Exploring the Use of AI in Plant Breeding
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Thomas Brutnell has a long career in biotechnology and has been the chief scientific officer at McClintock, LLC, an agricultural biotech startup, since 2022. In his role, Thomas Brutnell oversees innovations that advance breeding technologies, including using artificial intelligence in plant breeding.
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ANRV375-PP60-23 ARI 6 April 2009 15:32
Genetically Engineered
Plants and Foods: A Scientist’s
Analysis of the Issues (Part II)
Peggy G. Lemaux
Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley,
California 94720; email: [email protected]
Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 2009. 60:511–59
The Annual Review of Plant Biology is online at
plant.annualreviews.org
This article’s doi:
10.1146/annurev.arplant.043008.092013
Copyright c© 2009 by Annual Reviews.
All rights reserved
1543-5008/09/0602-0511$20.00
Key Words
benefits, biotechnology, crops, economics, environment, risks
Abstract
Genetic engineering provides a means to introduce genes into plants
via mechanisms that are different in some respects from classical breed-
ing. A number of commercialized, genetically engineered (GE) vari-
eties, most notably canola, cotton, maize and soybean, were created
using this technology, and at present the traits introduced are herbi-
cide and/or pest tolerance. In 2007 these GE crops were planted in
developed and developing countries on more than 280 million acres
(113 million hectares) worldwide, representing nearly 10% of rainfed
cropland. Although the United States leads the world in acres planted
with GE crops, the majority of this planting is on large acreage farms.
In developing countries, adopters are mostly small and resource-poor
farmers. For farmers and many consumers worldwide, planting and eat-
ing GE crops and products made from them are acceptable and even
welcomed; for others GE crops raise food and environmental safety
questions, as well as economic and social issues. In Part I of this re-
view, some general and food issues related to GE crops and foods were
discussed. In Part II, issues related to certain environmental and socio-
economic aspects of GE crops and foods are addressed, with responses
linked to the scientific literature.
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ANRV375-PP60-23 ARI 6 April 2009 15:32
Contents
1. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513
2. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES . . . . . 513
2.1. Will the Widespread Use of Bt
Crops Lead to the Development
of Insect Resistance to Bt? . . . . . . . 513
2.2. Can Genetically Engineered
Crops Cause Adverse Effects
on Nontarget Organisms? . . . . . . . 516
2.3. Could the Use of Genetically
Engineered Crops Result in a
Loss of Plant Biodiversity? . . . . . . 517
2.4. Will the Use of Genetically
Engineered Crops Result in the
Population Decline of Other
Organisms? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518
2.5. Will the Use of
Herbicide-Tolerant Genetically
Engineered Crops Lead
to Superweeds? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
2.6. What Methods Are Used to
Help Plants Protect Themselves
Against Pests? . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Applications of Biotechnology
Biotechnology and its applications
Introduction:
Biotechnology is the broad area of biology, involving living systems and organisms to develop or make products, or "any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use“.
Depending on the tools and applications, it often overlaps with the (related) fields of molecular biology, bio-engineering, biomedical engineering, biomanufacturing, molecular engineering, etc.
The wide concept of "biotech" or "biotechnology" encompasses a wide range of procedures for modifying living organisms according to human purposes, going back to domestication of animals, cultivation of the plants, and "improvements" to these through breeding programs that employ artificial selection and hybridization. Modern usage also includes genetic engineering as well as cell and tissue culture technologies.
Its Applications:
Biotechnology has applications in four major industrial areas,
Food Industry
Health and Medicine
Agriculture
Industrial And Environmental
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Crop genomics. towards nutritional security. umi kalsom abu bakar
1) Crop genomics uses high-throughput DNA sequencing and bioinformatics to assemble and analyze the entire genome of a plant in order to understand its complex biological systems.
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Hello Everyone Here We are Sharing You with The process of protien Synthesis in very short points you will be Able to understand It Very well
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Engineering better biofuels: The prospects of biotechnology in SSA
This document discusses the prospects of biotechnology in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). It outlines several molecular breeding technologies that could help improve crop yields, including molecular diagnostics, tissue culture, marker-assisted selection, and genetic modifications. These technologies may allow for crops with improved nutritional content, drought tolerance, and other desirable traits. The document also discusses using biotechnology to produce non-food agricultural products like biofuels, chemicals, and oils directly in plants. It argues for collaborations to ensure new biosciences benefit smallholder farmers in Africa by focusing on improving local, well-adapted crops like cassava, sweet potato, and sorghum.
