-related decreases in external motivation in participants
(N = 31).
the average amount of activity recorded for both BMI and OHBMI participants is
less than adequate.
The physical activity estimates in the current sample support the low daily physical
activity counts Kozub and Oh (2004) found for children with visual impairments. How-
ever, the amounts of moderate to vigorous physical activity for the full-time residential
students in the earlier study were even lower than in the present sample. Two factors
may explain why the values in Table 1 are higher than those of Kozub and Oh’s earlier
study. First, the current sample included only full-time residential students whose resid-
ual sight allowed them to complete the FTMS-A. Kozub and Oh did not exclude students
with lower vision levels. Second, Kozub and Oh’s inclusion of weekend days may have
contributed to higher levels of inactivity if fewer structured physical activity options
were available on weekends. However, the data from both studies reveal less than ideal
amounts of physical activity in individuals with visual impairments.
8. 156 RE:view
Participant reached healthy body mass criterion
No
2.20
Yes
2.00
Mean Introjected Motivation score
1.80
1.60
1.40
1.20
1.00
0.80
12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00 21.00
Age
FIGURE 2. Age-related decreases in introjected motivation in participants
(N = 31).
Differences Between BMI and OHBMI Participants
A lack of difference noted in the daily physical activity estimates between BMI and
OHBMI participants is interesting because it indicates that the data do not support an
assumption that OHBMI participants would be less active than those with criterion BMI.
These results are consistent with studies on individuals without disabilities (Kalakanis et
al., 2001; Vincent et al., 2003). However, the limited sample of only residential students
prohibits generalizing to individuals with visual impairments from integrated settings or
those who attend the residential school but return home at the end of the school day. The
data indicate that (a) regardless of BMI, some participants were active and some were
inactive after school and (b) consistent with other studies of children with visual impair-
ments, BMI is independent of activity levels (Suzuki et al., 1991). The small number of
female participants made it impossible to analyze gender interactions in these data.
9. Volume 37, Number 4, Winter 2006 157
Motivational Differences in BMI and OHBMI Participants
As was the case in Baldwin and Caldwell (2003), intrinsic motivation (participating
for pleasure) received the highest scores of the motivational subscales. However, I
eliminated this variable from the analyses and further discussion because in the present
sample the intrinsic motivation subscale had inadequate estimates of reliability. In
comparison with the other dimensions, the intrinsic motivation subscale had a low
number of items and that factor plus the small sample size may have affected reliabil-
ity estimates for the scale in the current study.
Differences existed between BMI and OHBMI participants in introjected and exter-
nal motivation subscales. These differences between the groups on the extrinsic moti-
vation subscale support the hypothesis that participants within the healthy range of
body composition are more interested in free-time decisions that allow them to be per-
ceived positively by others and to feel positively about themselves. Items on the exter-
nal motivation scale, such as avoiding negative consequences, were scored differently
by the two groups. In these external motivation subscales, the BMI participants had the
higher scores, contrary to my hypothesis of higher scores in this category for OHBMI
participants. This result, coupled with the problems of internal consistency from the
intrinsic subscale, make it impossible to reject the null hypothesis in support of the
notion that higher intrinsic motivation and lower extrinsic motivation are related to
body composition or physical activity levels. It is important to note that this may be a
sample-specific effect that is heavily influenced by the context in which children with
visual impairments are educated. In the setting used for the current study, no attempts
were made to secure participants who varied in educational services or had experiences
in more integrated settings. More study is needed to determine if this inference is sup-
ported in integrated contexts and in comparison with peers without disabilities.
Group differences in motivational subscales coupled with the age trends found in
Figure 1 warrant additional discussion. Although not a research question before the
study, the trend lines show a pattern of the cross-section of participants who reached
criterion levels of BMI, placing increased value on external motivation as age increas-
es. In this regard, substantive differences between perceptions by older participants
may warrant consideration. Furthermore, the older participants who failed to reach cri-
terion levels clearly place little to no agreement with items related to rules and exter-
nal expectations.
Discussion of introjected motivation is somewhat problematic given the specific nature
of the sample and the lack of an age-related pattern consistent with external motivation
(Figure 2). The moderate correlation between these two extrinsic motivation subscales
somewhat belies the inconsistent patterns found in Figures 1 and 2. On a conceptual level,
it makes sense that others or external rules would also be related to social or tangible
rewards (introjected motivation) in this sample. However, to determine the nature of
extrinsic motivation changes with age, additional study on a more diverse group of ado-
lescents with visual impairments, including individuals from integrated educational set-
10. 158 RE:view
tings, is needed. Possibly, social motivational factors are different for the BMI and
OHBMI group, and future studies of the potential for a curvilinear trend throughout ado-
lescence would help determine if this pattern warrants concern.
A weakness of the current study is that I did not study free-time decision making. I
used the construct of free-time motivation and levels of physical activity without any
regard for what participants actually did during after-school time. Decisions to engage
in specific options of physical activity may differ from actually participating in mod-
erate to vigorous physical activity. Some children may choose active options (such as
recreational programs monitored by the residential school) yet not engage at a moder-
ate to vigorous level. Furthermore, some children may choose sedentary options and
move around at a moderate to vigorous level during these less structured activities. The
latter is unlikely but points to the potential problem with assuming that these activity
choices of high and low BMI adolescents were studied conclusively.
Applications for Practice
Combining the findings related to external motivation with other studies of adolescents
with visual impairments provides a means for discussion and some speculation (given the
content of FTMS-A items) about the influence of parents on free-time decision making in
adolescents with visual impairments. Research indicates that parental influences are
important in a study of physical activity patterns within a family systems framework
(Ayvazoglu, Oh, & Kozub, 2006) and in the subscale used in the present study that cites
rules and parental expectations (Baldwin & Caldwell, 2003). Although I did not ask the
participants in this study about physical activity at home or with parents, it may be that
these influences during weekends and summers are a potential resource to help in
addressing unhealthy values of BMI and free-time decision making at school. The exter-
nal motivation items cited rules or expectations in four of the five items with “others
won’t get mad at me” as the fifth. This could be an indicator that these children would be
more active at home if parents, or perhaps physical educators, were more persistent in
monitoring children’s physical activity counts. This could be a curriculum-planning issue
where assessment of daily physical activity levels is necessary to help some adolescents
with visual impairments reach criterion levels of BMI. At the least, it is important for
practitioners to note the potential external influences and their role in adolescent free-
time decision making related to engaging in physical activity.
Summary
Physical activity continues to be a recommended course of action to alleviate obesi-
ty and improve physical functioning, and the data from this inquiry present interesting
results that need further study. After-school programs at this residential school appear
to result in levels of moderate to vigorous physical activity, but the total time that many
11. Volume 37, Number 4, Winter 2006 159
of these adolescents with visual impairments spend in that way warrants concern in
light of the DHHS guidelines. The role that motivational factors play in body compo-
sition is an interesting phenomenon for further examination. The motivational differ-
ences between BMI and OHBMI participants related to external regulation need to be
investigated with a more diverse group of participants who are visually impaired,
including adolescents from integrated settings and those with more severe visual
impairments. Of considerable concern in these data are the age-related trends noted in
previous studies and the high number of OHBMI participants in the current study.
NOTES
1. For a complete description of item content and psychometric properties, see Baldwin and
Caldwell (2003).
2. TriTrac monitors and RT3 monitors are manufactured by Stayhealthy, Inc., 222 E. Hunt-
ington Drive, Suite 313, Monrovia, CA 91016.
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