Wildlife tourism in Nepal offers a captivating journey into the heart of nature's wonders. The diverse landscapes, ranging from the lush Terai lowlands to the towering peaks of the Himalayas, provide a habitat for an extraordinary array of wildlife. Visitors can embark on safari adventures in renowned national parks like Chitwan and Bardiya, where encounters with one horned rhinoceros, Bengal tigers, elephants, and a myriad of bird species are commonplace. The lush jungles and riverine ecosystems create the perfect backdrop for wildlife enthusiasts seeking seeking an intimate connection with nature. In Khaptad National Park, the mesmerizing Khaptad plateau beckons with its pristine beauty and a variety of flora and fauna, making it a haven for birdwatchers and nature lovers. Whether it's exploring the dense forests of Bardiya, cruising along the Rapti River in Chitwan, or experiencing the tranquil Khaptad ecosystem, wildlife tourism in Nepal promises an immersive and unforgettable journey into the heart of the natural world.

1. WILDLIFE
TOURISM IN
NEPAL

2. INTRODUCTION
Nepal’s diverse topography and rich biodiversity makes it an enticing destination for
wildlife enthusiasts, offering a kaleidoscope of flora and fauna across its national
parks and wildlife reserves.
One of the crown jewels of wildlife tourism is Chitwan National park, a UNESCO
world heritage site, known for its thriving population of one horned-rhinoceros and
Bengal tigers. The Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, situated in the eastern Terai region,
is a haven for birdwatchers with its extensive wetlands. Bardia National Park, in the
western part of the country, provides a pristine habitat for endangered species like
the Gangetic dolphin. Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve appeals to those seeking a unique
blend of adventure and conservation, while Khaptad National Park offers a tranquil
setting in the far-western region. Parsa Wildlife Reserve, Shuklaphanta Wildlife
Reserve, and other conservation areas further contribute to Nepal's reputation as a
wildlife tourism hub, promising immersive experiences amid nature's wonders.

3. 1. Chitwan National Park
Chitwan National park, the first national park of Nepal was established in the year
1973 as the Royal Chitwan National Park and was granted the status of a World
Heritage site in 1984. The National park covers an area of 952.63 km2 in the sub-
tropical inner terai lowlands of south-central Nepal in Nawalpur, Chitwan,
Makwanpur and Parsa Districts.
Chitwan National Park boasts a diverse ecosystem that includes dense tropical
tropical jungles, grasslands, and the serene Rapti river. The variety of habitats
support a wide range of flora and fauna.
Climate:
Chitwan National Park experiences a diverse range of climatic seasons each offering
a distinct and captivating experience. The period from October to February provides
an enjoyable and comfortable climatic conditions with an average temperature of 25
degree Celsius. However, from March to June, temperature can soar as high as as
43°C, ushering in hot and humid days. This season transitions into the monsoon,
lasting from late June to September, characterized by flooded rivers and virtually
impassable roads, with an annual rainfall recorded at 2150mm.
In late January, local villagers are permitted to cut thatch grasses, enhancing wildlife
visibility for visitors. Additionally, between September and November, and February
and April, migratory birds join the resident birds, creating exceptional bird-watching
opportunities. While the monsoon brings lush vegetation, late winter witnesses the
blooming of most trees, including the palash tree, known as the "flame of the
forest," and the silk cotton tree, adorned with spectacular crimson flowers visible
from a distance.
Vegetation:
The Chitwan Valley, is characterized by lush tropical and sub tropical, with
approximately 70 percent of the park covered in Sal(Shorea Robusta) forests- a moist
deciduous vegetation typical of the terai region. The remaining vegetation includes
grasslands, riverine forests, and Sal mixed with Chir pine (Pinus roxburghii), the latter
found at the Churia range's summit. Riverine forests showcase Khair (Acacia catechu),
Sissoo (Dalbergia sisoo), and Simal (Bombax ceiba). The grasslands, primarily situated
in the river floodplains, create a diverse and intricate ecosystem, hosting over 50
different grass types, among them the notable elephant grass (Saccharum spp.),
renowned for its towering height, reaching up to 8 meters. The variety of vegetation
types within the Chitwan Valley contributes to the park's ecological richness and
biodiversity.
Fauna:
Chitwan National Park's diverse range of vegetation serves as a sanctuary for over
700 wildlife species, along with an as-yet-unquantified number of butterflies, moths,
and insects. In addition to the presence of the king cobra and rock python, the park
is inhabited by 17 other snake species, starred tortoises, and monitor lizards. The
Narayani-Rapti river system, along with its tributaries and numerous oxbow lakes,
provides a thriving habitat for 113 documented fish species and mugger crocodiles.
Remarkably, in the early 1950s, the Narayani River housed approximately 235
gharials, a type of crocodile.
Chitwan National Park boasts an impressive array of biodiversity, with a recorded
total of 68 mammal species, 56 herpetofauna species, and 126 fish species. Notably,