Bt-corn is a type of genetically modified organism, termed GMO. A GM.pdf
Bt-corn is a type of genetically modified organism, termed GMO. A GMO is a plant or animal
that has been genetically modified through the addition of a small amount of genetic material
from other organisms through molecular techniques. Currently, the GMOs on the market today
have been given genetic traits to provide protection from pests, tolerance to pesticides, or
improve its quality. Examples of GMO field crops include Bt-potatoes, Bt-corn, Bt-sweet corn,
Roundup Ready soybeans, Roundup Ready Corn, and Liberty Link corn.
Genetically modified foods are foods derived from GMO crops. For example, corn produced
through biotechnology is being used in many familiar foods, including corn meal and tortilla
chips. In addition, corn is used to make high fructose corn syrup, which is used as a sweetener in
many foods such as soft drinks and baked goods. While the FDA (U.S. Food and Drug
Administration) regulates genetically modified foods, it considers Bt-corn to be nutritionally
equivalent to traditional corn.
To transform a plant into a GMO plant, the gene that produces a genetic trait of interest is
identified and separated from the rest of the genetic material from a donor organism. Most
organisms have thousands of genes, a single gene represents only a tiny fraction of the total
genetic makeup of an organism.
A donor organism may be a bacterium, fungus or even another plant. In the case of Bt corn, the
donor organism is a naturally occurring soil bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis, and the gene of
interest produces a protein that kills Lepidoptera larvae, in particular, European corn borer. This
protein is called the Bt delta endotoxin. Growers use Bt corn as an alternative to spraying
insecticides for control of European and southwestern corn borer.
Bt Delta Endotoxin
The Bt delta endotoxin was selected because it is highly effective at controlling Lepidoptera
larvae, caterpillars. It is during the larval stage when most of the damage by European corn borer
occurs. The protein is very selective, generally not harming insects in other orders (such as
beetles, flies, bees and wasps). For this reason, GMOs that have the Bt gene are compatible with
biological control programs because they harm insect predators and parasitoids much less than
broad-spectrum insecticides. The Bt endotoxin is considered safe for humans, other mammals,
fish, birds, and the environment because of its selectivity. Bt has been available as a commercial
microbial insecticide since the 1960s and is sold under many trade names. These products have
an excellent safety record and can be used on many crops until the day of harvest.
To kill a susceptible insect, a part of the plant that contains the Bt protein (not all parts of the
plant necessarily contain the protein in equal concentrations) must be ingested. Within minutes,
the protein binds to the gut wall and the insect stops feeding. Within hours, the gut wall breaks
down and normal gut bacteria invade the body cavity. The i.
Prabhat MBB-602 Conventional versus non-conventional methods for crop improve...
The document is an assignment presentation on conventional versus non-conventional methods for crop improvement. It discusses several methods for both conventional breeding such as selection and hybridization as well as newer biotechnology methods like genetic engineering, marker assisted selection, mutation breeding, and plant tissue culture. It provides examples of each method and compares their advantages and limitations for improving crops.
2024.03.12 Cost drivers of cultivated meat production.pdf
This presentation explores what we know so far about the cost drivers of cultivated meat production. This presentation focuses on cell culture media costs and infrastructure and scale up in the industry.
Please find the recording for this lecture here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qBntwqsLb2U
"Avenues and issues in applying biotechnology in the small and medium scale s...
This presentation was made for a talk delivered as a speaker on the "BioEconomy India Conclave 2018" at Bangalore, India. The talk was about the requirements and pitfalls associated with the application of plant biotechnology in the Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) seed industry.
genetically modified organism
This document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and their applications and controversies. It provides background on what GMOs are and how genetic material is altered. It then notes that GMOs are used in biological research and agriculture. However, it also discusses criticisms of GMOs, including that they do not increase yields and can increase pesticide use. It outlines concerns about their impact on farmers and the environment. The document concludes by discussing new applications of GMOs, such as using plants to produce pharmaceutical proteins, which raises additional public health and environmental concerns.
