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You are unique . Everyone's face has a different shape. facial shapes - 1] round shape 2] square shape 3] oval shape 4] oblong shape 5] triangular shape 6] inverted triangular shape 7] diamond shape
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Examination protocol for binocular vision
Binocular vision assessment involves evaluating sensory and motor fusion through tests of phoria, vergence, accommodation, and stereopsis. Key tests include near point of convergence, vergence ranges, and accommodative response. Assessing binocular vision helps diagnose problems like convergence insufficiency, accommodative insufficiency, and other issues that can cause symptoms like eyestrain, headaches, and blurred vision. Referral for further orthoptic evaluation is recommended for patients presenting with these types of symptoms.
Ophthalmic prisms
Ophthalmic prisms are thin prisms with an apical angle of less than 10-15 degrees. They are used in refractive corrections and can be prescribed for conditions like strabismus. The orientation of a prism, whether base-in or base-out, affects how the eye perceives an object through the prism. Prism power can be calculated using formulas like Prentice's rule and decompounded or recombined as needed for a prescription.
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This document contains information about conducting a low vision assessment, including sections on collecting demographic data, chief complaints, medical and ocular history, visual functioning, goals, and potential low vision devices. It also includes 4 case studies: an 89-year-old with macular degeneration who needs help reading small print, a graduate student who needs magnification for lab work, an aphakic patient with distance and near vision difficulties, and a teacher with retinitis pigmentosa. The case studies demonstrate evaluating patients' needs, calculating required optical powers, testing devices, and selecting appropriate low vision aids.
Frame repairs and tools
The document discusses various tools used for optical repairs, including different types of optical screwdrivers, flaring pliers, and screw-lift tools. It also describes the different types of nose pad assemblies, including screw-on and push-on pads. The document provides guidance on replacing broken parts like temples, plastic earpiece covers, and nose pads on frames. It notes that soldering, either with a flame or electric unit, is usually required to repair broken metal portions of frames.
Frame measurementsand markings
Frame measurements are essential for ordering prescription glasses correctly. The boxing system uses geometric center, lens size (eye size A), depth (B), and width (C) in millimeters. Distance between lenses (DBL) and geometric center distance (GCD) are also in millimeters. Temple length is overall length from center barrel to end. Frames are marked with eye size, DBL, temple length, manufacturer, and country of origin. Safety frames are marked with "Z87". Metal frames indicate gold content in karats.
Soft toric Contact Lens
- Toric soft contact lenses are used to correct astigmatism by containing a cylindrical component that standard soft lenses do not have. They maintain the correct orientation in the eye to provide clear vision.
- Toric lenses are fitted using a trial lens method where the patient wears diagnostic lenses to determine the proper prescription accounting for any rotation. The final prescription is adjusted based on the measured rotation of the trial lens.
- A proper fitting toric lens will have full corneal coverage, good centration, stable orientation, and comfortable vision. Care involves using multipurpose solutions and proper insertion/removal to avoid damage.
Spectacles for children
Children's spectacle frames should be appropriately sized for comfort, with robust and lightweight materials that won't cause allergic reactions. Frames should fit securely while avoiding pressure points, and include features like spring hinges, large nose bridges, or gel pads for comfort. Sports frames may have strap attachments to ensure secure fit during active play. Early eye exams within the first ten days of life can help detect and treat vision issues early when the eye is still developing. Sunglasses from an optician provide needed UV protection for children's developing eyes.
ARC: abnormal retinal correspondence, eccentric fixation
The document discusses retinal correspondence and abnormal retinal correspondence (ARC) in patients with strabismus. It defines normal retinal correspondence as when stimulation of corresponding retinal points produces single vision, while ARC is when non-corresponding points produce single vision. ARC can be harmonious, unharmonious, or paradoxical depending on its relationship to the objective angle of deviation. Several clinical tests are described to assess retinal correspondence, including Bagolini's striated glasses test, red filter test, synoptophore, and Worth's four dot test. Occlusion therapy is mentioned as a treatment to prevent worsening of ARC and promote normal correspondence.
