Experimental Confounds
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This document discusses two types of experimental confounds - procedural and operational. A procedural confound occurs when more than one variable is manipulated, as in an example where both the age and gender of an accident victim were varied. An operational confound occurs when more than one construct is manipulated, as in an example where clothing choice varied both amount of body exposure and fashionability. In both examples, the confounds make it difficult to determine whether the observed effects were truly due to the variable of interest.
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Question 2.
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construct
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construct
internal
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external
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sity ol alcohol use. The sporadic users hTd*frot-c-sei partncrs,
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mu nodefi ciency virus, sexu ally transmitted diseases
esearch indicates that traditional-age college
students (18-23 years old) are at particularly
high risk for contracting sexually transmitted dis-
eases (STDs). As a group, they are likely to have multiple
sexual partners and their use of condoms tends to be spo-
radic.
r'2 In one college sample (N = ?n4), 3201o of the stu-
dents reported having l0'or more sexual partneis in their
lifetime, and l89o reported 5 or more partners in the pre-
Tina M. Bricn is educolionol coordinator of the Council on
Alcoholbm and Other Chemical Dependencies of the Finger
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Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs
Chapter 5
*
Introduction
Experiments are best suited for explanation and evaluation research
Experiments involve:
Taking action
Observing the consequences of that action
Especially suited for hypothesis testing
Often occur in the field
The Classical Experiment Classical experiment: a specific way of structuring researchInvolves three major components:
Independent variable and dependent variable
Pretesting and posttesting
Experimental group and control group
Independent and Dependent Variables
The independent variable takes the form of a dichotomous stimulus that is either present or absent
It varies (i.e., is independent) in our experimental process
The dependent variable is the outcome, the effect we expect to see
Might be physical conditions, social behavior, attitudes, feelings, or beliefs
Pretesting and Posttesting
Subjects are initially measured in terms of the DV prior to association with the IV (pretested)
Then, they are exposed to the IV
Then, they are remeasured in terms of the DV (posttested)
Differences noted between the measurements on the DV are attributed to influence of IV
Experimental and Control Groups
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Control group: very similar to experimental group, except that they are NOT exposed
Can involve more than one experimental or control group
If we see a difference, we want to make sure it is due to the IV, and not to a difference between the two groups
Placebo
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We expose our control group to a “dummy” independent variable just so we are treating everyone the same
Medical research: participants don’t know what they are taking
Ensures that changes in DV actually result from IV and are not psychologically based
Double-Blind Experiment
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In a double-blind experiment, neither the subjects nor the experimenters know which is the experimental group and which is the control group
Selecting Subjects
First, must decide on target population – the group to which the results of your experiment will apply
Second, must decide how to select particular members from that group for your experiment
Cardinal rule – ensure that experimental and control groups are as similar as possible
RandomizationRandomization: produces an experimental and control group that are statistically equivalentEssential feature of experimentsEliminates systematic bias
Experiments and Causal Inference
Experimental design ensures:
Cause precedes effect via taking posttest
Empirical correlation exists via comparing pretest to posttest
No spurious 3rd variable influencing correlation via posttest comparison between experimental and control groups, and via randomization
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The Argument Component of your Mental Map
Keywords
arguments; certainty; generalization; mental map; variation amongst knowledge claims
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Mental map component
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dimensions of variation amongst
Two
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Authors’ tentativeness or certainty about their claims and their willingness to generalize, relative to the amount of appropriate evidence available
Three
kinds of knowledge
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Four
types of literature
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Five sorts of
intellectual project
that generate literature about the social world
Authors’ reasons for undertaking their work: aiming to understand, evaluate, change others’ action directly or through training, or improve their own action
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certainty
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Question 2.
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Question 3
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attrition.
maturation.
selection.
