This document examines the relationship between distribution strategies and competitive advantage in Nigerian Bottling Company. It analyzes three distribution strategies used by Nigerian Bottling Company: branch network strategy, multiple distribution strategy, and electronic distribution strategy. The document reviews literature on distribution strategies and competitive advantage. It then describes the research methodology, which uses a survey design with 281 marketing staff as the sample. Regression analysis is used to analyze the relationship between the distribution strategies and competitive advantage. The findings are expected to help Nigerian Bottling Company understand which distribution strategy provides the most competitive advantage.
Evaluating the Effect of Employee Stock Option Plans on the Financial Perform...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Competitive pressures to improve productivity continue to place significant demand upon organizations globally. To respond to these competitive pressures with the developed countries like USA, ESOPs (Employee Stock Ownership Plans) have also been adopted in developing country like India to increase the firm’s and employee’s performance and productivity by retaining the employees to a large extent. Employee Stock Ownership Plans are majorly utilized by many successful and competent companies across the world. The successes of the ESOP companies in countries like USA, Japan and UK etc. may largely be attributed to enhancement of firm’s performance and Employee productivity. These effects are becoming increasingly noticed across the world in recent years. Thus, this research is an empirical study carried out to evaluate the impact of ESOP on financial performance of ten listed Indian Construction and Infrastructural companies based on for a period of six years. The study analyzes three years pre and post period to the adoption of ESOPs for the selected companies and is based upon secondary data collected from company annual reports of the respective years. Company-wise Pre- and Post- ESOP adoption Analysis and Regression Analysis is carried out in the selected selector.
Measuring Technical and Scale Efficiency of Banks in India Using DEAiosrjce
This study uses CRR model and BCC model to estimate the technical and scale efficiency of
commercial banks in India during the periods 2006-2010. The results indicate that deregulation of banking
sector has led to an increase in the efficiency of commercial banks in India. This increase in efficiency of banks
in India is not only because of increase in pure technical efficiency but also due to increase in its scale
efficiency. The results show large spread of technical efficiency between companies during the period. The
estimated results also shows that performance of private sector banks has been better than public sector banks
during the period and source of inefficiency is mainly due to its scale rather than pure technical inefficiency.
Evaluating the Effect of Employee Stock Option Plans on the Financial Perform...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Competitive pressures to improve productivity continue to place significant demand upon organizations globally. To respond to these competitive pressures with the developed countries like USA, ESOPs (Employee Stock Ownership Plans) have also been adopted in developing country like India to increase the firm’s and employee’s performance and productivity by retaining the employees to a large extent. Employee Stock Ownership Plans are majorly utilized by many successful and competent companies across the world. The successes of the ESOP companies in countries like USA, Japan and UK etc. may largely be attributed to enhancement of firm’s performance and Employee productivity. These effects are becoming increasingly noticed across the world in recent years. Thus, this research is an empirical study carried out to evaluate the impact of ESOP on financial performance of ten listed Indian Construction and Infrastructural companies based on for a period of six years. The study analyzes three years pre and post period to the adoption of ESOPs for the selected companies and is based upon secondary data collected from company annual reports of the respective years. Company-wise Pre- and Post- ESOP adoption Analysis and Regression Analysis is carried out in the selected selector.
Measuring Technical and Scale Efficiency of Banks in India Using DEAiosrjce
This study uses CRR model and BCC model to estimate the technical and scale efficiency of
commercial banks in India during the periods 2006-2010. The results indicate that deregulation of banking
sector has led to an increase in the efficiency of commercial banks in India. This increase in efficiency of banks
in India is not only because of increase in pure technical efficiency but also due to increase in its scale
efficiency. The results show large spread of technical efficiency between companies during the period. The
estimated results also shows that performance of private sector banks has been better than public sector banks
during the period and source of inefficiency is mainly due to its scale rather than pure technical inefficiency.
ANALYSIS OF FACTORS GOVERNING THE MARKET PRICE OF THE SHARES FROM NATIONAL ST...IAEME Publication
Banking systems and financial institutions are integral parts of an economy. Seamless functioning of these sectors is important for an economy to grow. Due to the advent of digital technology, banking and financial services have undergone a massive shift in their mode of operations. New trends are gaining momentum at a fast pace as the customers find it convenient and flexible at the same time. The emergence of financial technology has resulted in the introduction of several technological advancements in the industry. Fintech companies, internet banking and mobile banking are just some examples that mark this shift. The modernization of banking attracted the investors towards banking industry. This paper focuses on the factors governing the market price of the shares in Banking Sector of Companies such as Axis Bank, CUB, Federal Bank, HDFC, ICICI, IndusInd, Karnataka Bank, Kotak, KVB, South Indian Bank. This study has examined the relationship between dependent variables Market Price Per Share (MPS) and independent variables (Dividend Per Share (DPS), Earning per Share (EPS), Net Profit Margin (NPM), Return on Equity (ROE) and Return on Assets (ROA).The study was conducted based on secondary data and the researchers concluded that, there is a significant influence of foresaid factors on the market price of the shares.
The difficulty in getting the right type of finance at the right time and in the right quantity continues to haunt the small entrepreneurs and still ranks first among the major problems faced by the small sector. This being the situation, it has become relevant to conduct a study aimed at evaluating. the role and performance of the SFCs. A detailed study on the role of the KFC in the industrialisation of Kerala is highly worthwhile especially in the period of global recession. . Various provisions of the SFCs Act enjoin on the KFC to undertake the stupendous task of industrial development in the State concerned by providing long-term credit to the MSME segment. The study based on secondary data. Secondary data were collected from various official records and reports. The KFC still functions as a Government undertaking. The majority of its shares in value are held by the Government of Kerala (97.06 per cent). Its capital structure consists of both own capital and borrowed capital. It gives more weightage to debt capital. Capital to Risk - weighted Assets Ratio (CRAR) was at 21.57 % during the year 2013-14, as against the minimum of 9% prescribed. , Corporation could make significant improvement in its performance in all major operational areas, viz, Sanction, (AAG 44.51)Disbursement(AAG38.16) and Recovery(AAG12.22). Schemes of financial assistance of the Corporation cover a series of activities ranging from manufacture to marketing of goods and services. Regarding the trend of loan operations, the role of the KFC in the process of industrialisation is found to be increasing year by year as the total amount disbursed
Factors Leading To Success of Indian Construction Companies.IOSR Journals
Achieving success is a highly critical issue for the companies to survive in a competitive business environment. The construction industry is also an area where there is strong competition due to a large number of construction contractors. There have been many factors such as qualified employees, quality workmanship and financial management that can lead to company success in the construction industry. The aim of this study was to investigate the critical factors leading to construction company success. Within this context, a survey was carried out among 7 Indian construction companies which are located in the Aurangabad district of Maharashtra region of India. In this survey, top-level managers and owners of the companies were interviewed. The interviews took place over a three month period between August and October 2013. Finally, the ranking of the critical success factors has been determined by using the Point Rating Technique. Based on the results, Cash flow management characteristics was determined as the most important factor to company success
Effects of age, size, sponsor and government shareholdings on profitability: ...Md. Atiqullah Khan
ABSTRACT
Purpose- This paper aims at investigating the effects of age, size, fixed assets utilization, sponsor and government shareholdings on the profitability of engineering industry of Bangladesh for the period of 2000-2019.