Recommended
Examination protocol for binocular vision
Binocular vision assessment involves evaluating sensory and motor fusion through tests of phoria, vergence, accommodation, and stereopsis. Key tests include near point of convergence, vergence ranges, and accommodative response. Assessing binocular vision helps diagnose problems like convergence insufficiency, accommodative insufficiency, and other issues that can cause symptoms like eyestrain, headaches, and blurred vision. Referral for further orthoptic evaluation is recommended for patients presenting with these types of symptoms.
Ophthalmic prisms
Ophthalmic prisms are thin prisms with an apical angle of less than 10-15 degrees. They are used in refractive corrections and can be prescribed for conditions like strabismus. The orientation of a prism, whether base-in or base-out, affects how the eye perceives an object through the prism. Prism power can be calculated using formulas like Prentice's rule and decompounded or recombined as needed for a prescription.
History taking of low vision
This document contains information about conducting a low vision assessment, including sections on collecting demographic data, chief complaints, medical and ocular history, visual functioning, goals, and potential low vision devices. It also includes 4 case studies: an 89-year-old with macular degeneration who needs help reading small print, a graduate student who needs magnification for lab work, an aphakic patient with distance and near vision difficulties, and a teacher with retinitis pigmentosa. The case studies demonstrate evaluating patients' needs, calculating required optical powers, testing devices, and selecting appropriate low vision aids.
Frame repairs and tools
The document discusses various tools used for optical repairs, including different types of optical screwdrivers, flaring pliers, and screw-lift tools. It also describes the different types of nose pad assemblies, including screw-on and push-on pads. The document provides guidance on replacing broken parts like temples, plastic earpiece covers, and nose pads on frames. It notes that soldering, either with a flame or electric unit, is usually required to repair broken metal portions of frames.
Frame measurementsand markings
Frame measurements are essential for ordering prescription glasses correctly. The boxing system uses geometric center, lens size (eye size A), depth (B), and width (C) in millimeters. Distance between lenses (DBL) and geometric center distance (GCD) are also in millimeters. Temple length is overall length from center barrel to end. Frames are marked with eye size, DBL, temple length, manufacturer, and country of origin. Safety frames are marked with "Z87". Metal frames indicate gold content in karats.
Soft toric Contact Lens
- Toric soft contact lenses are used to correct astigmatism by containing a cylindrical component that standard soft lenses do not have. They maintain the correct orientation in the eye to provide clear vision.
- Toric lenses are fitted using a trial lens method where the patient wears diagnostic lenses to determine the proper prescription accounting for any rotation. The final prescription is adjusted based on the measured rotation of the trial lens.
- A proper fitting toric lens will have full corneal coverage, good centration, stable orientation, and comfortable vision. Care involves using multipurpose solutions and proper insertion/removal to avoid damage.
Spectacles for children
Children's spectacle frames should be appropriately sized for comfort, with robust and lightweight materials that won't cause allergic reactions. Frames should fit securely while avoiding pressure points, and include features like spring hinges, large nose bridges, or gel pads for comfort. Sports frames may have strap attachments to ensure secure fit during active play. Early eye exams within the first ten days of life can help detect and treat vision issues early when the eye is still developing. Sunglasses from an optician provide needed UV protection for children's developing eyes.
ARC: abnormal retinal correspondence, eccentric fixation
The document discusses retinal correspondence and abnormal retinal correspondence (ARC) in patients with strabismus. It defines normal retinal correspondence as when stimulation of corresponding retinal points produces single vision, while ARC is when non-corresponding points produce single vision. ARC can be harmonious, unharmonious, or paradoxical depending on its relationship to the objective angle of deviation. Several clinical tests are described to assess retinal correspondence, including Bagolini's striated glasses test, red filter test, synoptophore, and Worth's four dot test. Occlusion therapy is mentioned as a treatment to prevent worsening of ARC and promote normal correspondence.
Measuring interpupillary distance
This document discusses pupil distance (PD), which is the distance between the centers of the pupils. It provides information on measuring binocular PD, monocular PD, and near PD. Binocular PD is measured from one pupil to the other using a ruler. Monocular PD measures each eye individually. Near PD is needed for reading glasses and is measured at a closer distance. Accurate PD measurement is important for properly positioning lenses in prescription glasses.