4. the park has gained renown for its successful conservation efforts, particularly in
protecting the endangered One-Horned Rhinoceros, Royal Bengal Tiger, and Gharial
Crocodile. The diverse mammalian inhabitants range from the majestic wild elephant,
the world's largest terrestrial mammal, to the diminutive pygmy shrew, the world's
smallest terrestrial mammal. A remarkable 544 bird species have been documented,
with 22 globally threatened species, including the critically endangered Bengal
Florican, Slender-billed Vulture, White-rumped Vulture, and Red-headed Vulture.
Chitwan National Park stands as a testament to its commitment to preserving and
nurturing a rich and varied ecosystem, making it a haven for wildlife enthusiasts and
conservationists alike.
How to reach:
Drive: Kathmandu to Sauraha – approx. 96 km/ 5 hours
Fly: Kathmandu to Bharatpur – 20 mins, & then drive to Sauraha – approx. 14 km/25
mins
Opening Hours 8am-6pm
Best Time to Visit September- February

5. 2. Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve
Nestled on the floodplains of the Sapta Koshi river in the southeastern terai region,
the Koshi Tappu wildlife reserve was established in 1976 with the primary goal of
preserving the crucial habitat for the last remaining population of the Wild Buffalo,
known as Arna (Bubalus arnee). Covering a modest 176 square kilometers, this
reserve stands as Nepal's smallest wildlife sanctuary. Its boundaries are defined by
the eastern and western embankments of the Sapta Koshi River.
In recognition of its ecological importance, Koshi Tappu earned the prestigious status
of a Ramsar site in 1987, denoting its designation as a wetland of international
significance. Furthermore, the government of Nepal took additional steps to protect
this invaluable natural asset by declaring a buffer zone encompassing 173.5 square
kilometers around the reserve in 2004.
Climate:
The reserve undergoes three distinct seasons, each offering a unique climate and
atmosphere. Summer, spanning from February to March is marked by intense by
intense heat and minimal precipitation. During this period, shade temperatures can
soar upto 40 degree Celsius, creating a warm and dry environment.
The monsoon season sets in late May or early June , extending until September,
bringing with it frequent and heavy rainfall. July experiences the highest
precipitation, and although the rain is abundant, the humidity and elevated
temperatures persist throughout the season.
As winter arrives from October to January, the reserve experiences clear skies and
moderate temperatures. Despite the generally mild climate, the winter months can
still bring chilly weather. This season provides a welcome relief from the heat and
rain, offering visitors a chance to explore the reserve under comfortable conditions
with cool and refreshing temperatures.
Flora and Fauna:
The reserve is dominated by expansive tall grasslands, with local villagers permitted
to annually collect thatch grass for use.In addition to Khair-Sissoo scrub forest and
deciduous mixed riverine forest, the area is a vital habitat, hosting the last surviving
population of Wild buffalo (approximately 159 individuals) distinguished by their
large horns. Other wildlife includes Hog deer, Wild boar, Spotted deer, Blue bull, and
the Rock Python.
With an impressive avian diversity, the reserve boasts about 441 bird species,
including 14 endemic species. The Koshi barrage serves as a crucial resting place for
87 migratory bird species, while the Koshi River supports 80 fish species, including
the endangered Gharial crocodile and Gangetic dolphin. Winter witnesses a peak in
migratory bird activity, and visitors can arrange elephant rides from the Reserve
Headquarters to explore this bio-diverse reserve and catch glimpses of the
Himalayan peaks, including Makalu, the world's fifth-highest.