Methodology- This paper analyzed 37 out of 39 companies under engineering industry listed on Dhaka Stock Exchange. Fixed effects model has been applied after deciding this from Hausman test to estimate the effects of age, size, fixed asset utilization, sponsor and government shareholdings on the profitability.
Findings- Size, fixed asset utilization, and sponsor shareholding have significant impact on profitability. While fixed asset utilization has positive
impact and age, size, sponsor shareholding and government shareholding have negative impact on it. Mixed influences of learning effect and size effect are experienced among the firms.
Conclusion- The findings from the analysis are diversified in nature. The investors and policy makers should have in depth insight to make better
decision.
Keywords: Age effect, size effect, shareholding, profitability, engineering.
JEL Codes: D21, G32, L25
A research study on the aspects of purchasing behaviour by Nasseth Nilar and Chrishankar Janathanan.
Research focuses on Telecommunication operator: Dialog Plc in Sri Lanka.
Analyzing the opportunities of digital marketing in bangladesh to provide an ...IJMIT JOURNAL
The idea of marketing recently converging to Digital marketing and digital marketing is becoming the most effective means for building business-customer relationships with long-term loyalty. It is a matter of concern that how this convergence is taking place in developing countries like Bangladesh. In this paper, the impact of digital marketing on the customer engagement with products and brands is investigated using descriptive research method and is based on survey. This study attempts to find the most effective form of digital marketing in Bangladesh by taking responses using questionnaires from sample, which has been used as the primary data. This study aims to discover the factors that work background to make the customers loyal to the brand and to have a positive attitude toward brand. It also illustrates about the differences of traditional marketing and digital marketing and the changes brought by digital marketing in brands relationship marketing. Analysis of survey output shows that there is an overall positive influence of internet advertising on consumer purchase decision. It is recommended that companies should conduct a market research on different markets in various countries to identify more specific market related and regional factors.
ANALYSIS OF FACTORS GOVERNING THE MARKET PRICE OF THE SHARES FROM NATIONAL ST...IAEME Publication
Banking systems and financial institutions are integral parts of an economy. Seamless functioning of these sectors is important for an economy to grow. Due to the advent of digital technology, banking and financial services have undergone a massive shift in their mode of operations. New trends are gaining momentum at a fast pace as the customers find it convenient and flexible at the same time. The emergence of financial technology has resulted in the introduction of several technological advancements in the industry. Fintech companies, internet banking and mobile banking are just some examples that mark this shift. The modernization of banking attracted the investors towards banking industry. This paper focuses on the factors governing the market price of the shares in Banking Sector of Companies such as Axis Bank, CUB, Federal Bank, HDFC, ICICI, IndusInd, Karnataka Bank, Kotak, KVB, South Indian Bank. This study has examined the relationship between dependent variables Market Price Per Share (MPS) and independent variables (Dividend Per Share (DPS), Earning per Share (EPS), Net Profit Margin (NPM), Return on Equity (ROE) and Return on Assets (ROA).The study was conducted based on secondary data and the researchers concluded that, there is a significant influence of foresaid factors on the market price of the shares.
The difficulty in getting the right type of finance at the right time and in the right quantity continues to haunt the small entrepreneurs and still ranks first among the major problems faced by the small sector. This being the situation, it has become relevant to conduct a study aimed at evaluating. the role and performance of the SFCs. A detailed study on the role of the KFC in the industrialisation of Kerala is highly worthwhile especially in the period of global recession. . Various provisions of the SFCs Act enjoin on the KFC to undertake the stupendous task of industrial development in the State concerned by providing long-term credit to the MSME segment. The study based on secondary data. Secondary data were collected from various official records and reports. The KFC still functions as a Government undertaking. The majority of its shares in value are held by the Government of Kerala (97.06 per cent). Its capital structure consists of both own capital and borrowed capital. It gives more weightage to debt capital. Capital to Risk - weighted Assets Ratio (CRAR) was at 21.57 % during the year 2013-14, as against the minimum of 9% prescribed. , Corporation could make significant improvement in its performance in all major operational areas, viz, Sanction, (AAG 44.51)Disbursement(AAG38.16) and Recovery(AAG12.22). Schemes of financial assistance of the Corporation cover a series of activities ranging from manufacture to marketing of goods and services. Regarding the trend of loan operations, the role of the KFC in the process of industrialisation is found to be increasing year by year as the total amount disbursed
Factors Leading To Success of Indian Construction Companies.IOSR Journals
Achieving success is a highly critical issue for the companies to survive in a competitive business environment. The construction industry is also an area where there is strong competition due to a large number of construction contractors. There have been many factors such as qualified employees, quality workmanship and financial management that can lead to company success in the construction industry. The aim of this study was to investigate the critical factors leading to construction company success. Within this context, a survey was carried out among 7 Indian construction companies which are located in the Aurangabad district of Maharashtra region of India. In this survey, top-level managers and owners of the companies were interviewed. The interviews took place over a three month period between August and October 2013. Finally, the ranking of the critical success factors has been determined by using the Point Rating Technique. Based on the results, Cash flow management characteristics was determined as the most important factor to company success
Effects of age, size, sponsor and government shareholdings on profitability: ...Md. Atiqullah Khan
ABSTRACT
Purpose- This paper aims at investigating the effects of age, size, fixed assets utilization, sponsor and government shareholdings on the profitability of engineering industry of Bangladesh for the period of 2000-2019.