Current Trend in Management of Amblyopia (Amblyopia Therapy)/ Amblyopia Treat...
DIRECT DOWNLOAD LINK ❤❤https://healthkura.com/lazy-eye-amblyopia/❤❤
Dear viewers, to download this presentation visit___ https://healthkura.com/lazy-eye-amblyopia/
Current Trend in Management of Amblyopia. Latest as well as old methods of amblyopia management which include active and passive therapies. Amblyopia Therapy/ Amblyopia Treatment
What would be the perfect amblyopia therapy?
Effective
Good compliance
Acceptable to pts. and parent
Quick
Safe
Easy to administer
Cost effective
Well maintained
..............
Summary
Amblyopia occurs due to abnormal visual experience early in life
Proper optical correction alone is necessary for short period of time (6-8 weeks)
before initiation of other therapy
Part time occlusion of better eye is mainstay of treatment since 18th century to till
now
For severe and moderate amblyopia, 6 hrs and 2 hrs of patching is advised
respectively
Atropine is also used in children with poor compliance
Trial of patching can be given in patients as old as 17 yrs
Perceptual learning and pharmacological manipulation have shown areas of
amblyopia treatment beyond the critical period of visual development
Binocular stimulation, software based treatments and other methods do not have
promising result to replace the patching therapy till date
Most of the active therapy methods have good results when used together with
patching therapy
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The document discusses Fresnel lenses and prisms. It describes how Fresnel prisms are thinner than conventional ophthalmic prisms but can provide the same optical power due to their array of small angular grooves. The document outlines several medical indications for using Fresnel lenses, including for the treatment of phorias, strabismus, nystagmus, and diplopia. It provides guidance on selecting, applying, cleaning, and caring for Fresnel lenses.
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(1) When dispensing spectacles to children, it is important to ensure comfort and safety. Frames should fit properly without slipping or causing pressure. Plastic frames with saddle bridges are preferable to metal frames. Lenses should be lightweight and high impact resistant such as polycarbonate.
(2) It is important to consider the child's preferences but also "win" the approval of parents by emphasizing safety, comfort, and protection features. Technical factors like UV protection, allergy avoidance, and clear vision should be considered.
(3) Sports spectacles with elastic temples can ensure secure fitting for active children. Regular cleaning and replacement of children's spectacles is recommended due to greater risk of damage.
WORTH FOUR DOT TEST.pptx
The Worth Four Dot Test is used to determine the presence of suppression or diplopia. It involves having the patient view four lights (one red, two green, one white) through red-green lenses. The number and configuration of lights seen indicates the type of strabismus or binocular vision status. It is an inexpensive and easy to administer test, but relies on subjective patient responses. Some studies have found it can provide reliable results even in patients with red-green color vision defects.
Maddox rod, Maddox wing, Bagolini striated glasses, RAF ruler and Prism bar
The Maddox rod test is used to detect heterophoria or heterotropia. It consists of a series of cylindrical lenses mounted in a trial frame that produces an elongated streak of light. When viewed through the Maddox rod, a spot of light appears as a streak. The orientation of the streak indicates whether the eye is deviated vertically or horizontally. The test is easy for patients to understand and perform, and useful for detecting vertical deviations.
Real subjective refraction in astigmatism
1) The document discusses subjective refraction techniques for astigmatism, including determining the spherical and cylindrical corrections.
2) Key steps include controlling accommodation, finding the monocular best sphere using VA or bichrome tests, and determining the cylindrical component using fogging with targets like clock dials or Jackson cross cylinders.
3) The axis of the cylindrical correction must match the axis of the patient's astigmatism to fully correct their refractive error.
divergent squint.pptx
This document discusses exodeviations, or divergent strabismus, which is when the visual axis is deviated laterally and the fovea is rotated nasally. It describes the different types of exodeviations including comitant deviations like infantile exotropia and incomitant deviations caused by paralysis or muscle restrictions. Symptoms, causes, and treatments for various exodeviations are outlined, with non-surgical treatments including prism therapy and orthoptic exercises, and surgical treatments involving lateral rectus recession and medial rectus resection.