Question 4
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construct
internal
statistical conclusion
external
Question 5
__________ validity concerns the generalizability of findings beyond the present study.
Ecological
Construct
Statistical conclusion
External
Question 6
A researcher is investigating the ability of aversive punishment to decrease students' disruptive behaviors in class. She is worried that the number of punishments will vary from student to student and thus will bias the results of the study. The researcher would do well to:
run a pilot test before conducting the study.
manipulate participants' knowledge about the study.
use a yoked control-group.
use a red herring technique.
Question 7
A psychologist is examini ...
Dimensions of Self-Efficacy Among ThreeDistinct Groups of Co.docx
Dimensions of Self-Efficacy Among Three
Distinct Groups of Condom Users
Tina M. Brien, MSEd; Dennis
Colleen A. Mahoney, PhD; and
L. Thombs, PhD;
Larry Wallnau, PhD
Abstract. Condom use self-efficacy can be defined as exp€cta-
tions about one's ability to use condoms under a variety ol cir-
cumstances, This investigation examined the factor structure
of the Condom Use Self-Efficacy Scale (CUSES) in an l8- to
23-year-old college population (N = 339) and tested the ability
of the lactors to distinguish among three groups of condom
users (nonusers, sporadic users, and ritualistic users). Emerg-
ing irom a principai componenis ana.lysis were iour reiiabie
faitors labeled Mechanics, Partner's Disapproval, Assertive,
and Intoxicants. Results from a discriminant malysis indicated
that sporadic users were best distinguished from rituaiistic
users by number of scx partners, usc of intoxicants, and inten-
sity ol alcohol use. The sporadic users hTd*frot-c-sei partncrs,
were less confident of their ability to use condoms when intox-
icated, and were heavier drinkers than were the ritualistic
users. Nonusers were best distinguished from ritualistic users
by the factor labeled Assertive. Nonusers were significantly
less confident in their ability to discus condoms and to insist
on their use with a sexual partner. Implications of the findings
for improving campus-bascd programs to prevent the spread
of human immunodeficiency virus infection and sexually
transmit"ted diseases are discussed.
Key Words: alcohol, condoms, hczlth education, human im-
mu nodefi ciency virus, sexu ally transmitted diseases
esearch indicates that traditional-age college
students (18-23 years old) are at particularly
high risk for contracting sexually transmitted dis-
eases (STDs). As a group, they are likely to have multiple
sexual partners and their use of condoms tends to be spo-
radic.
r'2 In one college sample (N = ?n4), 3201o of the stu-
dents reported having l0'or more sexual partneis in their
lifetime, and l89o reported 5 or more partners in the pre-
Tina M. Bricn is educolionol coordinator of the Council on
Alcoholbm and Other Chemical Dependencies of the Finger
Lakes in Geneva, New York. Dcnnls L. Thombs and Collecn
A. Mahoncy are both asistant proJeson in the Deparlmenl
of Heallh kicnce ol the Stote Univenity of New York in
Brockport, where Ltry lyalbtut b an osociote profesor in
the Department of PsYchologt-
WL12, JANUARY 1994
vious l2 months.' Unfortunately, regular use of condoms
is reported by relarively small proportions of college stu-
dent samples (890 to 410/o).2'1 Condom use during an in-
itial sexual encounter with a new partnor also docs not
seem to be the norm. Freimuth et alr found that 56q0 of a
college student sample had not used a condom during
their most recent episode of sexual intercourse with a new
partner. College students also tend to be frequent con-
sumers of alcohol, and alcohol use has bcen found to bc
related to lower levels of condom.
Types of research design experiments
This document discusses different types of research designs, specifically experiments. It covers key components of experimental designs like independent and dependent variables, experimental and control groups, pre-testing and post-testing. Various threats to internal and external validity are explained, such as history, maturation, testing, instrumentation. Different experimental designs are presented like one-group pre-test post-test, static-group comparison. Strengths and weaknesses of experiments are that they allow manipulation and control but can lack generalizability and be expensive. Validity is important to evaluate whether conclusions can be supported.
lecture5.ppt
This document summarizes key concepts related to experimental and correlational research methods. It discusses the major features of experimental research, including manipulating an independent variable and measuring dependent variables. It also covers correlational research, validity types (construct, internal, external), measurement considerations, and the tradeoff between internal and external validity when generalizing from lab studies.