Methodology- This paper analyzed 37 out of 39 companies under engineering industry listed on Dhaka Stock Exchange. Fixed effects model has been applied after deciding this from Hausman test to estimate the effects of age, size, fixed asset utilization, sponsor and government shareholdings on the profitability.
Findings- Size, fixed asset utilization, and sponsor shareholding have significant impact on profitability. While fixed asset utilization has positive
impact and age, size, sponsor shareholding and government shareholding have negative impact on it. Mixed influences of learning effect and size effect are experienced among the firms.
Conclusion- The findings from the analysis are diversified in nature. The investors and policy makers should have in depth insight to make better
decision.
Keywords: Age effect, size effect, shareholding, profitability, engineering.
JEL Codes: D21, G32, L25
A research study on the aspects of purchasing behaviour by Nasseth Nilar and Chrishankar Janathanan.
Research focuses on Telecommunication operator: Dialog Plc in Sri Lanka.
Analyzing the opportunities of digital marketing in bangladesh to provide an ...IJMIT JOURNAL
The idea of marketing recently converging to Digital marketing and digital marketing is becoming the most effective means for building business-customer relationships with long-term loyalty. It is a matter of concern that how this convergence is taking place in developing countries like Bangladesh. In this paper, the impact of digital marketing on the customer engagement with products and brands is investigated using descriptive research method and is based on survey. This study attempts to find the most effective form of digital marketing in Bangladesh by taking responses using questionnaires from sample, which has been used as the primary data. This study aims to discover the factors that work background to make the customers loyal to the brand and to have a positive attitude toward brand. It also illustrates about the differences of traditional marketing and digital marketing and the changes brought by digital marketing in brands relationship marketing. Analysis of survey output shows that there is an overall positive influence of internet advertising on consumer purchase decision. It is recommended that companies should conduct a market research on different markets in various countries to identify more specific market related and regional factors.
AMA_Corporate Attitudes and Adoption Trends of Multi-Channel and Omni-Channel...Scott Valentine, MBA, CSPO
Recognizing the need for insights into multi-channel use and OCM adoption,
Platt Retail Institute (PRI), in cooperation with the American Marketing
Association (AMA), and with the generous support of hybris software, decided
to undertake a survey of a portion of the AMA audience in January 2013. In
general, the purpose for conducting this research was:
1. To understand current and future marketing channel usage. As most
firms use various methods to reach their customers, we desire to gain
insights into current and future utilization, budget allocation, and
perceived channel ROI.
2. As organizations are being driven to adopt a more integrated marketing
approach, we desire to learn whether OCM strategies are being
implemented, or if there are plans to implement them within the next
three years. Underlying factors that are driving these plans, as well as
budgets allocated to implement these programs, were also considered.
The study also identifies the most significant business challenges faced
when implementing an OCM strategy, as well as who is primarily
responsible for making the decision to implement an OCM solution.
The Influence Of CSR Awareness On Consumer Purchase Decision Of A Telecommuni...Patrick Sweet
The purpose of this study was to empirically investigate the influence of CSR awareness on consumer purchase intention of a telecommunication network in Ghana. A sample size of one hundred and fifty (150) network subscribers of MTN was selected for the study using the purposive and convenience sampling method. The data obtained were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 20.0) software. From the study, the researcher found out that, customers are aware of the fact that MTN currently embarks on CSR activity such as hepatitis B Campaign project, annual blood donation projects, building of schools, provision of text books, school uniforms, development of ICT centers, MTN Ghana foundation and Heroes of Change project. However, what remained unknown was whether it has an effect on customer purchasing decision of their network or not. The study also revealed that, there were other factors that influenced consumer patronage of MTN services such as Brand name, quality services, reference groups, promotions, bonuses and products offered by MTN and the country of origin. However CSR activities performed by MTN were rated as a higher factor that influence consumers stay and repurchase of the network. Regulatory bodies should be firm in enforcing laws in corporate organizations and CSR should be viewed as part
The Influence of Sales Promotion and Brand Image toward the Purchasing Decisi...YogeshIJTSRD
The aim of this research is to know the influence of sales promotion and brand image to Shopee platform toward consumer purchasing decision by students in FISIP Slamet Riyadi Surakarta. The method uses survey. This research includes as quantitative explanative research. Research population is students of FISIP Slamet Riyadi Surakarta who buy products through Shopee. Technique sampling in nonprobability uses accidental sampling with 96 respondents. Technique of collecting data is questionnaire as primer data and files, documents as seconder data. Validity data test uses moment product test and reliability data test uses cronbach alpha test. Analysis technique uses multiple regressions analysis by doing classic assumption test. The result shows that, as simultanouesly, both of free variables influence purchasing decision, while, as individually, sales promotion does not give influence to purchasing decision as 0,848. Then, brand image gives significant influence to purchasing decision as 0,004. Nurnawati Hindra Hastuti | Andri Astuti Itasari "The Influence of Sales Promotion and Brand Image toward the Purchasing Decision in Shopee Platform" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43905.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/social-science/43905/the-influence-of-sales-promotion-and-brand-image-toward-the-purchasing-decision-in-shopee-platform/nurnawati-hindra-hastuti
[Project] Customer experience and buying behaviour in e-commerce sitesBiswadeep Ghosh Hazra
The growing usage of internet in India provides an extremely lucrative market for many retailers and businesses. If e-retailers get to know the factors that broadly affect online behaviour, and the corresponding relationships between the type of online buyers and these factors, then they can further fine tune their marketing strategies to convert potential customers into permanent customers, while keeping the existing online ones.
This project on consumer behaviour is a part of a study, that broadly focuses on the factors which Indian online buyers keep in mind while they are shopping online. The research conducted found that Customer Service, Customer Review/Recommendations and Discount/Offers are the three dominant factors that influence online consumer perception. Consumer behaviour is an applied discipline because some decisions are significantly affected by their expected actions. The two perspectives that demand application of its knowledge are societal and micro perspectives. Internet is changing the very method consumers shop, buy goods and services, and has rapidly become a global phenomenon.