9 maddox wing test.........arya
This document describes a test used to measure heterophoria at near distance. The test works by having the right eye see a vertical and horizontal arrow while the left eye sees vertical and horizontal lines of numbers. The patient reports which numbers the arrows appear to point to in order to measure any horizontal, vertical, or cyclophoric deviations between the two eyes. Key advantages are that it allows simultaneous measurement of multiple types of phorias and relies on accommodation, though it is subjective and cannot be used if accommodation is impaired.
Rgp lens
Rigid gas permeable (RGP) contact lenses are rigid plastic lenses that transmit oxygen. They have inherent rigidity like PMMA but are semi-soft due to oxygen permeability. RGP lenses provide clearer vision than soft lenses, are more durable, and less expensive. However, they require an adaptation period and have a higher risk of dislodging than soft lenses. Key design features of RGP lenses include the back surface design, thickness, edge configuration, and diameter, which affect lens fit, movement, comfort, and vision. RGP lenses are used to correct astigmatism and presbyopia and for conditions like keratoconus.
Introduction to cl fitting
This document outlines the process for contact lens fitting, which includes patient screening, preliminary examinations and measurements, trial lens fitting, lens dispensing, and aftercare. The preliminary examinations involve assessing the anterior segment, measuring keratometry, corneal and pupil size, lid characteristics, and tear production. Trial lens fitting involves selecting lenses of varying parameters until an optimal fit is achieved based on criteria like centration and movement. After fitting is complete, patients are instructed on lens care and insertion/removal and scheduled for follow-up visits to monitor fit and address any issues.
Sensory evaluation of squint
This document summarizes key aspects of sensory evaluation of squint or strabismus. It begins by describing normal binocular development and vision, including the development of binocular fusion and stereopsis in infants. It then discusses abnormal binocular vision including sensory adaptations like suppression, anomalous retinal correspondence, and eccentric fixation. Finally, it outlines several tests used to evaluate the sensory system in strabismus, including visual acuity tests, Worth four-dot test, Bagolini striated glasses, 4 prism base out test, synaptophore, and after-image tests.
Suppression third yr arya
This document discusses suppression, which is one of the three mechanisms of sensory adaptation that occurs in patients with strabismus. Suppression refers to the active inhibition of the image from the deviated eye to avoid diplopia. There are different types of suppression depending on factors such as etiology, retinal area involved, constancy, and the eye affected. Several tests are used to diagnose suppression including the Worth four dot test, Bagolini striated glass test, and visual acuity testing. Treatment involves refractive correction, occlusion therapy, eye alignment procedures, and anti-suppression exercises.
Cover test.pptx
The cover test is used to qualitatively measure strabismus. It involves covering each eye separately while having the patient fixate on a target. This allows the examiner to observe any movement in the uncovered eye, indicating the presence or absence of a manifest deviation. There are three main types of cover tests: direct cover test to detect manifest squint, cover-uncover test to detect heterophoria, and alternate cover test to differentiate between unilateral and alternating squint and determine if the deviation is concomitant or paralytic. The results of the cover test help diagnose the type of strabismus present.
Tinted lenses
- Absorptive lenses reduce the amount of transmitted light through absorption. They act as filters and may absorb uniformly or selectively across the spectrum.
- Lenses can be tinted through various methods like adding metallic oxides during manufacturing, surface coating with oxides, or dyeing plastic lenses through immersion in solutions.
- Tint colors like green, grey, and brown provide good contrast and protection from glare, while rose tints reduce eyestrain. Darker tints above 70% are needed for sunglasses, while lighter tints around 10-20% are used for fashion.
Amsler grid chart
The document describes the Amsler grid chart, which was developed in 1920 by Dr. Marc Amsler to test for central vision disorders. It consists of a grid pattern with white lines on a black background that is used to evaluate the macula. Patients are asked a series of questions while viewing the chart to check for blurriness, distortions, or missing areas that could indicate conditions like macular degeneration or retinal detachment. The document outlines the purposes and procedures for several variations of the Amsler grid and provides instructions for patients to perform self-examinations at home in order to monitor eye conditions.