6. How to reach:
Drive: Kathmandu to Koshi Bridge – approx. 341km / 8 hrs, then drive to the Reserve
– 15 mins
Fly: Kathmandu to Biratnagar – 45 mins, & then drive to Koshi Tappu – approx. 42
km/90 mins
Opening Hours 9am-6pm
Best Time to Visit October-May
3. Bardia National Park
Bardia National Park, Nepal's largest in the lowland Terai region, spans 968 sq.km.
Initially called Karnali Wildlife Reserve in 1976, it expanded, becoming Bardiya
Wildlife Reserve in 1982, and gained National Park status in 1988. To foster wildlife
and vegetation, 1500 households from Babai valley were relocated in 1976. The park
saw the translocation of Greater One-horned Rhinoceros from Chitwan National Park
in multiple phases from 1986 to 2002. In 1997, a 327 sq.km buffer zone around the
park was declared, managed jointly by the park and local communities for
community development and natural resource management. Elephant rides offer a
unique perspective, and the Karnali River is home to Gangetic dolphins. Babai valley
showcases flagship species like rhinos, tigers, and elephants in their natural habitat.
This conservation success highlights the importance of balanced ecosystem
management and community involvement.
Climate:
Bardia National people experiences three distinct seasons- winter, summer, and
monsoon. Between October and April the weather is dry, offering warm days and
cool pleasant nights. This period is ideal for wildlife observation and outdoor
activities. As the weather gradually transitions from April to June, temperatures rise
reaching a peak of upto 45 degree Celsius in May. During these time, the days can be
hot and sticky .

7. The onset of monsoon arrives in July, bringing refreshing rains that continue until
September. This period revitalizes the landscape, turning it lush and vibrant. While
the monsoon season can limit certain activities, it contributes to the park's overall
biodiversity. Each season in Bardiya National Park offers a unique experience,
providing visitors with varied perspectives of this diverse and thriving ecosystem.
Flora and Fauna:
The park provides a diverse and immersive experience with its extensive untouched
wilderness. Approximately 70% of the area is filled by Sal trees, interspersed with
grasslands and riverine forests. Sal leaves, a prominent feature, serve as traditional
plates during festivals and religious offerings.
Home to a variety of endangered species, the park shelters iconic wildlife, including
the royal Bengal tiger, wild elephants, greater one-horned rhinoceros, swamp deer,
and blackbus. Additionally, endangered reptiles like the gharial and marsh mugger
crocodiles, along with the Gangetic dolphins, contribute to the park’s ecological
significance.
The avian diversity is notable, with endangered birds such as the Bengal florican,
lesser florican, and sarus crane making the park their habitat. The park boasts a rich
biodiversity, recording over 30 mammal species, more than 230 bird species, and
various snakes, lizards, and fishes. Furthermore, the park attracts migratory birds,
enhancing its ecological tapestry.
How to reach:
Drive: Kathmandu to Mahendranagar – approx. 376 km / 15 hrs
Fly: Kathmandu to Nepalgunj – 50 mins, & then drive to Bardia National Park –
approx. 39 km/2 hrs
Opening Hours 9am-8pm
Best Time to Visit Mid September-Mid December

8. 4. Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve
Nestled within the Dhaulagiri Himal range in West
Nepal, Dhorpatan Hunting reserve spans across
Myagdi, Rukum, and Balgunj districts. The
stunning landscapes of Putha, Churen, and Gurja
Himal extend along the reserve’s northern
boundary, creating a picturesque backdrop.
Established in 1983 and officially gazetted in 1987,
the Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve is uniquely
managed with the dual objectives of facilitating
sports hunting while preserving a representative
high-altitude ecosystem in West Nepal. This
conservation approach reflects a delicate balance
between the interests of wildlife enthusiasts and
the need to protect the diverse and pristine
natural habitats in the region.
Climate:
The monsoon season extends until early October, bringing persistent rainfall to the
region. Winter witnesses significantly low daytime temperatures, exacerbated by
strong winds. In higher elevations, clouds shroud the landscape in the morning,
gradually dispersing as the day progresses, thanks to the prevailing winds. Snowfall is
possible even at lower elevations until early April, though it tends to melt relatively
quickly. The optimal time to visit the reserve is during the months of March to April
when the weather is more favorable, offering visitors a chance to explore the area
without the challenges posed by extreme temperatures and weather conditions.
Flora and Fauna:
The reserve showcases a diverse range of alpine , sub-alpine, and high temperate
vegetation featuring prominent plant species like fir, pine, birch, rhododendron,
hemlock, oak, juniper, and spruce. Pasturelands, covering over 50% of the total
reserve area at higher elevations, contribute to its unique ecosystem.
Notably, the reserve serves as a crucial habitat for blue sheep, a prized species for
wildlife enthusiasts. A 2007 status survey conducted by the Department of National
Parks and Wildlife Conservation (DNPWC) revealed a population of 852 blue sheep
within the reserve. Other wildlife species include leopard, goral, serow, Himalayan
tahr, Himalayan black bear, barking deer, wild boar, rhesus macaque, langur, and
mouse hare.
The reserve boasts an impressive avian diversity with 137 species of birds, including
common pheasants and partridges. Controlled hunting is permitted, ensuring the
viability of their populations. Among the endangered species residing in the reserve
are Musk deer, Wolf, Red panda, Cheer pheasant, and Danphe.