Experimental and Quasi-Experimental DesignsChapter 5.docx
Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs
Chapter 5
*
Introduction
Experiments are best suited for explanation and evaluation research
Experiments involve:
Taking action
Observing the consequences of that action
Especially suited for hypothesis testing
Often occur in the field
The Classical Experiment Classical experiment: a specific way of structuring researchInvolves three major components:
Independent variable and dependent variable
Pretesting and posttesting
Experimental group and control group
Independent and Dependent Variables
The independent variable takes the form of a dichotomous stimulus that is either present or absent
It varies (i.e., is independent) in our experimental process
The dependent variable is the outcome, the effect we expect to see
Might be physical conditions, social behavior, attitudes, feelings, or beliefs
Pretesting and Posttesting
Subjects are initially measured in terms of the DV prior to association with the IV (pretested)
Then, they are exposed to the IV
Then, they are remeasured in terms of the DV (posttested)
Differences noted between the measurements on the DV are attributed to influence of IV
Experimental and Control Groups
Experimental group: exposed to whatever treatment, policy, initiative we are testing
Control group: very similar to experimental group, except that they are NOT exposed
Can involve more than one experimental or control group
If we see a difference, we want to make sure it is due to the IV, and not to a difference between the two groups
Placebo
We often don’t want people to know if they are receiving treatment or not
We expose our control group to a “dummy” independent variable just so we are treating everyone the same
Medical research: participants don’t know what they are taking
Ensures that changes in DV actually result from IV and are not psychologically based
Double-Blind Experiment
Experimenters may be more likely to “observe” improvements among those who received drug
In a double-blind experiment, neither the subjects nor the experimenters know which is the experimental group and which is the control group
Selecting Subjects
First, must decide on target population – the group to which the results of your experiment will apply
Second, must decide how to select particular members from that group for your experiment
Cardinal rule – ensure that experimental and control groups are as similar as possible
RandomizationRandomization: produces an experimental and control group that are statistically equivalentEssential feature of experimentsEliminates systematic bias
Experiments and Causal Inference
Experimental design ensures:
Cause precedes effect via taking posttest
Empirical correlation exists via comparing pretest to posttest
No spurious 3rd variable influencing correlation via posttest comparison between experimental and control groups, and via randomization
Example of Research Using an Experimental Design
Researchers at the University of Marylan ...
Retributive Justice through Decision Making
This study examined how perceptions of fairness or unfairness (procedural justice and distributive justice) influence people's willingness to engage in mild or severe unethical decision-making aimed at achieving retributive justice. The study presented scenarios to employees of an electric company in Venezuela and MBA students describing either fair or unfair treatment. It was hypothesized that unfair treatment would make people more likely to choose mild unethical decisions when only one type of injustice was present, but more likely to choose severe unethical decisions when both procedural and distributive injustice were present. The results did not support the hypotheses but surprisingly found employees were more willing to make mild unethical decisions under conditions of complete fairness than partial fairness
Low Immersive Virtual Experiments. Methods and Applications
This document proposes low immersive virtual experiments (LIVE) as tools for behavioral economics and cognitive psychology research. It explores the potential of LIVE by providing examples of applications and preliminary findings from laboratory studies. One example examines differences in physiological activation when subjects watch real movie clips versus virtual simulations of the same situations. Preliminary findings suggest exposure to low immersive virtual environments may trigger cognitive mechanisms to enhance stress perception compared to real experiences.