Raising Awareness and Discovering the Dirt 12345 .docx
Raising Awareness and Discovering the Dirt
12345 Canyon Dr., Northridge, CA 91344 (818) 555-9089 (818) 555-9222 Radd.com
RADD
What role can the FDA play in regulating GMO
products?
This brief is intended for the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and is
presented on behalf of Raising Awareness and Discovering the Dirt (RADD). RADD is a non-profit
organization committed to promoting the wellness of the environment.
Since the earlier 1990s, commercialization of Genetic Modified Organisms (GMOs) has spread
throughout the U.S. The FDA has promoted a program of self-regulation among the biotech crop and
food developers (www.fda.gov). Many of the biotech food and crop developers’ primary interest is the
development of high-yielding products. For example, Monsanto, a biotech food and crop developer’s
director of corporate communications, Philip Angell was quoted saying; “Monsanto should not have to
vouchsafe the safety of biotech food. Our interest is in selling as much of it as possible. Assuring its
safety is the FDA’s job,” (Antoniou, Robinson, & Fagan, 2012, p. 23).
Finally, research and Monsanto’s own feeding trials revealed health-effects and suggest that
more suitable options are needed to maintain the safety of consumers and the environment. Therefore,
RADD is committed to working with the FDA in creating programs that will ensure the safety of
environment and the use of GMOs.
Statement of Issue:
In order to promote awareness and ultimately protect the health of consumers, the FDA has the
ability to regulate GMOs by establishing new guidelines. There is a growing body of evidence that
connects GMOs with health problems, environmental damage, and violation of rights of farmers and
consumers. Studies show a correlation between GMOs and health problems such as production of new
allergens increased toxicity, decreased nutrition, and antibiotic resistance (Bernstein et al., 2003).
Additionally, since the emergence of GMO crops, there has been an increase in the amount of
agriculture changes. Such changes include the development of “massive weeds” and “super bugs,” both
requiring an increased dosage of toxins to rid of these unwanted, overgrown organisms. In return,
consumers are now ingesting these increased dosages of toxins.
Background:
Ultimately, the only beneficiaries of products containing GMOs are its producers, such as,
Monsanto, rather than consumers. Monsanto makes an abundant amount of profit on their GMO
products as they have scientifically modified crops, allowing them to have faster results. The “proposed”
purpose of GMOs was to increase yield and enhance nutritional value, while also lowering the use of
pesticides. (www.nongmoproject.org, 2013). Indeed, the use of GMOs increase yield, but studies show
that GMO products hold no nutritional value and rather, by decreasing the use of pesticides, there has
been an increase .
Application of bioinformatics in climate smart horticulture
Bioinformatics can be applied to climate smart horticulture in several ways:
1) It allows for crop improvement through comparative genomics between crop plants and model species to identify important genes.
2) It facilitates plant breeding by providing tools for genome analysis, marker identification, and rational gene annotation.
3) Stress-tolerant varieties can be developed by using bioinformatics databases like KEGG to identify pathways and genes involved in drought resistance.
6 aquino
This document analyzes the costs and benefits of a Brazilian soybean company, Imcopa, implementing a traceability and certification system for non-genetically modified soybeans. Imcopa was the first soybean crusher in Brazil to do this in 1998. Since then, Imcopa has rapidly expanded, with revenues increasing from $70 million in 1998 to $1.3 billion in 2008. This was due to both profiting from the emerging non-GM food market niche as well as identifying new production opportunities related to that niche. The analysis considers how companies operate under uncertainty and asymmetric information, and how Imcopa's system allowed it to diversify its activities and grow faster.
Country Status Reports on Agricultural Biotechnology - Thailand
Thailand's agricultural biotechnology sector focuses on increasing crop productivity through techniques like marker-assisted breeding and tissue culture. Total investment in agricultural biotechnology research in Thailand was 906,259 USD in 2016. Major crops include rice, corn, sugarcane, rubber, and cassava. While GM crops are not commercially grown, some GM soy and corn imports are allowed. The government is supporting "smart farming" initiatives through capacity building, research funding, and regulatory reforms to advance the agricultural biotechnology sector as part of its Thailand 4.0 economic development plan.