Today all companies must use the Internet with the goal of cutting marketing costs, and at the same time, received quantitative information; thereby reducing the price of the services and products, the companies offer. High competition compels companies to continuously look for cost cutting measures. Companies also use internet to communicate, convey and disseminate information, to take feedback, conduct satisfaction surveys with customers and most importantly, to sell the product.
The growing popularity of social media has created a shift in the manner in which marketing is undertaken as it has, allowed enterprises to acquire and retain customers, forge strong relationships, engage, share information on their products, efficiently and at a low cost. In Kenya, social media and social networking are still gaining popularity and their understanding as marketing tools are yet to be embraced by small businesses and the effect it has on business performance remains unknown. Therefore the objective of the study was to examine the relationship between social media marketing on performance of small businesses in Kenya with specific reference to Small Businesses in Nakuru County in Kenya. The specific objectives of the study included the effect of customer acquisition and retention, product and service awareness; customer engagement and customer relations management on performance of small businesses in Kenya. The research study used descriptive research design in collecting the data from respondents. The target population was drawn from 590 small businesses located in Nakuru central business and consisted owner managers. The research study used simple random sampling procedure to select a representative sample of 118 respondents. The primary data for the study was collected using the questionnaires and analyzed using correlation and regression statistics with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences. The study established that there is a significant relationship between social customer acquisition and retention, product/service awareness, customer engagement, customer relations management and the performance of small businesses
The study examined the effects of digital marketing on consumer behaviour in selected states in
Nigeria. The sample for the study is made up of 378 purposively selected consumers and marketers in the study.
The data for the study was obtained using a structured questionnaire. Inferential statistics such as multiple
regression among others
To Understand the Eco-System in Digital Media Marketing.Saurabh Giratkar
Title of the Dissertation Report is “To Understand the ecosystem of digital media marketing” and Objectives of the Dissertation are to understand the change in consumer buying behavior in digital era. Methodology used for achieving these objectives is a exploratory research. For achieving the objective, I have done one research using an online questionnaire. The title for the research is “Understand the consumer buying behaviour of Indian in digital era”.
Main findings of this Dissertation are given here. Indian customers are highly information seekers. They collect more information about a product before buying it. Internet penetration in India is key player for this phenomenon. Most of Indians are getting stimulus through advertisements, but they are not reaching to end phase of customers purchase journey, mainly in high involvement purchases. Brands are getting more touch point to reach their target group in this digital era. More details about findings are given this report.
The successful completion of this Dissertation indicates that the future of marketing is in the hands of digital. I conclude my research by quoting again that “Brands can’t sustain without digital presence”
Advertising in business is a form of marketing communication used to encourage, persuade, or manipulate an audience to take or continue to take some action. Most commonly, the desired result is to drive consumer behaviour with respect to a commercial offering. Advertising is defined by Richard F. Taflinger as “Advertising is the non-personal communication of information usually paid for and usually persuasive in nature about products, services or ideas by identified sponsors through the various media."
A presentation on mastering key management concepts across projects, products, programs, and portfolios. Whether you're an aspiring manager or looking to enhance your skills, this session will provide you with the knowledge and tools to succeed in various management roles. Learn about the distinct lifecycles, methodologies, and essential skillsets needed to thrive in today's dynamic business environment.
The case study discusses the potential of drone delivery and the challenges that need to be addressed before it becomes widespread.
Key takeaways:
Drone delivery is in its early stages: Amazon's trial in the UK demonstrates the potential for faster deliveries, but it's still limited by regulations and technology.
Regulations are a major hurdle: Safety concerns around drone collisions with airplanes and people have led to restrictions on flight height and location.
Other challenges exist: Who will use drone delivery the most? Is it cost-effective compared to traditional delivery trucks?
Discussion questions:
Managerial challenges: Integrating drones requires planning for new infrastructure, training staff, and navigating regulations. There are also marketing and recruitment considerations specific to this technology.
External forces vary by country: Regulations, consumer acceptance, and infrastructure all differ between countries.
Demographics matter: Younger generations might be more receptive to drone delivery, while older populations might have concerns.
Stakeholders for Amazon: Customers, regulators, aviation authorities, and competitors are all stakeholders. Regulators likely hold the greatest influence as they determine the feasibility of drone delivery.
Public Speaking Tips to Help You Be A Strong Leader.pdfPinta Partners
In the realm of effective leadership, a multitude of skills come into play, but one stands out as both crucial and challenging: public speaking.
Public speaking transcends mere eloquence; it serves as the medium through which leaders articulate their vision, inspire action, and foster engagement. For leaders, refining public speaking skills is essential, elevating their ability to influence, persuade, and lead with resolute conviction. Here are some key tips to consider: https://joellandau.com/the-public-speaking-tips-to-help-you-be-a-stronger-leader/
Senior Project and Engineering Leader Jim Smith.pdfJim Smith
I am a Project and Engineering Leader with extensive experience as a Business Operations Leader, Technical Project Manager, Engineering Manager and Operations Experience for Domestic and International companies such as Electrolux, Carrier, and Deutz. I have developed new products using Stage Gate development/MS Project/JIRA, for the pro-duction of Medical Equipment, Large Commercial Refrigeration Systems, Appliances, HVAC, and Diesel engines.
My experience includes:
Managed customized engineered refrigeration system projects with high voltage power panels from quote to ship, coordinating actions between electrical engineering, mechanical design and application engineering, purchasing, production, test, quality assurance and field installation. Managed projects $25k to $1M per project; 4-8 per month. (Hussmann refrigeration)
Successfully developed the $15-20M yearly corporate capital strategy for manufacturing, with the Executive Team and key stakeholders. Created project scope and specifications, business case, ROI, managed project plans with key personnel for nine consumer product manufacturing and distribution sites; to support the company’s strategic sales plan.
Over 15 years of experience managing and developing cost improvement projects with key Stakeholders, site Manufacturing Engineers, Mechanical Engineers, Maintenance, and facility support personnel to optimize pro-duction operations, safety, EHS, and new product development. (BioLab, Deutz, Caire)
Experience working as a Technical Manager developing new products with chemical engineers and packaging engineers to enhance and reduce the cost of retail products. I have led the activities of multiple engineering groups with diverse backgrounds.
Great experience managing the product development of products which utilize complex electrical controls, high voltage power panels, product testing, and commissioning.