9. How to reach:
Drive: Kathmandu to Baglung – approx. 245km/ 8 hrs, & then drive to the Reserve –
approx. 118 km/5 hrs
Fly: Kathmandu to Pokhara – 30 mins, & then drive to the Reserve – approx. 188
km/7 hrs
Opening Hours 9am-6pm
Best Time to Visit March - April
5. Parsa Wildlife Reserve
Parsa National Park situated south central lowland terai of Nepal, spans an expansive
637.37 sq.km, featuring pristine sub-tropical jungle. Steeped in history, this area
once served as a retreat for the Rana Rulers of the country. Recognizing its ecological
significance, it was gazetted as a wildlife reserve in 1984, primarily aimed at
preserving the habitat for wild Asian elephants and a diverse array of fauna.
Adjacent to Chitwan National park in the west, Parsa National park gained the status
of a National park in 2017, underscoring its importance in the conservation
landscape.
The park's vast expanse is a haven for biodiversity, showcasing the delicate balance
of ecosystems in the Terai region.
Climate:
Climate in the region experiences distinct seasons throughout the year. Winter,
spanning from October to December, offers pleasant temperatures and clear skies.
However, nighttime temperatures may drop to as low as 0°C. As spring unfolds from
January to March, temperatures begin to rise, and water becomes a scarce resource.
The transition into summer, occurring from April to June, brings hot and humid days,
with temperatures reaching up to -40°C. The onset of the monsoon season, from July
to September, provides relief with cooling rains, contributing to a refreshing change
in the climate. This diverse seasonal pattern highlights the range of weather
conditions experienced in the area, offering visitors varied experiences based on the
time of their visit.
Flora and Fauna:
Parsa Wildlife Reserve, characterized by tropical and subtropical forests,
predominantly features Sal forests, constituting about 90 percent of its vegetation.
Along riverbanks, riverine forests containing Khair and Silk cotton trees thrive, while
higher altitudes in the north-eastern region showcase Sal and Pine forests. Pine-
dominated forests are found on the southern slope of the Siwalik hills. The
commercial significance of Sabai grass is notable, flourishing on the southern face of
the Churia hills.
This reserve is a thriving habitat for endangered species, including the wild Asian
elephant, Royal Bengal tiger, Sloth bear, and Leopard. Other inhabitants encompass
Blue bull, Sambar, Chital, Hog deer, Barding deer, Langur, Rhesus macaques, striped
hyena, Jungle cat, and Palm civet. With over 500 bird species, common sightings
include the White-breasted kingfisher, Paradise flycatcher, Large racquet-tailed
drongo, and Golden-backed woodpecker. Notably, the endangered Giant hornbill
can be found in specific forest patches.

10. Parsa Wildlife Reserve is renowned for its reptile diversity, housing various snake
species like the common Cobra, Common and Banded Karit, Python, and the King
cobra.
How to reach:
Drive: Kathmandu to Hetauda, & then drive to Parsa Wildlife Reserve – approx.
101km / 2 hrs
Opening Hours 9am-7pm
Best Time to Visit March - September
6. Khaptad National Park
Nestled in the Far-western region of Nepal,
Khaptad National Park, established in 1984,
encompasses a pristine expanse of 225 sq.
km. In addition to the park, a buffer zone
spanning 216 sq. km was designated,
showcasing a holistic approach to
conservation. This national park holds a
distinctive status as the sole mid-mountain
national park in western Nepal,
exemplifying a unique and crucial
ecosystem.
Khaptad National Park, with its diverse
landscapes and ecosystems, stands as a
testament to the country's commitment to
preserving its natural heritage. The careful
balance between the core park area and
the buffer zone underlines the importance
of sustainable conservation practices. Visitors to this national park are treated to a
rare and immersive experience, exploring the diverse flora and fauna that make this
region ecologically significant.