Importance of microbial research
Microorganisms such as bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi are ubiquitous on our planet. They are widely distributed in soil, water, the human body and other environments. Microorganisms and their activities are of great importance to biogeochemical cycles and to all biological systems. Creative Proteomics provides a one-stop proteomics service from sample collection, protein separation, to protein quantification and bioinformatics analysis. We offer both relative quantification (including iTRAQ, TMT and SILAC) and absolute quantification (such as SRM/MRM and PRM) approaches to help you discover, detect and quantify proteins in a broad array of samples. https://www.creative-proteomics.com/services/proteomics-service.htm
Proteomics contributes to your microbial research
Microorganisms such as bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi are ubiquitous on our planet. They are widely distributed in soil, water, the human body and other environments. Microorganisms and their activities are of great importance to biogeochemical cycles and to all biological systems. Creative Proteomics provides a one-stop proteomics service from sample collection, protein separation, to protein quantification and bioinformatics analysis. We offer both relative quantification (including iTRAQ, TMT and SILAC) and absolute quantification (such as SRM/MRM and PRM) approaches to help you discover, detect and quantify proteins in a broad array of samples. https://www.creative-proteomics.com/services/proteomics-service.htm
ANRV375-PP60-23 ARI 6 April 2009 1532Genetically Engineer.docx
ANRV375-PP60-23 ARI 6 April 2009 15:32
Genetically Engineered
Plants and Foods: A Scientist’s
Analysis of the Issues (Part II)
Peggy G. Lemaux
Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley,
California 94720; email: [email protected]
Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 2009. 60:511–59
The Annual Review of Plant Biology is online at
plant.annualreviews.org
This article’s doi:
10.1146/annurev.arplant.043008.092013
Copyright c© 2009 by Annual Reviews.
All rights reserved
1543-5008/09/0602-0511$20.00
Key Words
benefits, biotechnology, crops, economics, environment, risks
Abstract
Genetic engineering provides a means to introduce genes into plants
via mechanisms that are different in some respects from classical breed-
ing. A number of commercialized, genetically engineered (GE) vari-
eties, most notably canola, cotton, maize and soybean, were created
using this technology, and at present the traits introduced are herbi-
cide and/or pest tolerance. In 2007 these GE crops were planted in
developed and developing countries on more than 280 million acres
(113 million hectares) worldwide, representing nearly 10% of rainfed
cropland. Although the United States leads the world in acres planted
with GE crops, the majority of this planting is on large acreage farms.
In developing countries, adopters are mostly small and resource-poor
farmers. For farmers and many consumers worldwide, planting and eat-
ing GE crops and products made from them are acceptable and even
welcomed; for others GE crops raise food and environmental safety
questions, as well as economic and social issues. In Part I of this re-
view, some general and food issues related to GE crops and foods were
discussed. In Part II, issues related to certain environmental and socio-
economic aspects of GE crops and foods are addressed, with responses
linked to the scientific literature.
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ANRV375-PP60-23 ARI 6 April 2009 15:32
Contents
1. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513
2. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES . . . . . 513
2.1. Will the Widespread Use of Bt
Crops Lead to the Development
of Insect Resistance to Bt? . . . . . . . 513
2.2. Can Genetically Engineered
Crops Cause Adverse Effects
on Nontarget Organisms? . . . . . . . 516
2.3. Could the Use of Genetically
Engineered Crops Result in a
Loss of Plant Biodiversity? . . . . . . 517
2.4. Will the Use of Genetically
Engineered Crops Result in the
Population Decline of Other
Organisms? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518
2.5. Will the Use of
Herbicide-Tolerant Genetically
Engineered Crops Lead
to Superweeds? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
2.6. What Methods Are Used to
Help Plants Protect Themselves
Against Pests? . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Applications of Biotechnology
Biotechnology and its applications
Introduction:
Biotechnology is the broad area of biology, involving living systems and organisms to develop or make products, or "any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use“.
Depending on the tools and applications, it often overlaps with the (related) fields of molecular biology, bio-engineering, biomedical engineering, biomanufacturing, molecular engineering, etc.
The wide concept of "biotech" or "biotechnology" encompasses a wide range of procedures for modifying living organisms according to human purposes, going back to domestication of animals, cultivation of the plants, and "improvements" to these through breeding programs that employ artificial selection and hybridization. Modern usage also includes genetic engineering as well as cell and tissue culture technologies.