Created project scope, business case, ROI for multiple capital projects to support electrotechnical assembly and CPG goods. Identified project cost, risk, success criteria, and performed equipment qualifications. (Carrier, Electrolux, Biolab, Price, Hussmann)
Created detailed projects plans using MS Project, Gant charts in excel, and updated new product development in Jira for stakeholders and project team members including critical path.
Great knowledge of ISO9001, NFPA, OSHA regulations.
User level knowledge of MRP/SAP, MS Project, Powerpoint, Visio, Mastercontrol, JIRA, Power BI and Tableau.
I appreciate your consideration, and look forward to discussing this role with you, and how I can lead your company’s growth and profitability. I can be contacted via LinkedIn via phone or E Mail.
Jim Smith
678-993-7195
jimsmith30024@gmail.com
Enriching engagement with ethical review processesstrikingabalance
New ethics review processes at the University of Bath. Presented at the 8th World Conference on Research Integrity by Filipa Vance, Head of Research Governance and Compliance at the University of Bath. June 2024, Athens
Integrity in leadership builds trust by ensuring consistency between words an...Ram V Chary
Integrity in leadership builds trust by ensuring consistency between words and actions, making leaders reliable and credible. It also ensures ethical decision-making, which fosters a positive organizational culture and promotes long-term success. #RamVChary
Comparing Stability and Sustainability in Agile SystemsRob Healy
Copy of the presentation given at XP2024 based on a research paper.
In this paper we explain wat overwork is and the physical and mental health risks associated with it.
We then explore how overwork relates to system stability and inventory.
Finally there is a call to action for Team Leads / Scrum Masters / Managers to measure and monitor excess work for individual teams.
Employment PracticesRegulation and Multinational CorporationsRoopaTemkar
Employment PracticesRegulation and Multinational Corporations
Strategic decision making within MNCs constrained or determined by the implementation of laws and codes of practice and by pressure from political actors. Managers in MNCs have to make choices that are shaped by gvmt. intervention and the local economy.
Specific ServPoints should be tailored for restaurants in all food service segments. Your ServPoints should be the centerpiece of brand delivery training (guest service) and align with your brand position and marketing initiatives, especially in high-labor-cost conditions.
408-784-7371
Foodservice Consulting + Design
12 steps to transform your organization into the agile org you deservePierre E. NEIS
During an organizational transformation, the shift is from the previous state to an improved one. In the realm of agility, I emphasize the significance of identifying polarities. This approach helps establish a clear understanding of your objectives. I have outlined 12 incremental actions to delineate your organizational strategy.
CV Ensio Suopanki1.pdf ENGLISH Russian Finnish German
F276167
1. American International Journal of Business Management (AIJBM)
ISSN- 2379-106X, www.aijbm.com Volume 2, Issue 7 (July- 2019), PP 61-67
*Corresponding Author: Ajayi Matthew Itopa1
www.aijbm.com 61 | Page
Distribution Strategy as Competitive Advantage In Nigerian
Bottling Company Ltd
1
Ajayi Matthew Itopa, 2
Ari Mohammed Abdullahi, 3
Okatahi Abdulrazak
1,2
Department of Business Administration and Management
3
Department of Banking and Finance Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa, Nigeria
*Corresponding Author: Ajayi Matthew Itopa
ABSTRACT:-The study assesses distribution strategies and competitive advantage in Nigerian Bottling
Company. Survey research design was used and a population of 281 was used as a sample size. A Point in time
data was collected from primary source and the questionnaire was designed in two parts. Data collected was
analyzed using Regression Analysis with the help of a software statistical package of e-view 7.00. Findings of
this study revealed that the relationship between distribution strategies and competitive advantage in Nigerian
Bottling Company is significant. Other findings indicates that branch network strategy significantly contribute
to competitive advantage in Nigerian Bottling Company and multiple distribution strategy statistically leads to
competitive advantage in Nigerian Bottling Company while electronic distribution strategy contribute to
competitive advantage in Nigerian Bottling Company. Despite having a significant relationship between
distribution strategies (branch network strategy, multiple distribution strategy and electronic distribution
strategy) and competitive advantage in Nigerian Bottling Company, it is therefore recommended that Nigerian
Bottling Company should apply a mixed of distribution strategies in their daily business since it lead
statistically to gaining competitive advantage in the industry. They should strategically maintain the distribution
strategies they have and try to improve on these strategies since it significantly help them to achieve competitive
advantage over competitors within the industry.
Keywords:-distribution Strategies, branch network, multiple distribution strategy, electronic distribution
strategy and competitive advantage
I. INTRODUCTION
Distribution strategies are source of competitive advantage in Nigerian Bottling Company in Nigeria.
The firm use distribution strategies of multiple distributions; electronic distribution strategy and branch network
to channel their products to different consumers across the 36 states including Abuja to gain competitive
advantage over other firms in the soft drink industry. The Nigerian Bottling Company have enough network of
distributors who assist in distributing their product to different locations in Nigeria and have trucks and pick-
ups and have over 1670 trucks and pick-ups drivers who assisted the company in delivering the product to the
final consumers or distributors and middlemen. The distribution strategies of Nigerian Bottling Company have
assisted them to sale their product electronically and delivery the products to the consumers without physical
exchange of money or transaction and this process make the firm to have competitive advantage over the other
firms in the industry. The competitive advantage of the firm is like providing low cost and delivering the
product to the consumers with low cost and differentiating their activities of distribution from other companies
by ensuring that consumers can purchase their product using network branch and electronic purchase as well as
assuring the consumers that the process is efficient and effective.
The Nigerian Bottling Company in Nigeria hardly understands the distribution strategies that ensure
competitive advantage over other firms within the industry. They are confused on the right distribution
strategies that will give them competitive advantage over other firms in soft drink industry. The firm incurred
much expenditure by applying all the distribute strategies but fail to understand that it is only one distribute
strategy that give them a competitive advantage over other firms in the industry.
Previous studies such as Cecilia (2012) determine the role of distribution strategies as a source of
competitive advantage at Kenya Commercial bank and Stella (2012) determine the role of distribution strategies
as a source of competitive advantage at Nestle (k) Ltd. The study is differ from the previous studies because it
concentrated in Nigeria and used Nigerian Bottling Company and examined distribution strategies as a source of
competitive advantage. The study use primary data as the previous studies used but differ from them by
employing the use of multiple regression and e-view statistical software package.