Pediatric optometry
The document discusses various topics related to pediatric optometry and vision testing in children. It provides multiple choice questions about the preferred methods for testing visual acuity in 4-year-olds and 8-month-olds, the process of emmetropization, common types of astigmatism in infants under 2 years old, and the types of retinoscopy used to determine refractive error in infants.
Pediatric contact lens
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Static retinoscopy by Neha D. Jadhav B.Optometry 2nd yr
Static retinoscopy is an objective technique to measure the refractive error of the eye. It involves using a retinoscope to observe the movement of light reflections on the retina when the patient fixates at a distant target. The retinoscopy procedure involves estimating the refractive correction, setting up a trial frame, dimming the lights, and using lenses in the retinoscope to neutralize the light reflex and determine the spherical and cylindrical corrections needed. Accuracy depends on performing the test correctly at the proper working distance and axis. Common errors include an incorrect working distance, off-axis testing, or blocking the distance target to stimulate accommodation.
Insertion and removal of rgp contact lens.
This document provides instructions for inserting, centering, and removing rigid gas-permeable (RGP) contact lenses. It describes RGP lenses as semi-soft lenses that allow oxygen to pass to the eye. For insertion, it details cleaning and handling the lens properly before placing it on the eye and blinking to center it. Centering involves using fingertips to nudge the lens into position while looking in different directions. For removal, it outlines either using a blink method by pulling the eyelid tight and blinking, or a two-finger method of pressing the eyelids together to dislodge the lens.
مصحف القراءات العشر أعد أحرف الخلاف سمير بسيوني.pdf
مصحف أحرف الخلاف للقراء العشرةأعد أحرف الخلاف بالتلوين وصلا سمير بسيوني غفر الله له
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This document discusses pupil distance (PD), which is the distance between the centers of the pupils. It provides information on measuring binocular PD, monocular PD, and near PD. Binocular PD is measured from one pupil to the other using a ruler. Monocular PD measures each eye individually. Near PD is needed for reading glasses and is measured at a closer distance. Accurate PD measurement is important for properly positioning lenses in prescription glasses.
Current Trend in Management of Amblyopia (Amblyopia Therapy)/ Amblyopia Treat...
DIRECT DOWNLOAD LINK ❤❤https://healthkura.com/lazy-eye-amblyopia/❤❤
Dear viewers, to download this presentation visit___ https://healthkura.com/lazy-eye-amblyopia/
Current Trend in Management of Amblyopia. Latest as well as old methods of amblyopia management which include active and passive therapies. Amblyopia Therapy/ Amblyopia Treatment
What would be the perfect amblyopia therapy?
Effective
Good compliance
Acceptable to pts. and parent
Quick
Safe
Easy to administer
Cost effective
Well maintained
..............
Summary
Amblyopia occurs due to abnormal visual experience early in life
Proper optical correction alone is necessary for short period of time (6-8 weeks)
before initiation of other therapy
Part time occlusion of better eye is mainstay of treatment since 18th century to till
now
For severe and moderate amblyopia, 6 hrs and 2 hrs of patching is advised
respectively
Atropine is also used in children with poor compliance
Trial of patching can be given in patients as old as 17 yrs
Perceptual learning and pharmacological manipulation have shown areas of
amblyopia treatment beyond the critical period of visual development
Binocular stimulation, software based treatments and other methods do not have
promising result to replace the patching therapy till date
Most of the active therapy methods have good results when used together with
patching therapy
Freshnel prism final
The document discusses Fresnel lenses and prisms. It describes how Fresnel prisms are thinner than conventional ophthalmic prisms but can provide the same optical power due to their array of small angular grooves. The document outlines several medical indications for using Fresnel lenses, including for the treatment of phorias, strabismus, nystagmus, and diplopia. It provides guidance on selecting, applying, cleaning, and caring for Fresnel lenses.