According to George Gerbner, television plays a large role in the .docx
According to George Gerbner, television plays a large role in the cultivation of our values as a society. After viewing The Electronic Storyteller and reading Jean Kilbourne’s, “Beauty and The Beast of Advertising”, I started to wonder if there could be a link between violence against women and television consumption. My content analysis primarily focuses on television drama (including both primetime television shows and daytime soap operas) and television entertainment programs like music videos and professional wrestling. It is my hypothesis that violence against women, as depicted on television, increases male viewer’s likelihood of having rape-permissive attitudes towards women.
The first article that I found regarding this topic is “Television’s Role in the Culture of Violence Toward Women: A Study of Television Viewing and the Cultivation of Rape Myth Acceptance in the United States”. This article accepts Gerbner’s view that television is a powerful cultivator of norms in our society. After illustrating the fact that almost 20% of American women are the victims of either a completed or attempted rape the researchers of this article go on to show television’s role in maintaining our society’s hostile attitude towards women. Television’s depiction of women continues to show us in roles that are both less powerful and less meaningful than that of men. The researchers contend that this constant representation of women’s inferiority may lead both men and women to internalize these beliefs about women’s roles and worth. And once men begin to believe that a woman’s value is less than that of a man’s, it is easier to trivialize violent acts committed against her. The researchers hypothesize:
1. Daily television viewing will significantly and positively predict the belief that women’s accusations of rape are untrue.
2. Daily television watching will significantly and positively predict the acceptance of rape myths.
To test these hypotheses, the responses of a sample of over 1,000 responders were analyzed. Responders were asked about their daily television consumption during a typical weekday. They were also asked to distinguish how much time was spent watching crime shows versus soap operas and then were asked questions to gauge their acceptance of rape myth. The researchers found that daily television watching was both significantly and positively correlated with perceptions that rape accusations are false and the acceptance of the rape myth.
The second study that I found is “Music Videos, Pro Wrestling and Acceptance of Date Rape Among Middle School Males and Females: An Exploratory Analysis”. I decided to use this article because of its focus on our youth. I was curious as to the age in which the acceptance of violence against women can begin in a society. The researchers of this study analyzed the 462 females and 442 males who answered the Teen Media Project Health Survey. Among the many questions asked, studen.
Group processes lec4.pptx
This document discusses various group processes including conformity, deviance, cohesiveness, social loafing and facilitation, cooperation and competition. It provides details on factors that influence conformity such as group size, minority size, task nature and public vs private expression. It also discusses personality factors in conformity and the types of social influence. Cooperation and competition in groups is explored along with determinants. Features of group cohesiveness are outlined including group size, member similarities, status, communication and success history. Deviance and the difference between social facilitation and social loafing are also defined.
7The Argument Component of your Mental MapKeywordsargu
7
The Argument Component of your Mental Map
Keywords
arguments; certainty; generalization; mental map; variation amongst knowledge claims
Having presented the key to the mental map (a set of tools for thinking), we now briefly introduce the mental map components, before focusing in detail on the first component: the match between claims and warranting in arguments. How do the components relate to the tools? The authors whose work you study will have employed the tools for thinking in order to develop a convincing argument. The four components of the mental map will help you evaluate a range of factors that contribute to the content and robustness of that argument (
Table 7.1
).
In short, your mental map will enable you to home in on what authors were trying to do, why and with what success. In this chapter, we discuss the component that focuses on the match between authors’ claims and the quality of the evidence supporting them.
Two dimensions of variation among knowledge claims
In
Part One
, we saw that an argument is constructed from one or more
claims to knowledge
– assertions that something is, or normatively should be, true.