2. Distribution Strategy As Competitive Advantage In Nigerian Bottling Company Ltd
*Corresponding Author: Ajayi Matthew Itopa1
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The objective of this study is to examine the relationship between distribution strategies and
competitive advantage in Nigerian Bottling Company of Nigeria and the specific objectives are: to examine the
relationship between electronic distribution and competitive advantage in Nigerian Bottling Company of
Nigeria, to determine the relationship between branch network distribution and competitive advantage in
Nigerian Bottling Company of Nigeria and relationship between multiple distribution strategy and competitive
advantage in Nigerian Bottling Company of Nigeria.
The scope of this study is restricted to the activities of distribution strategies and competitive advantage
in Nigerian Bottling Company. The period of this study is 3 months from January, 2019 to March, 2019. This
period is chosen because it involved the period Nigerian Bottling Company product started being unavailable.
The limitation of this period is that the researcher is not considering other firms in the soft drink industry but can
used them incomparism with the chosen firm. The researcher also found it difficult to collect data needed for
this study but the he subdue this limitation because the researcher is former staff of Nigerian Bottling Company
and was contacting them even through phone to get vital information needed in this study.
The study is of significance to the Nigerian Bottling Company because it will help them to choose the
right distribution strategy that will enable them to gain competitive advantage over other firms in the industry.
The study will also help them to formulate distribution policies that assist to ensure competitive advantage in the
industry and return generate profit in terms of return on asset, return on equity, net profit margin and gross profit
margin. The study shall also help in further research in this area and shall fill the research gap and students
wishing to carry out studies in this area shall use it as a reference material.
The hypotheses are stated in a null form and they are:
H01: There is no significant relationship between branch network strategy and competitive advantage in Nigerian
Bottling Company
H02: There is no significant relationship between electronic distribution strategy and competitive advantage in
Nigerian Bottling Company
H03: There is no significant relationship between multiple distribution strategy and competitive advantage in
Nigerian Bottling Company
Concept ofDistribution
According Jones (2007) distribution isa way a customer obtained a product or received a service. To
him, also, distribution is the way or manner the product gets to the consumer which is done through appropriate
channels.Bowersox and Closs (1996) assert that distribution is the third element of the marketing mix, and it
encompasses all decisions and tools which relate to making products and services available to customers. Kotler
and Armstrong (2006), also define place or distribution as a set of interdependent firms involved in the process
of making a product accessible for use or consumption by consumers.
Branch Network
This process allows the customers to go the firm warehouse and obtain the goods and service. This
process help the consumers to have access to a wide variety of products and services and one of the major
problems of branch network is that customers wait for long in line before getting serve or some time getting to
the time the they are to be served, the product finish. This type of distribution serves best consumers who value
more personal or interpersonal relationship and their existing communication breakdown ((Heskettet al., 1997).
The consumers or customers of the product tend to value face to face contact with the seller and
developed a believed that emphasizes a trustful relation in their dealing with the customers. This type of
customers does not own a personal computer and does not know even how to assess the internet and browse the
network to do transaction online. However, the problem with branch network strategy is that it is very expensive
and likely to lead to a decreasing number of customers and the organization may be risky being unable to match
the prices of comparable firms that are wholly Internet based (Birch &Young, 2007).
Multiple distribution strategy
Thus type of distribution strategy provides good market coverage and it is popular among clients and
ensured consumers and customers a good transition from warehouse base. It emphasis on electronic distribution
channels (Moriarty & Moran, 2000). However, multiplechannels are mostly to lead to conflicts of interest
between the branches and the departments responsible for the electronic distribution channels and this home
ordering services can it leads to cannibalization and unemployment and can also result in customer difficulties
in accepting a wide price differential between the services offered through the branches and the services offered
through for example the Internet (Moriarty & Moran, 2000).
Electronic distribution
3. Distribution Strategy As Competitive Advantage In Nigerian Bottling Company Ltd
*Corresponding Author: Ajayi Matthew Itopa1
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This strategy makes use of telephone and it is also called telephone distribution strategy which relies on
impersonal form of contact. According to Birch and Young (2007) the merits in lined with this strategy is that
customers with telephone are potential customers and is less cost. This strategy gave room to a large segment
and geographical coverage without large-scale investments and emphasis on tested and secure technology. This
strategy attracted only price-sensitive customers (Mols, 2008).
Concept of Competitive Advantage
According to Porter (1985) competitive advantage is the ability to earn returns on investment, return on
asset, return on equity, return on capital employedand perform consistently above the average for the industry.
Competitive advantage based on the resource base view of the firm isdependent on the valuable, rare, and hard-
to-imitate resources like men, material, machine, etc that reside within an firm (Stiles &Kulvisaechana, 2004).
Michael Porters Generic Strategies
According to Porter (1985), competitive advantage consisted of two basic types which are low cost or
differentiation and firm to tend to possess these strategy to outperform and gain in the market. These two
strategies of cost advantage and the differentiation are derived from industry structure and combined with the
scope of activities for which a firm seeks to achieve them lead to three generic strategies for achieving above-
average performance in an industry, that is cost leadership, differentiation, and focus. It is believe by Porter in
1998 that focus strategy has two variants which are cost focus and differentiation focus.
Cost Leadership
The firm adopting cost leadership strategy wish to become the low cost producer in its industry. This
implies that the firms has a broad scope and serve many segments in the industry and can venture or operated in
related industries. However, the source of cost leadership advantage varies and it depends also in industry
structure which the firm operated. The firm to tend to ensure economies of scale, propriety technology,
preferential access to raw material and this tend to make them achieve the aim to which the company was
established and competitive favorable and also gain advantage over competitors in the industry.
Differentiation
According to Porter, this is the second generic strategy and it is called differentiation. However,
differentiation strategy is a process whereby a firm strives to be unique and important in its industry along and
have dimensions that are widely valued by buyers. Firm with different strategy look for those features that
consumers demand or interested and provide those attributes to them uniquely position the firm and give a
premium price to the consumers. Every firm needs differentiation strategy to define it product and make it look
different from those of its competitors in the market (Porter, 1998). They differentiate their product by designing
the product, packaging the product, colouring the product and even uniquely configuring the product quality to
look different and sales to the consumers and this make them have competitive advantage over other firms
within the industry. This process gave the firm foresight and makes the firm to be futurist and enjoy economies
of scale.