Its Applications:
Biotechnology has applications in four major industrial areas,
Food Industry
Health and Medicine
Agriculture
Industrial And Environmental
Transient protein expression ppt
The transient protein expression market was valued at US$ 660.00 million in 2019 and is projected to reach US$ 983.10 million by 2027; it is expected to grow at a CAGR of 5.3% from 2020 to 2027.
Crop genomics. towards nutritional security. umi kalsom abu bakar
1) Crop genomics uses high-throughput DNA sequencing and bioinformatics to assemble and analyze the entire genome of a plant in order to understand its complex biological systems.
2) Genomics has been successfully applied to identify genes associated with drought tolerance, disease resistance, and heavy metal toxicity to help combat climate change and address food security issues.
3) There is an opportunity to direct more emphasis on using genomics to enhance the nutritional value of crops during breeding programs in order to improve nutritional security, especially in developing nations.
Scope of Biotechnology by Rajesh sahu
Biotechnology involves using living organisms or their components to generate useful products. It includes scaling up biological processes for applications in areas like agriculture, medicine, and industry. Some key areas discussed include using recombinant DNA technology for pharmaceutical production, animal cloning, embryonic stem cells, bioremediation, genetically modified crops, diagnostics, therapeutics, biosensors, monoclonal antibodies, protein engineering, and nanobiotechnology. Biotechnology requires scientific knowledge in various fields and uses tools like genetic engineering, cell and tissue culture, biosensor, and bioprocessing technologies. It has wide applications in environmental monitoring, agriculture, health, and industrial sectors.
ethical_issues_concerning_GM_foods.docx
The document discusses genetically modified (GM) foods and crops. It provides background on GM foods and outlines some of their benefits, such as increased crop yields and pest resistance. However, it also notes there are ongoing ethical debates around potential human health and environmental impacts. The document examines GM crops developed so far, including tomatoes, papaya, pineapple, apples, salmon, maize, rice and mushrooms. It discusses the process for creating GM organisms and outlines regulatory frameworks and labeling requirements for GM foods. It also analyzes some perceived risks like antibiotic resistance and allergies, while concluding more research is needed to fully understand impacts.
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Summary Of transcription and Translation.pdf
Hello Everyone Here We are Sharing You with The process of protien Synthesis in very short points you will be Able to understand It Very well
快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
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二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
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◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
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2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
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4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
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6:个人职称评审加20分
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Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
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11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
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Themajorcausesofdeteriorationinstorage
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Storageonlypreservesquality.Itneverimprovesquality.
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•InIndiaoutofthetotalproduction,about30%ismarketablesurplus
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Directdamage
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Quality assurance B.pharm 6th semester BP606T UNIT 5
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Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
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Clinical periodontology and implant dentistry 2003.pdf
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Microbiology of Central Nervous System INFECTIONS.pdf
Exploring the Use of AI in Plant Breeding
- 1. Exploring the Use of AI in Plant Breeding
- 2. Thomas Brutnell has a long career in biotechnology and has been the chief scientific officer at McClintock, LLC, an agricultural biotech startup, since 2022. In his role, Thomas Brutnell oversees innovations that advance breeding technologies, including using artificial intelligence in plant breeding.
- 3. There are a number of ways to utilize AI in plant breeding. For example, AI can identify the most efficient path to crop improvement by integrating with genomic selection. In genomic selection, breeders use molecular markers to define small segments of the genome. They then compare the phenotypes (e.g. trait values such as protein content or oil content) of individuals with their unique set of molecular markers to identify associations between phenotype and genotype.
- 4. The models used to make these associations can be optimized using AI to accurately predict the phenotype of future lines based on genotype alone. Thus, instead of having to rely on multiple rounds of genotyping and phenotyping, plant breeders can simply focus on creating the optimal genotypes that drive the desired phenotypes. This eliminates a very costly and time consuming field-based phenotyping component to the process and helps plant breeders accelerate crop development.
- 5. It's also possible to leverage AI to incorporate environmental information into the breeding process. Accounting for environmental effects on crop performance (e.g. drought or excessive heat), is always very challenging in breeding because of the inherent variability associated with extreme environments. However, AI can now be used to begin interrogating genotype x phenotype x environment interactions with the aim of developing crops that are more resilient in the face of climate change.