Table 7.1 Components of the mental map
Mental map component
Aspect of authors’ argument that it helps you examine Two
dimensions of variation amongst
Two
dimensions of variation amongst knowledge claims
about the social world, affecting their vulnerability to criticism
Authors’ tentativeness or certainty about their claims and their willingness to generalize, relative to the amount of appropriate evidence available
Three
kinds of knowledge
that are generated by reflecting on, investigating and taking action in the social world
The basis of their claims, as relevant to theory, new research evidence or experience
Four
types of literature
that inform understanding and practice
Whether the account aims to inform theory, research knowledge, practice or policy, and some common weaknesses that can render each type less than convincing
Five sorts of
intellectual project
that generate literature about the social world
Authors’ reasons for undertaking their work: aiming to understand, evaluate, change others’ action directly or through training, or improve their own action
These claims form the conclusion, which is one half of the argument. The claims are supported by some form of warranting: the half of the argument that justifies why the conclusion should be accepted. Claims vary along two important dimensions, according to the amount of appropriate evidence contained in the warranting. If there is a mismatch, we see the warranting as inadequate.
In
Chapter 3
, we saw how warranting can be provided, and be appropriate, but still be inadequate – not sufficiently convincing for the critical reader. An inadequately warranted claim often fails to convince because:
It is based on an insufficient amount of robust evidence to support the degree of
certainty
with which this claim is made.
The e ...
002 Self Introduction Sample Essay Example College Es
The document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from an online service. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with valid email and password. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and select one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction; the service offers refunds for plagiarized work.
Do Clothes affect our psychology?
“Scientists have been researching to establish a direct impact of our dress on our cognitive process. “
aps15
This study examined how clothing style influences perceptions of age and attractiveness in women. Researchers photographed three models ages 39-50 wearing either youthful styles from Charlotte Russe or mature styles from Coldwater Creek. 105 participants then rated the women on dimensions like attractiveness, youthfulness, and appropriateness. Results showed women were rated as younger, more attractive, and more appropriate when wearing mature rather than youthful clothing. This provides empirical support that dressing younger may paradoxically make women appear older.
Similar to Experimental Confounds (19)
Chapter 2 Research Methodology In Social Psychology
Chapter 2 Research Methodology In Social Psychology
Question 1.A group of researchers is replicating an earlier .docx
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Dimensions of Self-Efficacy Among ThreeDistinct Groups of Co.docx
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Experimental and Quasi-Experimental DesignsChapter 5.docx
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Low Immersive Virtual Experiments. Methods and Applications
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According to George Gerbner, television plays a large role in the .docx
According to George Gerbner, television plays a large role in the .docx
7The Argument Component of your Mental MapKeywordsargu
7The Argument Component of your Mental MapKeywordsargu
002 Self Introduction Sample Essay Example College Es
002 Self Introduction Sample Essay Example College Es
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Experimental Confounds
- 1. True Experiments Experimental Confounds
- 2. Experimental Confounds Experimental Confounds Something other than the property of interest varies systematically along with the IV Other factor could also have influenced the DV
- 3. Experimental Confounds Procedural confounds Manipulating more than one variable Operational confounds Manipulating more than one construct
- 4. Experimental Confounds Procedural confounds Example: A researcher wants to know whether the age of a victim influences the likelihood of a witness coming forward The researcher stages a small car accident in a parking lot in which a driver hits the bumper of a parked car and then drives away. Shortly after, the owner of the car returns to find the damage For half of the unsuspecting witnesses, the owner of the car is a young girl (22 yrs) while, for the other half, the owner is an older man (55 yrs) A higher percentage of witnesses approach the young victim with the details of the accident compared with the older victim Are these results valid?
- 5. Experimental Confounds Operational confounds Example: A researcher wants to know whether a person’s body satisfaction is influenced by body exposure (i.e., how much of their body is uncovered). The researcher randomly assigns participants to one of 3 different groups who are each asked to try on a different type of clothing. One group is asked to try on a fashionable business suit, one group is asked to wear a pair of shorts and a tank-top, and the third group is asked to wear a revealing swim suit. While participants are wearing the clothes, the researcher asks them a series of questions in order to determine their current levels of body satisfaction. The results indicate that body satisfaction was lower among those wearing the more revealing clothing. The researcher concludes that people become less satisfied with their body when they can see more of it. Are these results valid?