Focus
Porter called this strategy focus strategy and it is the third generic strategy he develop and this strategy
help the firm to chooses a narrow competitive segment in the industry and fits its strategy to serving them to the
exclusion of others. By optimizing its strategy for the target market segment, the focuser intends to achieve a
competitive advantage to its target market segments even though it does not possess an overall competitive
advantage. This strategy have variants, that is cost focus and differentiation focus and cost focus help the firm to
endeavors to achieve cost advantage in its target market segment while differentiation focus help firm to
differentiate its target market segment by providing them different product (Porter, 1998).
Empirical Findings
Cecilia (2012) determines the role of distribution strategies as a source of competitive advantage at
Kenya Commercial bank. They adopted a case study research design in which an interview guide was used to
collect data and content analysis was used in analyzing the data. The research found out that some of the
distribution strategies employed includes warehousing, direct distribution, intense distribution as well as indirect
distribution using middlemen. Through speed of offering the service, the added value, unique resources,
superior quality of services, the banks’ product and service diversity, service flexibility, differentiation strategy,
cost leadership strategy and unique corporate culture were adopted. The distribution strategies adopted in the
organization has led to a number of competitive advantage which includes the increase in area of coverage
especially in the international market, edge competitors in making the products available to customers, increase
4. Distribution Strategy As Competitive Advantage In Nigerian Bottling Company Ltd
*Corresponding Author: Ajayi Matthew Itopa1
www.aijbm.com 64 | Page
in customer satisfaction through making the products available as well as addressing their concerns more
promptly.
Stella (2012) determined the role of distribution strategies as a source of competitive advantage at Nestle (k)
Ltd. The study adopted a case study research design in which an interview guide was used to collect data and
content analysis was used in analyzing the data. The study found out that the firm under the study derive
competitive advantage through speed of offering the service, the added value, unique resources, superior quality
of services, product and service diversity, service flexibility, differentiation strategy and unique corporate
culture were adopted. Some of the distribution strategies employed includes warehousing, direct distribution,
intense distribution as well as indirect distribution using middlemen. She found a significant relationship
between distribution strategies and competitive advantage.
Theories of Distribution
Economic distribution channel theory
This theory postulate that the ideal distribution system or the normative distribution channel can be
dogged by exploring what the customers want in terms of service outputs from the distribution channel, how
much they are willing and able to pay for a given service level, how the services can be provided to them, and
what the costs of the alternative distribution channels are (Stern et al., 2006). They argue that it can be
determined which distribution system most efficiently meets the consumers’ needs and wants. Itcan be noted out
that the distribution channel strategy applied by a firm should take a customer view and analyse the output from
the commercial part of the different distribution channels and relates it to the consumers ’ costs and settlement
from the different levels of service output offered by the available distribution channels (Cohen et al., 2003).
Marketing Impact Model
The need for measuring marketing impact is intensified as firms feel increasing pressure to justify their
distribution strategies (Gruca&Rego 2005; Rust, Ambler, Carpenter, Kumar &Srivastava, 2004; Srivastava,
Fahey & Christensen, 2001). Accordingly, marketing practitioners and scholars are under increased pressure to
be more accountable for showing how distribution activities link to consumer’s value. It is important to know
that distribution strategiescan help increase competitive advantage (Srivastava, Shervani, & Fahey 1998).
Marketing Efficiency Model
This mode explained how distribution strategies lead to competitive advantage and return ensures
efficiency. Charnes, Cooper and Rhodes (1978) noted that efficiency is the comparison among firms of the ratio
of outcomes over the inputs required to achieve them. Sheth, Sisodia and Sharma (2002) viewit as the ratio of
marketing output over input. Sheth and Sisodia (1995) sees it as marketing productivity, include two of the
dimensions, efficiency and effectiveness, i.e. getting loyal customers at low marketing costs. Rust, Ambler,
Carpenter, Kumar and Srivastava (2004) use the term marketing productivity to refer to how distribution
activities are linked to short-term and long-term profits.
II. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This study used or employed survey research design and the reason for employing survey research design
is that data needed for this study is a point in time and the researcher used primary data to collect information
from the respondents. The population of this study included all the marketing staff of Nigerian Bottling
Company. According to Nigerian Bottling company registrar, there is281 marketing staff and this is used as the
sample size. The study used primary data and structured questionnaire to collect information or data from the
respondents. It is divided into two parts. Part 1 provided questions on distribution strategies and part 2 provided
questions on competitive advantage. The study use 5 point Likert’s type scale questionnaire and it is designed to
collect data from the respondents regarding distribution strategies and competitive advantage and copies of the
questionnaire are administered randomly to the respondents to obtain the opinion of staff in the organization. E-
view statistical software package is used and this is used to analysis data in this study and regression in multiple
formed also used to determine whether there is a relationship between distribution strategies and competitive
advantage inNigerian Bottling Company. A multiple model is employed to estimate the relationship between
distribution strategies and competitive advantage and it is stated in this study as thus:
Y=a+bx
Where Y is the dependent variable (competitive Advantage)
a = intercept
b= coefficient
x = independent variable (distribution strategies)
However, the linear equation can be expressed as follows:
5. Distribution Strategy As Competitive Advantage In Nigerian Bottling Company Ltd
*Corresponding Author: Ajayi Matthew Itopa1
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CAI = ɑ + ß1BNS+ ß2MDS+ ß3EDS+µ …equation 3
Where:
CAI = Competitive advantage
ß = Independent variable
ɑ = Intercept
µ = Error terms
BNS = Branch network Strategy
MDS = multiple distribution strategy
EDS = Electronic distribution strategy
Data analysis
Table 1: Distribution and Competitive Advantage in Nigerian Bottling Company
Items 1 2 3 4 5
Nigerian Bottling Company’s customers always go
the firm warehouse and obtain the goods and service
needed – Branch network strategy
91(32.38) 72(25.62) 5(1.77) 61(21.70) 52(18.50)
Nigerian Bottling Company uses electronic
distribution channels to distributes its product to the
consumers frequently – Multiple distribution strategy
101(35.94) 68(24.19) 4(0.71) 58(20.64) 50(17.79)
Nigerian Bottling Company make use of telephone as
a distribution strategy which relies on impersonal
form of contact – Electronic distribute network
113(40.21) 59(20.99) 5(1.77) 49(17.43) 55(19.57)
Nigerian Bottling Company have competitive
advantage over other firms in the industry in terms of
differentiation
72(25.62) 91(32.38) 5(1.77) 68(24.19) 45(16.01)
Source: Questionnaire Administered, 2019
Regression Result using
E-view Statistical software Package
CAI = ɑ + ß1BNS+ ß2MDS+ ß3EDS
Dependent Variable: CAI
Method: Least Squares
Date: 03/26/19 Time: 15:51
Sample: 1 281
Included observations: 281
Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob.