11. Climate:
The optimal times to visit the park are during the spring (March-May) and autumn
(October-November) seasons. During these periods, the temperatures range from a
comfortable 10°C to 20°C, providing ideal conditions for enjoyable trekking
experiences. The spring and autumn months offer pleasant weather, allowing visitors
to fully appreciate the beauty of the surroundings.
However, it's important to note that the monsoon season prevails from June to
September, resulting in muddy and slippery paths. This period is less favorable for
trekking due to the challenging conditions brought about by heavy rainfall.
In contrast, from December to February, the winter season sets in, bringing snow
and chilling winds to the park. While the landscape may transform into a winter
wonderland, trekking during this time requires preparation for colder temperatures.
Flora and Fauna:
Khaptad National Park features a diverse flora categorized into three vegetation
zones: subtropical, temperate, and temperate mixed broad-leaved species. The
lower altitudes (1000 - 2000 m) are dominated by subtropical vegetation, including
Montane Sal, Pines, and Alder species. Moving to higher elevations (1800 - 3000 m),
the temperate zone takes over with a variety of broad-leaved species such as Lindera
nacusua, Cinnamomum tamala, spruce, fir, hemlock, oak, Aesculus indica, and maple.
The Khaptad plateau is adorned with pastures (Patans) displaying around 135 species
of beautiful flowers during the summer and late spring, including primulas,
buttercups, and wild berries. The park is also rich in medicinal herbs, boasting about
224 species.
Khaptad National Park is a haven for bird enthusiasts, hosting 266 bird species,
including migratory and residential birds. Notable species include the Impeyan
pheasant, Nepal's national bird, various partridges, flycatchers, bulbuls, cuckoos, and
eagles. The park is also home to a diverse array of butterflies, moths, and insects,
contributing to the vibrant Khaptad ecosystem.
The park supports around 20 mammal species, including barking deer, wild boar,
goral, Himalayan black bear, Yellow-throated Marten, Rhesus, and Langur monkeys.
Other species like leopard, wild dogs, jackal, and musk deer add to the park's rich
biodiversity. Khaptad National Park stands as a harmonious blend of diverse flora
and fauna, making it a captivating destination for nature enthusiasts and wildlife
lovers alike.
How to reach:
Drive: Kathmandu to Dhangadhi, & drive to Khaptad National Park – approx. 480km/
13 hrs
Fly: Kathmandu to Dhangadhi – 1 hr, & then drive to Khaptad National Park – approx.
92km/2hrs
Opening Hours 9am-7pm
Best Time to Visit March - May and October-November

12. 7. Shukla Phanta Wildlife reserve
Shukla Phanta National Park, originally established as a hunting reserve in 1969,
underwent transitions to become a Wildlife Reserve in 1976 and eventually achieved
National Park status in 2017. Located in the extreme southwestern part of Nepal's
Terai, within Kanchanpur District, the park spans 305 sq. km and shares its southern
and western boundaries with the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, demarcated by the
Mahakali (Sarda) River, a significant tributary of the Ganges. The eastern border is
formed by the Chaudhar River, while the northern side is marked by a forest belt and
cultivated lands.
Despite its relatively modest size, Shukla Phanta National Park boasts remarkable
biodiversity, making it both nationally and globally significant. The park features
various vegetation types, including sal forest and sal savanna, forming a continuum
between climax forest and grassland, shaped by natural elements such as fire and
floods. The park is a critical habitat for the Bengal florican (Houbaropsis bengalensis),
with Shukla Phanta supporting the largest population of this endangered bird species.
The park's fauna is diverse, with a recorded 24 mammal species and a remarkable
350 bird species, including 180 breeding species. Additionally, an annotated list of 14
fish species and 10 ectoparasites and biting flies has been documented. The
conservation success of Shukla Phanta National Park lies in its ability to support a
wide range of biodiversity within its compact area, showcasing the importance of
protecting and preserving these unique ecosystems.
How to reach:
Drive: Kathmandu to Dhangadhi, then & drive to Shuklaphanta Wildlife Reserve –
approx. 714 km/ 17 hrs
Fly: Kathmandu to Dhangadhi – 1 hr, & then drive to Shuklaphanta Wildlife Reserve –
approx 66 km/2 hrs
Opening Hours 6am-6pm
Best Time to Visit October-March