1. Physics : Form 4
EXPERIMENTS
CHAPTER 1
1. Simple pendulum
Manipulated variable : Length of the pendulum, ℓ
Responding variable : Period of oscillation, T
Fixed variable : Mass of the pendulum bob, m
Precautions : i) The pendulum bob is oscillate in one plane.
ii) The amplitude of oscillation,  must less than 10˚.
CHAPTER 2
2. Ticker timer
Manipulated variable : Height of runway, h
Responding variable : Acceleration of the trolley, a
Fixed variable : Mass of the trolley, m/ frequency, f
Precaution : The ticker tape is free to move without obstacles.
3. Inertia and mass
Manipulated variable : Mass of plasticine, m
Responding variable : Period of oscillation, T
Fixed variable : Amplitude of oscillation, 
Precaution : The experiment is repeated twice and get the average of the reading to minimize
random error.
4. Relationship between mass and acceleration when force is constant
Manipulated variable : Mass of trolley, m
Responding variable : Acceleration of the trolley, a
Fixed variable : Force applied by an elastic cord, F
Precaution : Always pull the elastic cords to a fixed length to maintain a constant force.
5. Relationship between force and acceleration when mass is constant
Manipulated variable : Force applied, F
Responding variable : Acceleration of the trolley, a
Fixed variable : mass of the trolley, m
Precaution : Always stretch the elastic cords to a fixed length.
6. Elasticity ( Hooke’s law )
Manipulated variable : Force ( slotted weight )
Responding variable : Extension of the spring, x
Fixed variable : Length of spring / diameter of spring / diameter of coil
Precaution : The line of vision must be parallel to the scale to avoid parallax error.
CHAPTER 3
7. Pressure and depth in liquids
Manipulated variable : Depth of thistle funnel, h
Responding variable : Difference in the levels, ℓ
Fixed variable : The density of liquids, 
Precaution : Eyes position is perpendicular to the reading scale to prevent parallax error.
8. Pascal’s principle
Manipulated variable : Force on the input piston, F / mass of the slotted weights, m
Responding variable : mass of the slotted weights on the output piston, m
Fixed variable : Area for both syringes.
Precaution : Eyes position is perpendicular to the reading scale to prevent parallax error.
9. Archimedes’ principle
Manipulated variable : Real weight, w1
Responding variable : Apparent weight, w2
Fixed variable : Mass of empty beaker, m
Precaution : When the stone was lowered into the eureka can, care was taken to make sure
that the stone did not touch the bottom of the can to obtain a more accurate reading of w2.

2. CHAPTER 4
10. Relationship between pressure and volume at constant temperature
Manipulated variable : Pressure of gas, P
Responding variable : Volume of gas, V
Fixed variable : Temperature of gas, T
Precaution : The rubber tube was greased and tightened to prevent leakage of air from the syringe.
11. Relationship between volume and temperature at constant pressure
Manipulated variable : Temperature of gas, T
Responding variable : Volume of gas, V
Fixed variable : Pressure of gas, P
Precautions : i) When taking the reading of temperature and length of air column, eyes position is
perpendicular to the reading scale to prevent parallax error.
ii) Make sure that the thermometer didn’t touch the base of the container.
12. Relationship between pressure and temperature at constant volume
Manipulated variable : Temperature of gas, T
Responding variable : Pressure of gas, P
Fixed variable : Volume of gas, V
Precautions : i) The rubber tube was fixed tightly to prevent leakage.
ii) Make sure that the thermometer didn’t touch the base of the container.
CHAPTER 5
13. Laws of reflection
Manipulated variable : Angle of incidence, i
Responding variable : Angle of reflection, r
Fixed variable :
Precaution : The experiment is conducted in a dark room.
14. Refraction of light
Manipulated variable : Angle of incidence, i
Responding variable : Angle of refraction, r
Fixed variable : Refractive index, n
Precaution : The experiment is conducted in a dark room.
15. Relationship between u, v and f
Manipulated variable : Object distance, u
Responding variable : Image distance, v
Fixed variable : Focal length of the lens, f
Precaution : The experiment is conducted in a dark room.
16. Relationship between object distance and magnification
Manipulated variable : Object distance, u
Responding variable : Magnification, m
Fixed variable : Focal length, f
Precaution : The experiment is conducted in a dark room.