Spectacles dispensing in children
(1) When dispensing spectacles to children, it is important to ensure comfort and safety. Frames should fit properly without slipping or causing pressure. Plastic frames with saddle bridges are preferable to metal frames. Lenses should be lightweight and high impact resistant such as polycarbonate.
(2) It is important to consider the child's preferences but also "win" the approval of parents by emphasizing safety, comfort, and protection features. Technical factors like UV protection, allergy avoidance, and clear vision should be considered.
(3) Sports spectacles with elastic temples can ensure secure fitting for active children. Regular cleaning and replacement of children's spectacles is recommended due to greater risk of damage.
WORTH FOUR DOT TEST.pptx
The Worth Four Dot Test is used to determine the presence of suppression or diplopia. It involves having the patient view four lights (one red, two green, one white) through red-green lenses. The number and configuration of lights seen indicates the type of strabismus or binocular vision status. It is an inexpensive and easy to administer test, but relies on subjective patient responses. Some studies have found it can provide reliable results even in patients with red-green color vision defects.
Maddox rod, Maddox wing, Bagolini striated glasses, RAF ruler and Prism bar
The Maddox rod test is used to detect heterophoria or heterotropia. It consists of a series of cylindrical lenses mounted in a trial frame that produces an elongated streak of light. When viewed through the Maddox rod, a spot of light appears as a streak. The orientation of the streak indicates whether the eye is deviated vertically or horizontally. The test is easy for patients to understand and perform, and useful for detecting vertical deviations.
Real subjective refraction in astigmatism
1) The document discusses subjective refraction techniques for astigmatism, including determining the spherical and cylindrical corrections.
2) Key steps include controlling accommodation, finding the monocular best sphere using VA or bichrome tests, and determining the cylindrical component using fogging with targets like clock dials or Jackson cross cylinders.
3) The axis of the cylindrical correction must match the axis of the patient's astigmatism to fully correct their refractive error.
divergent squint.pptx
This document discusses exodeviations, or divergent strabismus, which is when the visual axis is deviated laterally and the fovea is rotated nasally. It describes the different types of exodeviations including comitant deviations like infantile exotropia and incomitant deviations caused by paralysis or muscle restrictions. Symptoms, causes, and treatments for various exodeviations are outlined, with non-surgical treatments including prism therapy and orthoptic exercises, and surgical treatments involving lateral rectus recession and medial rectus resection.
9 maddox wing test.........arya
This document describes a test used to measure heterophoria at near distance. The test works by having the right eye see a vertical and horizontal arrow while the left eye sees vertical and horizontal lines of numbers. The patient reports which numbers the arrows appear to point to in order to measure any horizontal, vertical, or cyclophoric deviations between the two eyes. Key advantages are that it allows simultaneous measurement of multiple types of phorias and relies on accommodation, though it is subjective and cannot be used if accommodation is impaired.
Rgp lens
Rigid gas permeable (RGP) contact lenses are rigid plastic lenses that transmit oxygen. They have inherent rigidity like PMMA but are semi-soft due to oxygen permeability. RGP lenses provide clearer vision than soft lenses, are more durable, and less expensive. However, they require an adaptation period and have a higher risk of dislodging than soft lenses. Key design features of RGP lenses include the back surface design, thickness, edge configuration, and diameter, which affect lens fit, movement, comfort, and vision. RGP lenses are used to correct astigmatism and presbyopia and for conditions like keratoconus.
Introduction to cl fitting
This document outlines the process for contact lens fitting, which includes patient screening, preliminary examinations and measurements, trial lens fitting, lens dispensing, and aftercare. The preliminary examinations involve assessing the anterior segment, measuring keratometry, corneal and pupil size, lid characteristics, and tear production. Trial lens fitting involves selecting lenses of varying parameters until an optimal fit is achieved based on criteria like centration and movement. After fitting is complete, patients are instructed on lens care and insertion/removal and scheduled for follow-up visits to monitor fit and address any issues.