C 0.073827 0.114748 17.55003 0.0000
BNS 0.508736 0.125225 4.062592 0.0001
MDS 0.581949 0.112307 5.181760 0.0000
EDS 0.335058 0.116508 2.875849 0.0043
R-squared 0.754867 Mean dependent var 3.954023
Adjusted R-squared 0.650986 S.D. dependent var 1.325068
S.E. of regression 0.887909 Akaike info criterion 2.611532
Sum squared resid 271.2034 Schwarz criterion 2.655810
Log likelihood -450.4066 Hannan-Quinn criter. 2.629160
F-statistic 142.9345 Durbin-Watson stat 1.025217
Prob(F-statistic) 0.000000
Source: Data output using e-view statistical package of 7.00 (2019)
Decision Rule:10% significance level
6. Distribution Strategy As Competitive Advantage In Nigerian Bottling Company Ltd
*Corresponding Author: Ajayi Matthew Itopa1
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The analysis indicates that the coefficient for distribution strategiesin terms of branch network strategy
is significant in achieving competitive advantage in Nigerian Bottling Company. The CAI= 0.07+0.50BNS
which indicates thatbranch network strategywill increase by 50% for every 1% increase in competitive
advantage in Nigerian Bottling Company. This implies that Nigerian Bottling Company have 50% competitive
advantage to other firms within the industry as a result of branch network strategy. The p-value of 0.00 is less
than the t-statistic value of 4.06 and the standard error value of 0.12 is less than the t-statistic value. This implies
that there is a significant relationship between branch network strategyand competitive advantage in Nigerian
Bottling Company.
The analysis indicates that the coefficient for distribution strategies in terms of multiple distribution
strategy is significant in achieving competitive advantage in Nigerian Bottling Company. The CAI=
0.07+0.58MDS which indicates thatmultiple distribution strategywill increase by 58% for every 1% increase in
competitive advantage in Nigerian Bottling Company. This implies that Nigerian Bottling Company have 58%
competitive advantage to other firms within the industry as a result of multiple distribution. The p-value of 0.00
is less than the t-statistic value of 5.18 and the standard error value of 0.11 is less than the t-statistic value. This
implies that there is a significant relationship between multiple distribution strategy and competitive advantage
in Nigerian Bottling Company.
The analysis indicates that the coefficient for distribution strategies in terms of electronic distribution
strategy is significant in achieving competitive advantage in Nigerian Bottling Company. The CAI=
0.07+0.33EDS which indicates thatelectronic distribution strategywill increase by 33% for every 1% increase in
competitive advantage in Nigerian Bottling Company. This implies that Nigerian Bottling Companyhave 33%
competitive advantage to other firms within the industry as a result of electronic distribution. The p-value of
0.00 is less than the t-statistic value of 2.87 and the standard error value of 0.11 is less than the t-statistic value.
This implies that there is a significant relationship between electronic distribution strategy and competitive
advantage in Nigerian Bottling Company.
However, the f-statistic value of 142.9345 is significant at probability statistic value of 0.00 and a
Durbin Watson statistic value of 1.02 which provides evidence of existence of linear relationship between
distribution strategies (branch network strategy, multiple distribution strategy and electronic distribution
strategy) and competitive advantage in Nigerian Bottling Company. The R2
= 0.75 indicates that only 75%
variation in distribution strategies ( branch network strategy, multiple distribution strategy and electronic
distribution strategy) can be explain competitive advantage but 3% can explained by other factors not noted in
the regression model which is refer to as error term. Therefore we accept the alternative hypothesis that there is
a significant relationship between distribution strategies (branch network strategy, multiple distribution strategy
and electronic distribution strategy) and competitive advantage in Nigerian Bottling Company.
III. DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
From the analysis, the relationship between distribution strategies and competitive advantage in
Nigerian Bottling Companyis significant. This shows that branch network strategy significantly contribute to
competitive advantage in Nigerian Bottling Company and multiple distribution strategy statistically leads
tocompetitive advantage in Nigerian Bottling Company whileelectronic distribution strategy contribute
tocompetitive advantage in Nigerian Bottling Company. However, there is a significant relationship between
distribution strategies (branch network strategy, multiple distribution strategy and electronic distribution
strategy) andcompetitive advantage in Nigerian Bottling Company. The finding is in tandem to the findings of
Stella (2012) who found a positive significant relationship between distribution strategies and competitive
advantage. The study is also in line with economic distribution channel theory which states that ideal
distribution system is dogged by exploring what the customers want in terms of service outputs from the
distribution channel, how much they are willing and able to pay for a given service level, how the services can
be provided to them, and what the costs of the alternative distribution channels so that the firm can achieve
competitive advantage in the market.
IV. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This study concludes thatthe relationship between distribution strategies and competitive advantage in
Nigerian Bottling Company is significant. This shows that branch network strategy significantly contribute to
competitive advantage in Nigerian Bottling Company and multiple distribution strategy statistically leads
tocompetitive advantage in Nigerian Bottling Company whileelectronic distribution strategy contribute
tocompetitive advantage in Nigerian Bottling Company. Despite having a significant relationship between
distribution strategies (branch network strategy, multiple distribution strategy and electronic distribution
strategy) and competitive advantage in Nigerian Bottling Company, it is therefore recommended thatNigerian
7. Distribution Strategy As Competitive Advantage In Nigerian Bottling Company Ltd
*Corresponding Author: Ajayi Matthew Itopa1
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Bottling Company should apply a mix of distribution strategies in their daily business since it leads statistically
to gaining competitive advantage in the industry. They should strategically maintain the distribution strategies
they have and try to improve on these strategies since it significantly help them to achieve competitive
advantage over competitors within the industry.
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*Corresponding Author: Ajayi Matthew Itopa
1,2
Department of Business Administration And Management