Sensory evaluation of squint
This document summarizes key aspects of sensory evaluation of squint or strabismus. It begins by describing normal binocular development and vision, including the development of binocular fusion and stereopsis in infants. It then discusses abnormal binocular vision including sensory adaptations like suppression, anomalous retinal correspondence, and eccentric fixation. Finally, it outlines several tests used to evaluate the sensory system in strabismus, including visual acuity tests, Worth four-dot test, Bagolini striated glasses, 4 prism base out test, synaptophore, and after-image tests.
Suppression third yr arya
This document discusses suppression, which is one of the three mechanisms of sensory adaptation that occurs in patients with strabismus. Suppression refers to the active inhibition of the image from the deviated eye to avoid diplopia. There are different types of suppression depending on factors such as etiology, retinal area involved, constancy, and the eye affected. Several tests are used to diagnose suppression including the Worth four dot test, Bagolini striated glass test, and visual acuity testing. Treatment involves refractive correction, occlusion therapy, eye alignment procedures, and anti-suppression exercises.
Cover test.pptx
The cover test is used to qualitatively measure strabismus. It involves covering each eye separately while having the patient fixate on a target. This allows the examiner to observe any movement in the uncovered eye, indicating the presence or absence of a manifest deviation. There are three main types of cover tests: direct cover test to detect manifest squint, cover-uncover test to detect heterophoria, and alternate cover test to differentiate between unilateral and alternating squint and determine if the deviation is concomitant or paralytic. The results of the cover test help diagnose the type of strabismus present.
Tinted lenses
- Absorptive lenses reduce the amount of transmitted light through absorption. They act as filters and may absorb uniformly or selectively across the spectrum.
- Lenses can be tinted through various methods like adding metallic oxides during manufacturing, surface coating with oxides, or dyeing plastic lenses through immersion in solutions.
- Tint colors like green, grey, and brown provide good contrast and protection from glare, while rose tints reduce eyestrain. Darker tints above 70% are needed for sunglasses, while lighter tints around 10-20% are used for fashion.
Amsler grid chart
The document describes the Amsler grid chart, which was developed in 1920 by Dr. Marc Amsler to test for central vision disorders. It consists of a grid pattern with white lines on a black background that is used to evaluate the macula. Patients are asked a series of questions while viewing the chart to check for blurriness, distortions, or missing areas that could indicate conditions like macular degeneration or retinal detachment. The document outlines the purposes and procedures for several variations of the Amsler grid and provides instructions for patients to perform self-examinations at home in order to monitor eye conditions.
Pediatric optometry
The document discusses various topics related to pediatric optometry and vision testing in children. It provides multiple choice questions about the preferred methods for testing visual acuity in 4-year-olds and 8-month-olds, the process of emmetropization, common types of astigmatism in infants under 2 years old, and the types of retinoscopy used to determine refractive error in infants.
Pediatric contact lens
Contact lens for congenital aphakia and other eye conditions for infants and toddlers. The slide presentation encompasses indications for CL fitting in paediatric, contact lens options, fitting techniques, challenges and contact lens as myopia control.
Static retinoscopy by Neha D. Jadhav B.Optometry 2nd yr
Static retinoscopy is an objective technique to measure the refractive error of the eye. It involves using a retinoscope to observe the movement of light reflections on the retina when the patient fixates at a distant target. The retinoscopy procedure involves estimating the refractive correction, setting up a trial frame, dimming the lights, and using lenses in the retinoscope to neutralize the light reflex and determine the spherical and cylindrical corrections needed. Accuracy depends on performing the test correctly at the proper working distance and axis. Common errors include an incorrect working distance, off-axis testing, or blocking the distance target to stimulate accommodation.
Insertion and removal of rgp contact lens.
This document provides instructions for inserting, centering, and removing rigid gas-permeable (RGP) contact lenses. It describes RGP lenses as semi-soft lenses that allow oxygen to pass to the eye. For insertion, it details cleaning and handling the lens properly before placing it on the eye and blinking to center it. Centering involves using fingertips to nudge the lens into position while looking in different directions. For removal, it outlines either using a blink method by pulling the eyelid tight and blinking, or a two-finger method of pressing the eyelids together to dislodge the lens.
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Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
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#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
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